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Matter

A topic discussing all about Matter

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12 views6 pages

Matter

A topic discussing all about Matter

Uploaded by

cjhaygan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATTER

1. What is Matter?
● Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space (volume).
● Everything around us, from the air we breathe to the food we eat, is made of matter.
● Matter is composed of atoms and molecules.

2. Classification of Matter
Matter can be classified into two main categories:

Type Examples Description

Pure Water, oxygen, Has a definite composition and distinct


Substan gold, salt properties.
ces

Mixtures Air, seawater, Contains two or more substances physically


salad combined.

A. Pure Substances

● Elements: Simplest form of matter; cannot be broken down into simpler substances
(e.g., oxygen (O₂), gold (Au)).
● Compounds: Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements
(e.g., water (H₂O), sodium chloride (NaCl)).

B. Mixtures

● Homogeneous Mixtures: Uniform composition throughout (e.g., saltwater, air).


● Heterogeneous Mixtures: Non-uniform composition; components are distinguishable
(e.g., sand in water, salad).
3. States of Matter
Matter exists in different states, primarily based on temperature and pressure.

State Characteristics Examples

Solid Definite shape and volume, particles Ice, metal,


tightly packed, vibrate in place. wood

Liquid Definite volume but no definite shape, Water, oil, milk


particles are loosely packed and can
flow.

Gas No definite shape or volume, particles are Oxygen,


far apart and move freely. nitrogen

Plasma Ionized gas with charged particles, found Sun, neon


in stars and lightning. lights

Bose-Einstein Super-cooled state of matter near Superfluids, lab


Condensate absolute zero where atoms clump experiments
(BEC) together.

Phase Changes:

● Melting: Solid to liquid (e.g., ice to water)


● Freezing: Liquid to solid (e.g., water to ice)
● Evaporation: Liquid to gas (e.g., water to steam)
● Condensation: Gas to liquid (e.g., steam to water)
● Sublimation: Solid to gas (e.g., dry ice to carbon dioxide gas)
● Deposition: Gas to solid (e.g., frost forming on surfaces)
4. Properties of Matter
A. Physical Properties

● Can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance.


● Examples: Color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, solubility.

B. Chemical Properties

● Describes a substance’s ability to undergo a chemical change and form new


substances.
● Examples: Flammability, reactivity with acids, oxidation (rusting).

5. Physical vs. Chemical Changes

Change Definition Examples

Physical Changes affecting form, not Melting, freezing, cutting


Change composition. paper

Chemical Substance changes into new Rusting iron, burning wood


Change substances.

Signs of a Chemical Change:

● Formation of a precipitate (solid).


● Color change that cannot be reversed.
● Gas production (bubbles or odor).
● Release or absorption of energy (heat, light).

6. The Atomic Theory of Matter


● Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
● Democritus (Ancient Greece): Proposed that matter is made up of tiny, indivisible
particles called "atomos."
● John Dalton (1808): Developed the modern atomic theory, stating that:
○ All matter is made of atoms.
○ Atoms of the same element are identical.
○ Atoms combine in whole-number ratios to form compounds.
○ Atoms are rearranged in chemical reactions but are not created or destroyed.

7. The Structure of the Atom

Subatomic Sy Cha Mass (atomic mass unit, Location


Particle m r amu)
b g
o e
l

Proton p+p +1 1.007 amu Nucleus


^
+
p
+

Neutron n0n 0 1.008 amu Nucleus


^
0
n
0

Electron e−e -1 0.0005 amu (negligible) Electron


^ cloud
-
e
−
8. The Periodic Table of Elements
● The Periodic Table organizes elements based on their atomic number, electron
configuration, and recurring properties.
● Groups (columns): Elements with similar chemical properties.
● Periods (rows): Elements with the same number of atomic orbitals.
● Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids:
○ Metals: Good conductors, malleable, ductile (e.g., iron, copper).
○ Nonmetals: Poor conductors, brittle (e.g., sulfur, oxygen).
○ Metalloids: Have properties of both metals and nonmetals (e.g., silicon).

9. Mixtures and Separation Techniques


A. Types of Mixtures

● Homogeneous Mixtures: Solutions where components are uniformly distributed (e.g.,


saltwater).
● Heterogeneous Mixtures: Components are not uniformly distributed (e.g., oil and
water).

B. Separation Techniques

● Filtration: Separates solids from liquids (e.g., sand from water).


● Distillation: Separates liquids based on boiling points (e.g., alcohol from water).
● Chromatography: Separates components based on their movement through a medium.
● Evaporation: Removes a liquid to leave solid residues.

10. Practice Questions


1. Identify the State of Matter:
○ What state of matter is characterized by having a definite volume but no definite
shape?
2. Classification:
○ Classify the following as elements, compounds, or mixtures: Gold, salt, air, water.
3. Phase Change:
○ What phase change occurs when dry ice turns directly into carbon dioxide gas?
4. Physical vs. Chemical Change:
○ Is dissolving sugar in water a physical or chemical change? Explain.
5. Atomic Structure:
○ If an atom has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons, what element is it?

11. Summary
● Matter is anything with mass and volume, existing in various states: solids, liquids,
gases, and plasma.
● It can be classified as pure substances (elements and compounds) or mixtures
(homogeneous and heterogeneous).
● Understanding the properties of matter, both physical and chemical, helps us
differentiate between substances and predict their behavior in various conditions.
● The atomic theory forms the basis of modern chemistry, with atoms being the smallest
units of matter.

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