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Design and Construction of Dried Cassava Pellets Grinding Machine

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American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2018
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER)
e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936
Volume-7, Issue-3, pp-46-55
www.ajer.org
Research Paper Open Access

Design and Construction of Dried Cassava Pellets Grinding

Machine
O.M. Akusu1, J.O. Oyejide2*,J.E. Udumebraye1
1
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum Training Institute (PTI), Effurun, Nigeria
2
(Department of Mechanical Engineering,Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria)
*Corresponding author: J.O. Oyejide

ABSTRACT :The use of grinding machine is one of the simplest methods of processing agricultural raw
materials alternative to the traditional methods of using stone, mortar and pestle. Grinding process reduces the
size of solid materials by mechanical action, and it achieves this by dividing them into smaller particles.
Grinding of agricultural products is one of the oldest cultural techniques of humanity. In this research
work,design and construction of dried cassava pellets grinding machine was carried out.The dried cassava
grinding machine is made up of the following component parts; electric motor, main frame, pulley, transmission
belt (V-belt), shaft, bearing, and vibratory tray sieve.The summary of results obtained from design calculation
shown that; velocity of 5.54m/s, power of 1177.1W, torque of 10.16Nm were required for the operation of the
machine. Also, the maximum deflection (0.00647mm) obtained is negligible relative to the length of belt
(225mm) and the diameter of the shaft (25mm). This implies that the shaft will retain its ability to function
optimally under the applied total transverse load (338.77N). Moreover, static failure analysis was carried out
on the machine using SolidWorks CAD modeling. The results obtained show that the Von Mises stress is less
than the stress required to cause yielding. Therefore, the design is safe
KEYWORDS-Design,construction, dried cassava,pellets, machine, torque, power
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
Date of Submission: 17-02-2018 Date of acceptance: 05-03-2018
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------

I. INTRODUCTION
Cassava, (Manihotesculenta, Crantz)is a tuberous starchy root crop of the family Euphorbiaceae [1]. It
is a food crop, known worldwide for drought tolerance and for thriving well on marginal soils [2].Nigeria is
presently the largest producer of cassava in the world with an annual output of over 34 million tonnesof
tuberous roots [3]. It is majorly classified as sweet or bitter (manihotutilissimaormanihot palmate) cassava
respectively [4]. According to Olukunle [5], cassavaproduction is needed in several areas; for enhanced food
security, means of foreign exchange and tool for rapidindustrialization. However, the drudgery in processing
cassava can be minimized or eliminated through adequate mechanical processing [6].
The use of grinding machine is one of the simplest methods of processing agricultural raw materials
alternative tothe traditional methods of using stone, mortar and pestle [7].Grinding process reduces the size of
solid materials by mechanical action, and it achieves this by dividing them into smaller particles [8]. Grinding of
agricultural products is one of the oldest cultural techniques of humanity. As a result of size reduction,
processing, and storage, farmers were forced to develop technology for grinding their produce. The most
extensive application of grinding in the food industry is in the milling of the cassava pellets to make flour, but it
is equally usedin many other processes, such as in the grinding of corn, for the manufacture of corn starch,
grinding of millet, grinding of millet. There are usually two different methods used in effecting size reduction of
dried cassava pellets. The grinding carried out by pounding via mortar and pestle,and the grinding done by
crushing between two stones via grinding stone). The method of the pestle and mortar is widely used in the
West-African country.However, the traditional method of grinding stone, pestle and mortar is time consuming

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and tasking. The traditional method is very laborious, and it is hard work for anyone to grind more useful
quantity in a short period of time. To solve the problem of grinding dried cassava pellets traditionally, a
mechanical method via the use of grinding machine was used in this research work. Grinding machines are
machines that use the principles of abrasion, compression, attrition/shearing, impact or friction forces to
effectsize reduction in Agricultural raw materials. The basic principle behind most of our local grinding
machines is friction. In order to effect size reduction, the two frictional surfaces of the grinding machines have
to come togetherto crush the material between them [9].

