DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A CASSAVA GRATING

MACHINE

BY

ADEKOYA, EMMANUEL TEMITAYO

(F/HD/20/3440091)

AND

CHUKWUEMEKA, FAVOUR UCHE

(F/HD/20/3440101)

SUBMITED TO

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING.

YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, YABA, LAGOS.

Supervisor:ENGR. A.O ILEGBUSI

January 2023

I
 DECLARATION

This is to faithfully declare here that this project work has been written by ADEKOYA

EMMANUEL TEMITAYO, F/HD/20/3440091 and CHUCKWUEMEKA UCHE

FAVOUR, F/HD/20/3440101 and it is a record of our research work. It has not been

presented in any previous application for the award of the Higher National Diploma

(HND) of this college or any other institution of higher. All citations and sources of

information are already acknowledged by means of reference.

II
 DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to God Almighty our creator, who by his immeasurable

leniency has made the realization of this project a remarkable success. He has been the

source of strength throughout this program and only on his wing have we soared. We also

want to dedicate this to our parents, siblings, colleagues, and friends for all their financial

support and advice, this would have been impossible without you all.

III
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our most profound gratitude goes to the almighty God for the gift of life, strength,

finance and good health in the actualization of this work, to whom all glory is due to for

making this project come through.

We wish to express our profound gratitude to our parent for the love, words and parental

support they have given us.

We deeply acknowledge my Supervisor Engr. A.O Ilegbusi for his frank criticism expert

advice and above all his luminous intellectual disposition which is worthy of emulation

which also contributed to the successful completion of this work.

We are also grateful to all the staff of Mechanical Engineering. We also acknowledge the

various authors and scholars whose works have been extensively cited in this project

work.

My appreciation goes to those who played a significant role in the development of this

project and our academic years, we say thank you to you all.

IV
 ABSTRACT

This project work is on design and fabrication of a cassava grating machine for effective

grating of cassava tubers used for garri, fufu, and starch production. The grating

machine was design and constructed from locally available materials specifically for

grinding cassava tuber into small size ranging from 87um to 2mm enough to pass

through the hole of the cylindrical sieve position beneath the hammer assembly. In this

project, the cassava grating machine was designed to be operated with an electric motor.

The grating hopper were modified using stainless sheet, the machines runs to single

phase 3.0hp (horse power) electric motor at a speed of deck. The capacity of the grater

fabricated was 150kg of cassava/hr. Based on the power rating and output shaft speed of

the electric motor of the grinding machines, the machine efficiency, safety factors, and

portability were considered. On evaluating the performance of the fabricated machine, it

was observed tha it has a grating efficiency of 83.79%.

V
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 4

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 7

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 7

1.3.1 OBJECTIVES 7

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 8

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 8

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY 8

CHAPTER TWO 10

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.1 CASSAVA IN THE NIGERIA 11

2.2 MECHANIZATION/AUTOMATION IN THE NIGERIA 11

2.3.1 PROCESSING MACHINES FOR CASSAVA AND MECHANISMS 12

2.3.2 GRATING MECHANISM 12

2.3.3 TYPES OF CASSAVA GRATER 12

2.3.4.1 PEDAL GRATER 12

2.3.4.2 MANUAL GRATER 12

2.3.4.3 DISC GRATER 13

VI
2.3.4.4 MOTOR GRATER 13

2.3.5 PRESSING OR DEWATERING MECHANISM 13

CHAPTER THREE 14

3.1 METHODOLOGY 14

3.1.1 MATERIALS AND METHOD 14

3.2 MACHINERIES AND MACHINING PROCESS 14

3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINE PARTS 15

3.4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES 18

3.5 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 19

3.5.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION 19

3.6 SEQUENCE OF OPERATION 20

3.7 PHYSICAL DESIGN 22

3.8 ASSEMBLING OF COMPONENTS 25

3.8.1 COMPONENTS AND PROCEDURES 26

3.9 DESIGN FACTORS AND CONSIDERATIONS 27

3.10 MAINTENANCE 27

3.10.1 MAINTENANCE POLICY 28

CHAPTER FOUR 39

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39

4.1 RECCOMENDATION 39

CHAPTER FIVE 41

5.0 SUMMARY 41

5.1 CONCLUSION 42

REFERENCE 43

VII
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The world population is increasing at the rate of 75 million a year. Adejumo, (2020). The

ever-increasing population of the world calls for food and economic stability which

require much more effective ways to simplify and improve food production. The

extraordinary population growth of Nigeria has already been stated. Much of Nigeria’s

population remains trapped in poverty (44% of the people are under 15 years old).

