Speech Acts ▪Declaration

-is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. brings a change in the external situation
Types of Speech Act “You are fired!”
- J. L. Austin (a philosopher of language and the
developer of the Speech Act Theory) Speech Writing Process
▪Locutionary act -The process for writing is recursive (means you have the
is the actual act of uttering. opportunity to repeat a writing procedure indefinitely)
▪Illocutionary act
is the social function of what is said. Components of the Speech Writing Process
▪Perlocutionary act ▪Audience analysis
is the resulting act of what is said entails looking into the profile of your target audience
Performative Utterances done so you can tailor-fit your speech content
-enable the speaker to perform something Demography
just by stating it Age range, male-female ratio
Performatives Situation
-verbs that execute the speech act that they intend to effect Time, venue
Classifications of Speech Act Psychology
- John Searle (a professor from the University Values, beliefs, attitudes
of California, Berkeley) ▪Purpose
▪Assertive Informative speech
the speaker expresses belief - provides the audience with a clear understanding
“No one makes better pancakes than I do.” of the concept or idea
▪Directive Entertainment speech
speaker tries to make the addressee -provides the audience with amusement.
perform an action Persuasive speech
“Please close the door.” -provides the audience with well-argued ideas that
▪Commissive can influence their own beliefs and decisions.
commits the speaker to doing something in the future ▪Topic
“From now on, I will participate in our group activity” focal point of your speech
▪Expressive ▪Narrowing down a topic
which the speaker expresses his/her feelings Means making your main idea more specific and focused
or emotional reactions ▪Data gathering
“I am so sorry for not helping out in our stage where you collect ideas, information, related to
group projects and letting you do all the work.” your specific topic
▪Writing patterns Types of Speech According to Purpose
are structures that will help you organize the ideas ▪Informative speech
related to your topic. lectures of your teachers are the best examples
▪Entertainment speech
Different writing patterns humorous speeches of comedians and performers are the best
▪Biographical examples
Presents descriptions of your life ▪Persuasive speech
▪Categorical/ Topical campaign speeches of the running candidates are the best
Presents related categories supporting the topic examples
▪Causal
Presents cause effect relationships Types of Speech According to Delivery
▪Chronological ▪Extemporaneous
Presents the idea in time order Speaking with limited preparation
▪Comparison/ contrast ▪Impromptu
Presents comparison/ contrast of two or three points Spoken conversationally
▪Problem-solution ▪Manuscript
Presents an identified problem, causes and solutions Speaking with advanced preparation
▪Outline ▪Memorized
-A hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas Reciting a written message word-for-word from memory
-Once your outline is ready two-thirds of your speech writing
is finished Speaking environments
-Elements include introduction, body and conclusion ▪Speaking to a specific audience size
▪Body of the speech Audience size depends on the venue size.
Provides explanations and examples that can help you ▪Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a building
explain the main idea of your speech Examples are open courts or grounds football fields
▪Introduction ▪Speaking in different venues
foundation of your speech Classroom, meeting or conference room, ball room
▪Conclusion ▪Speaking with a microphone
restates the main idea of your speech function is to increase the volume of your voice
▪Editing/Revising ▪Speaking with a podium or lectern
Involves correcting errors A podium or lectern is a reading desk with a stand and a
▪Rehearsing slanted top.
Gives an opportunity to identify what works and what does
not work for you
Organizing and Delivering an Impromptu Speech Organizing and Delivering an Entertainment Speech

Impromptu speeches Entertainment speech

delivered with little or no time for preparation aims to share goodwill, joy, and pleasure to the audience

Strategies How to Make your Speech Entertaining

▪Past, Present, Future ▪tell jokes
▪Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point ▪share funny stories
▪Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher ▪dramatize experiences
▪recall a scary story.
Strategies that can help you address the problem
▪Bridging Organizing and Delivering an Informative Speech
Entails building a connection between what you
do know and what you do not know. Types of Informative Speeches
▪Reframing ▪Speech about objects or people
means rephrasing or redefining the topic This focuses on tangible items
▪Playing Devil’s Advocate ▪Speech about processes
refers to you standing on the opposite side. This focuses on a process
▪Speech about events
Organizing and Delivering an Extemporaneous Speech This focuses on an event
▪Speech about concepts
Extemporaneous speech This focuses on beliefs or ideas
is a planned and prepared speech
Organizational Patterns
Is it a question of fact? Chronological Pattern
This type of question is typically answerable by “Yes” or “No.” used to present the history or development of your topic in
“Is Syria’s crisis a problem of the whole world?” order
Is it a question of value? Spatial Pattern
centered on whether a topic is good or bad used to talk about way things fit together in a certain space
“Is it better for the European nations to step in and aid Syria or ignore the Topical/Categorical Pattern
country’s civil crisis?” used to inform your audience about the main features of your
Is it a question of policy? topic
focused on what policy or rule should be followed. Cause-Effect Pattern
“Should European countries enforce laws to used if you want to show the causal relationship of events or
accommodate Syrian refugees?” phenomena.
Organizing and Delivering a Persuasive Speech Emotive language.
Appeal to your audience’s emotion.
Persuasive speaking Superlatives.
is the form of communication that people of diverse backgrounds Use superlatives to exaggerate an idea.
mostly engage in Tripling.
Entails using three words together to reinforce your
Types of Claims in Persuasive Speech point.
Speech that Questions Fact Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
This type questions the existence of a particular event or happening. outline for making speeches based on the
In this case, the persuasive speaker poses questions of fact, derives psychology of persuasion
conclusions from different sources of information, and attempts to
convince the audience to believe in his/her ideas.
Speech that Questions Value
Focuses on questions of value regarding topics on the self,
family, friendship, religion, government, freedom, love, and
money, among others.
Speech that Questions Policy
questions the current state of things which can impact the future.
In this case, the persuasive speaker asks relevant questions that
can help in making a decision on whether or not something
should be implemented, observed, or done.

Organizational Patterns
F.O.R.E.S.T. (anecdotes, facts and figures, opinion, rhetorical
questions, emotive language, superlatives, tripling)
Anecdotes.
Begin your speech with a personal story
Facts and figures.
Provide striking statistics
Opinion.
Add in your opinion
Rhetorical questions.
add engaging rhetorical questions