II. MATERIAL AND METHOD

The dried cassava grinding machine is made up of the following component parts, which includes:
(a) Electric motor
(b) Main frame
(c) Pulley
(d) Transmission belt (V-belt)
(e) The shaft
(f) The bearing
(g) Vibratory tray sieve

2.1 Design Calculation

2.1.1Speed Ratio of Belt Drive

Velocity ratio for belt drive is the ratio between the velocity of the driver and the driven. It may be expressed
mathematically as:
𝑁2 𝐷
= 1 (1)
𝑁1 𝐷2
Where;
D1 = diameter of the driver =75mm
D2 = diameter of the follower = 150mm
N1 = speed of the driver = 1440rpm
N2 = speed of the follower =?
Therefore;
1440 × 75
𝑁2 = = 705𝑟𝑝𝑚
150

2.1.2 Velocity of Belt

𝑑 2𝜋𝑁 2
v= 2× (2)
2 60
d1 = 0.075m
N1= 1410rpm
0.15 2 ×𝜋×705
v= ×
2 60
v = 5.54m/s

2.1.3 Length of V-belt

r1 = 37.5mm = 0.0375m
r2 = 75mm = 0.075m
x = 225mm = 0.225m
(𝑟2 −𝑟1 )2
L = 𝜋 r2 + r1 + 2𝑥 + (3)
𝑥
(0.0375 −0.075 )2
L = 𝜋 0.0375 + 0.075 + 2(0.225) +
𝑥
L = 0.8 m

2.1.4 Center to Center Distance between Pulleys

The centre to centre distance is given by Equation (4)
C = D 1 + D2 (4)
Taking center to center as
C=150 + 75
C=225mm

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2.1.5 Angle of Lap or Contact on Smaller Pulley

𝐷 −𝐷
𝜃1 = 𝜋 − ( 2 1 ) (5)
𝐶
150 −75
𝜃1 = 𝜋 − = 2.81𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 160.98degree
225

2.1.6 Angle of Lap or contact on Large Pulley

𝐷 −𝐷
𝜃1 = 𝜋 + ( 2 1 ) (6)
𝐶
150 −75
𝜃1 = 𝜋 + = 3.47𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 198.79degree
225

2.1.7 Cross-sectional Area of Belt

1
𝐴 = (𝑋 + 𝑌)𝐻 (7)
2
X = 13mm
H = 8mm
Y =?
Q= tan 15 × 8 = 2.14
Y= X – 2(Q)
1
A = (13 + 8.72)8
2
A = 86.88 mm2

2.1.8Torque Transmitted by Shaft

𝒑×𝟔𝟎
𝑇= (8)
𝟐×𝝅×𝑵
P = 1500W
N1 = 1410rpm
1136 .59 ×60
T=
2 ×𝜋×1410
T = 10.16 Nm

2.1.9 Centrifugal Force

𝑇
F= (9)
𝑟

T = 10.16 Nm
R = 37.5mm = 0.0375
10.16
F=
0.0375
F = 269.87N

2.1.10 Stress acting on belt

𝐹
𝜎= (10)
𝐴
F = 269.87N
A = 86.88mm2
269.87
𝜎= = 3.15N/mm2
86.88

2.1.11 Maximum Tension

T=𝜎×𝑎
a = 81.963 × 10−6
𝜎 = 3.15N/ mm2
𝑇 = 81.963 × 10−6 ×
T = 229.5N

2.1.12 Tension in Tight Side, T1

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T1 = T - Tc (2.12)
Centrifugal tension is neglected
Therefore T1 = 229.5N

2.1.13 Belt Tension Ratio

𝑇1 𝛼
= eµθ1Cosec (2.13)
𝑇2 2

Where;
α = 320
µ = Coefficient of friction = 0.22
T1 = Tension in the tight side
T2 = Tension in the slack side
θ1 = 2.81rad
 32 
0.22 2.81Co sec 
 2 
𝑇1
= e
𝑇2

𝑇1
= e2.24
𝑇2
𝑇1
= 9.43N
𝑇2

2.1.14 Tension of Slack Side, T2

𝑇1
= 9.43𝑁
𝑇2
T1 = 229.5N
229.5
= 9.43
𝑇2
T2= 24.34N

2.1.15 Power Transmitted by v-belt

P = (T1 – T2) V (2.14)
V = 5.54m/s
T1 = 229.5N
T2 = 24.34N
P = (229.5 – 24.34)5.54
P = 1136.59W

2.1.16 Shaft Design

A shaft is rotating device use to transmitting power and motion from one point to another. A solid shaft is used
base on the following:
i. To obtain the maximum tensional rigidity possible for the minimal diameter
ii. Ensure that the shaft would withstand the applied transverse and axial loads without risk of failure
To this end, a mild steel solid shaft was selected.

