OCC REVIEWER

Communication strategy - a plan of action or a technique that a communicator uses in order to help make the
communication process successful
Nomination – involves the opening and establishing of a topic in a conversation
Factors to Consider for Nomination and Restriction
1. Social relationships - determine the specific role of the participants, which is a factor for whether they can
nominate or restrict other speakers from joining the conversation
a. Higher authorities - those who are assigned to control the flow of the conversation
b. Lower authorities - refer to the participants who start as listeners and are then nominated to be speakers when
called on by the higher authorities
2. Environment - the setting of the conversation; it also determines the roles of the speakers
a. One-on-one communication - refers to communication situations in which there are only two participants
b. Group communication - refers to communication situations in which there are more than two participants

Restriction – involves limiting what the participants can contribute to the conversation or discussion
Turn-taking – refers to the process in which a participant stops speaking and yields the floor to another participant so
that he or she can speak
Topic control – occurs when the main or assigned speaker manipulates the discussion in order to maintain its flow
without moving away from or changing the topic
Topic shifting – occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a
conversation
Repair – refers to the act of fixing the violations in a communication situation
Termination – refers to the act of ending a conversation

SPEECH ACT
A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieved an intended effect. Some of the functions which are
carried out using speech acts are offering an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. A
speech act might just contain one word or several words or sentences.
Three Type Of Speech Act
1. Locutionary Act is the actual act of uttering.
“Please do the dishes.”
2. Illocutionary Act is the social function of what is said.
By uttering the locution “Please do the dishes.” the speaker requests the addressee to wash the dishes.
3. Perlocutionary Act is the resulting act of what is said. This effect is based on the particular context in which the
speech act was mentioned.
“please do the dishes” would lead the addressee washing the dishes.
INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS
It occurs when there is no direct connection between the form of utterance and the intended meaning.
“Can you pass the rice?”
Inferred speech act: Do you have the ability to hand over the rice?
Indirect speech act: Please pass the rice.
Searle’s classification of speech act
ASSERTIVE
• A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proportion. Some examples
of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding.
Example
“No one makes better pancakes than I do.”
“I am the most handsome guy in campus.”
DIRECTIVE
• A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples
of directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
Example
“Please close the door.”
“I’ll have burger and fries.”
“Sit down.”
COMMISSIVE
• A type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to do something in the future. Examples of commissive act
are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
Example
“From now on, I will participate in our group activity.”
“I promise not to love him again.”
“I won’t hurt you. Trust me.”
EXPRESSIVE
• A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feeling or emotional reactions. Some examples
of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring.
Example
“I am sorry for not helping out in our group projects and letting you do all the work.”
“I don’t love you anymore.”
“I wish I never met you!”
DECLARATION
• A type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Some examples of declarations are
blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
Example
“You are fired!”
“I hereby declare Martial Law!”
Public Speaking
● the act of speaking in front of a sizable number of people
● involves a single speaker and an audience
● speaker is tasked to deliver a message or a speech of general interest
Classification of Speeches - according to purpose, according to delivery

Three Basic Types of Speeches According to Purpose

1. Expository/Informative Speech
2. Persuasive Speech
3. Entertainment Speech
Expository/Informative Speech
● aims to provide the audience with information about a topic or to expand their knowledge about a topic with
which they are already familiar
Types of Expository/Informative Speeches
1. Descriptive Speech
● provides a vivid picture of a person, a place, or an object
● provides an image of the subject in the audience’s minds through sensory details such as sight, sound, smell,
touch, and taste
2. Explanation Speech
● explains or defines a concept, term, or an abstract topic
● provides facts, etymology of words or concepts, classification, examples, and others relevant details.
3. Demonstration Speech
 ● presents information about how to do something or how something is done
● gives the audience detailed information of a certain process
4. Reportorial Speech
● describes or explains an event or an issue that is interesting, significant, or unusual
● helps explain to the audience what happened, why it happened, and what resulted from the event.
Characteristics of an Expository or Informative Speech – Credible, Accurate, Clear, Memorable

Persuasive Speech
● aims to influence the audience to accept the speaker’s position or stand on an issue
● examples: sales pitches, political campaign talks, business presentations, and debates
Entertainment Speech
• It provides the audience with amusement.

COMPONENTS OF THE SPEECH WRITING PROCESS

Audience analysis - analysis entails looking into the profile of your target audience. This is done so you can tailor-fit your
speech content and delivery to your audience.
PROFILE OF THE AUDIENCE
Demography - (age range, male-female ratio, educational background. And affiliations or degree program taken,
nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designations)
Situation - Time, venue, occasion, and size.
Psychology - Values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies, and needs.)
The topic - is your focal point of your speech, which can be determined once you have decided on your purpose. If you
are free to decide on a topic, choose one that really interests you.
Parts of the Speech
The introduction - is the foundation of your speech. Here, your primary goal is to get the attention of your audience and
present the subject or main idea of your speech. Your first few words should do so. The following are some strategies.
• Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to your subject.
• Use practical examples and explain their connection to your subject.
• Start with a familiar with a strong quote and then explain what it means.
• Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to your subject.
• Tell a personal story to illustrate your point
The body - provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain the main
idea of your speech.
The conclusion - restates the main idea of your speech. Furthermore, it provides a summary, emphasizes the message,
and calls for action. The conclusion aims to leave the audience with a memorable statement. The following are some
strategies.
• Begin your conclusion with a restatement of the message.
• Use positive examples, encouraging words, or memorable lines form a song or stories familiar to your audience.
• Ask a question or series of questions that can make your audience reflect or ponder.