ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS MIXTURES

 Chlorine  Aspirin  Oil and water

 Hydrogen  Sodium chloride  Lemon juice and tea

 Helium  Calcium carbonate (limestone)  Milk and chocolate

 Nitrogen  Calcium hydroxide (slake lime)  Coffee and cream

 Carbon  Water  Flour and butter

 Oxygen  Ammonia  Cereal and milk

 Aluminum  Methane  Oatmeal and raisins

 Neon  Ethanol  Flour and milk

 Sulfur  Glycerol  Orange juice and champagne

 Mercury  Ethanoic acid  Sugar and water

II. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING:

A. ELEMENTS
An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is
made from atoms containing a single proton and a single electron. If you change the number of protons an atom
has, you change the type of element it is. ... Currently, scientists know of 118 different elements.

B. COMPOUND
A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.

C. MIXTURES
A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials in such a way that no chemical
reaction

occurs. A mixture can usually be separated back into its original components.

D. MATTER
In science, matter is the term for any type of material. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. At a
minimum, matter requires at least one subatomic particle, although most matter consists of atoms. The
word matter is sometimes used to refer to a pure substance.

E. SOLID
A solid is a state of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively
stable.
F. LIQUID
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly)
constant volume independent of pressure. As such, it is

of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state
with a definite volume but no fixed shape.

G. GAS
A gas is a sample of matter that conforms to the shape of a container in which it is held and
acquires a uniform density inside the container, even in the presence of gravity and regardless
of the amount of substance in the container.

H. MELTING
Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from
a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the
application of heat or pressure, which increases the substance's temperature to
the melting point.

I. EVAPORATION
Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to
an increase in temperature and/or pressure. Evaporation is a fundamental part of the water
cycle and is constantly occurring throughout nature.

J. SUBLIMATION
Sublimation is the transition from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through an
intermediate liquid phase. This endothermic phase transition occurs at temperatures and
pressures below the triple point.
2. Changes that Matter undergo

○ Physical changes

-No new substances form

-spacing between molecules or atoms changes.
-Examples: melting, boiling, crushing ice, dissolving sugar

○ Chemical changes

-New substances are created.

-Atoms rearrange creating new chemical bonds-Mass is conserved!
-Change occurs in the electron cloud region of the atom
-Signs of a chemical reaction occur:

1) New colors, new odors, large energy changes

2) Bubbling without heating- New gas produced

-Examples: tarnishing, oxidizing, burning wood,

○ Nuclear changes

-Some atoms are destroyed while new atoms are created.

-Change occurs in the nucleus
- Some mass is converted to energy.
- Huge amounts of energy is released!

- Examples: fission of uranium, radioactive decay of lead-22, fusion of hydrogen to make helium on the sun.

○ More on Fusion & Fission

- Nuclear Fusion occurs when 2 or more smaller nuclei join together.

-Nuclear Fusion occurs in the sun and in other stars.
- Nuclear Fission occurs when an atom get split.
-Opposite of nuclear fusion
- Nuclear Reactions change atomic potential energy to thermal energy(heat) and radiant energy(light).

○ Nuclear vs. Chemical

- If a reaction is Nuclear...less than 0.1% of the mass initially present is transformed into other forms of energy.
Uses E=mc^2
- If a reaction is chemical...The percentage is much less
So small that practically zero mass is converted to energy
----Follows law of conservations of mass

○ Exothermic VS. Endothermic

III. ENUMERATION

1. States of Matter

○ Solids

In solids particles are densely grouped. It is identified by constructional rigidness and opposition to modification of
condition or abundance.

○ Liquids

A liquid is formed a minute portion of matter. such as molecules , carried cooperatively by existing bonds.

○ Gases

A gas is a free-flowing substance like an air which enlarges independently to complete accessible space,
regardless of its amount of quantity.

○ Plasma

A plasma is an ionized gas formed of positive subatomic particle and independent photoelectron in amount
ensuring more or less no universal voltaic charge,.

○ Bose Einstein Condensate

A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a condition of substance of a thin gas of bosons chilled to reversals
extremely to the lowest possible amount.

○ Liquid crystal

Liquid crystals are a state of matter which has properties between those of conventional liquids and those of solid
crystals. For instance, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way.

○ Neutro - Degenerate Matter

Degenerate matter is a highly dense state of fermionic matter in which particles must occupy high states of kinetic
energy to satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle. The description applies to matter composed of electrons, protons,
neutrons or other fermions.