2.1.16.1 Minimum Diameter of the Shaft

𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝜏
= = (2.15)
𝐽 𝐿 𝑟
Length = 300mm = 0.3m
G= (Modulus of rigidity) for mild steel =78GN/m2 [10]
𝜃=Taking a minimum angle of twist of 0.05
T= Torque
𝜋𝐷 4
J = second polar moment =
32
Ultimate tensile strength UTS = 440MPa
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Torque (T) = 59.68Nm

Mathematically
𝑇 𝐺𝜃
𝜋𝐷 4
= (2.16)
𝐿
32
Also,
4 32𝑇𝐿
d= (2.17)
𝜋𝐺𝜃
4 32×10.16×0.3
0.1×3.142
3.142 ×78×10 9 ×
180
d = 0.025m = 25mm
Hence a diameter of 25mm was selected for the solid shaft in order to allow for extraneous torsional loads on
the shaft and to obtain torsional shiftiness

2.1.16.2 Shaft Volume

𝜋𝐷 2
V= ×𝐿 (2.18)
4
3.142 × 0.0252
𝑉= × 0.3
4-4 3
V=1.473×10 m

2.1.16.3 The weight of the shaft

WS = Density × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × 𝑔 (2.19)
Where density of mild steel = 7850 Kg/m3 [10]
7850 × 3.865 × 10-4×9.81=29.76

2.1.16.5 The Weight of the Grinding Plate Mounted on the Shaft

Grinding plate dimensions
Diameter (∅) = 150 mm
Thickness (t) = 20 mm
𝜋𝐷 2
Volume of the grinding plates = ×𝑡×𝑛
4
2
3.142 × 150
= × 20 × 2
4 3
= 706950 mm
=7.0695 × 10−4 m3
∴Weight of the grinding plate = Density ×Volume × 9.81
= 54.44N

Hence the total transverse load on the shaft = 254.57 + 29.76 + 54.44
= 338.77N

Assuming the total load is distributed evenly across the length of the shaft since the greatest transverse load is
due to the weight of the loaded cassava to be ground
5×𝑊×𝑙 2
[12] (2.20)
384 𝐸𝐼

Where;
E= 200 GN/m2
I= Moment of inertia
5×338 .77×(0.3)2
Maximum Deflection =
384 ×200 ×10 9 ×𝐼
1.985×10 −12
=
𝐼
𝜋𝑑 4 3.142 ×0.05 4
But I= = = 3.068 × 10−7
64 64

1.985 × 10−12
∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
3.068 × 10−7
= 6.47 × 10−6 𝑚 = 0.00647 𝑚𝑚
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2.1.17 Maximum Bending Moment of the Shaft (Load on bearing)

255
Distributed load per unit length = = 850𝑁/𝑚
0.3
RA + RB = 255 + 30 + 54 = 339
RA + RB = 339
EMB = 0
(RA + 300) – (30 × 150) - (255 × 150) = 0
(30 × 150 ) − (255 × 150 )
RA = = 142.5 N
300
RB = (339 – 142.5) = 196.5 N

2.1.18 Volume of Hopper

1
[ 𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻 − ( 𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑕)] (2.21)
3
300 100
𝑉𝑕 = =
400 + 𝑥 𝑥
300𝑥 = (400+𝑥) 100
300𝑥= 40000 + 100𝑥
200𝑥 = 40000
40000
𝑥=
200
𝑥 = 200 𝑚𝑚
1
Hence Volume = [ 3002 × (400 + 200) − ( 3002 × 200)]
3
= 17 333 333. 33 mm3
=0.0173 m3

Density of dried cassava to be load ranges from 1239 to 1500 Kg/m3 [11]

∴ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑕𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

m =Density ×Volume
=1500 ×0.0173 = 25.95 Kg
Max Weight = mg = 25.93 × 9.81 = 254.57 N

2.1.19 Fabrication of the Machine

Frame
The stand of the machine was fabricated with angular mild steel bar of cross section 305mm x 760mm. the
angular mild steel bar was chosen because of its rigidity, availability and relatively cheap. A mild steel sheet of
5mm x 305mm x 760mm was brushed. The angular bar was cut into four pieces to form the four Legs of the
stand and welded to a frame to form a table stand. Two rollers were screwed to the legs for easy mobility of the
machine
Shaft
A mild steel bar of 25mm x 300mm was mounted on the lathe chuck. Both ends were faced and then the rod
turned into the designed diameter.
Hopper
The hopper is a truncated pyramid in shape. The truncated pyramid was constructed on drawing paper to
hopper’s specification. The shape was cut out and pasted on the galvanized steel sheet. Scriber was used to trace
the shape on the steel sheet and snipers used to cut out the marked out shape. The cut out sheet was folded to the
required shape and the lapping edges were welded to form a hopper
Vibratory Filtration Components
The basement of the filter was developed from 400mm x 400mm mild steel plate and was suspended on a spring
which is vibrated by a shaft on load.
Figure 1 shows the isometric model view of the dried cassava pellets grinding machine.

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Figure 1: Isometric Model View of Dried Cassava Pellets Grinding Machine

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The summary of results obtained from design calculation is shown below.
Belt length = 225mm
Angle of lap on small pulley = 2.81rad
Angle of map on large pulley = 3.47rad
Tension on tight side = 273.6N
Tension of slack side = 25.2N
Peripheral Velocity = 5.54m/s
Power required by the machine = 1177.1W
Torque = 10.16Nm
Shaft diameter = 25mm
Shaft volume = 0.0001473m3
Density of shaft = 29.76kg/m3
Weight of grinding plate = 54.44N
Total transverse load on shaft = 338.77N
Maximum deflection = 0.00647mm
Volume of hopper = 0.0173m3
The maximum deflection (0.00647mm) obtained is negligible relative to the length of belt (225mm)
and the diameter of the shaft (25mm). This implies that the shaft will retain its ability to function optimally
under the applied total transverse load (338.77N). The shaft is fixed between the bearings on both ends which
are in turn fixed to the frame. Hence the axial loading on the shaft may be considered negligible.Thus, the shaft
dimensions and material (50 mm solid mild steel shaft) was selected to provide optimum function under the
expected axial, transverse and torsional loading condition.The performance test results obtained with the
machine is shown in Table 3.1. The machine through put capacity is calculated from equation (1) [13].
𝑀
𝑀𝑇𝐶 = 1 (1)
𝑇

The efficiency is given by equation (2)

𝑀
𝐸𝑓𝑓. = 2 × 100 (2)
𝑀1
The average efficiency is calculated from equation (3).
𝛴
𝐴𝑣𝑒. = (3)
𝑛

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Table 1: Performance Test Results

S/N M1 (Kg) M2 (kg) T (min.) MTC(kg/min) Eff. (%)
1 30.00 25.01 8.00 3.75 83.37
2 28.45 20.85 6.45 4.41 73.29
3 25.05 15.45 5.05 4.96 61.68
4 23.20 14.20 4.45 5.21 61.20
5 20.45 12.25 4.00 5.11 59.90
Σ 127.15 87.76 27.95 23.44 339.44
Ave. 25.43 17.55 5.59 4.69 67.89
*M1 = Mass of dried cassava, M2 = Mass of properly grind cassava pellets
As shows in Table 1, performance test with the grinding machine was carried out five times with
different masses of dried cassava that vary in weight. The average of mass of dried cassava pellets fed into the
grinding machine and the mass of properly grind dried cassava to require sizes were calculated and it was used
to determine the efficiency of the machine. An average efficiency of 67.89% was obtained and this shows that
the machine is good and its performance was satisfactory. Figure 2 shows the graph of mass of dried cassava
pellets, ground cassava pellets and efficiency. Figure 3 shows the graph of machine throughput capacity (MTC)
and time of grinding. From the graph, the higher the mass, the longer the time of grinding. Also, the mass of
cassava pellets is a function of the machine throughput capacity.

Figure 2: Plot of Mass of Cassava and Efficiency

Figure 3: Plot of MTC and Time of Grinding

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Static failure analysis was carried out using SolidWorks CAD modelling. Figure 4 shows the model information.

Figure 4: Model Information

The material properties are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Material Properties

Figure 5 shows the static failure analysis using Von Mises criteria. The Von Mises stress is at maximum towards
the fixed end of the shaft and hopper and the value obtained is lower than the yielding stress of the material.
Therefore, the design is safe.

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Figure 5: Static Failure Analysis

IV. CONCLUSION
Nigeria is presently the largest producer of cassava in the world with an annual output of over 34
million tonnesof tuberous roots. Processing of cassava for storage is usually done traditionally by average
Nigerians. This research work focused on the designandconstruction of dried cassava pellets
grindingmachine.The results obtained from the test performance analysis carried out on the machine design for
domestic and commercial use in Nigeria show that the grinding machine was efficient and can be use across
Nigeria towns and cities for processing of cassava tubers. This machine can replace the traditional method
currently adopted by average Nigerian.

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O.M. Akusu,J.O. Oyejide,J.E. Udumebraye.“Design and Construction of Dried Cassava

Pellets Grinding Machine” American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), vol. 7, no. 3,
2018, pp. 46-55.

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