Adejumo, (2020) By 2050, its population level is expected to reach 400 million

inhabitants (including 212 million in urban areas), and perhaps more than 864 million

births by the end of the century. Adejumo, (2020)

Cassava is one of the most important staple food crops grown in tropical Africa. It plays

a major role in efforts to alleviate the African food crisis because it can be converted to

different table foods like garri, fufu, starch, It is a perishable root crop and easily

deteriorates all year round availability, tolerance to extreme stress conditions, and

suitability for the present farming and food systems in Africa. In Nigeria, cassava is

mostly grown on small farms, usually intercropped with vegetables, plantation crops,

yams, sweet potatoes, melon, maize, etc. Cassava is propagated by 20-30cm long cutting

of the wood stem, spacing between plants is usually 11.5meters. Intercropping with bean,

maize and other crops is practiced in young cassava plantations. Adetunji, (2013).

There are two common varieties of cassava, namely the bitter and sweet varieties. The

cyanide content differs as well as suitability for different growing and consumption

conditions. Adetunji, (2013). Usually, higher cyanide is correlated to high yield. Nigeria

is the world largest producer of cassava tuber in the world, producing about 34 million

tonnes of the world’s 174.0tonnes Nutritionally, cassava contains potassium, iron,

multipurpose crop for man and livestock. Cassava starch is an ingredient in the

manufacture of dyes, drugs, chemicals, carpets and in the coagulation of rubber latex.

Adetunji, (2013).

Cassava (Manihotesculentacrantz) is one of the alternative sources for low-cost

carbohydrates and is considered as one of the major crops in the Nigeria. It is a tuber

plant that can be processed into food for human consumption, the uses of cassava are

numerous, and it can be processed into garri, fat and even starch. Adetunji, (2013). The

tuberous roots, rich in starch, arranged in bundles, generally reach at the time of harvest

20 to 50 cm long and 5 to 15 cm in diameter (Figure 2). Their weight is between 200 g

and 3 kg. In some circumstances they can reach 1meter-long and weigh 20 to 25

kilograms, Adetunji, (2013). The tubers of cassava cannot be stored for long after harvest

before decaying Thus, the processing of cassava after harvest is necessary to extend the

shelf life of root tubers. Cassava processing leading to size reduction includes peeling,

grating, dehydrating, milling and sieving Jiang, (2021). All these operations involve the

use of the machinery of varying sophistication through which corrosion problems are

likely to be encountered, corrosion problems in cassava become more pronounced as the

cassava tubers are broken into pulps and thereafter left to ferment naturally by yeasts and

other microorganisms in which the sugars in the mash are hydrolysed. The critical issue is

the presence of the two cyanogenic glucosides released during cassava processing. Jiang,

(2021)

According to Davies, (2008) Cassava has several advantages compared with other

carbohydrate sources especially other root crops. It has a high productivity under

marginal climatic conditions which results in a low cost raw material. However, cassava

2
roots are bulk and have easy perish ability, their low protein content, and the presence of

cyanide in all root tissues, having about 70% moisture content.

According to Davies, (2008). Through simple processing the disadvantage of bulk and

perishability can be overcome. A staple product is reached when moisture content falls

below 14%. Natural drying is widely used to achieve this objectives drying also reduces

moisture, volume and cyanide content of the roots. The dried cassava product thus has

only one disadvantage with respect to other carbohydrate feed sources: low protein

content which may be supplemented from other sources, particularly legumes. Davies,

(2008)

Gari is a granulated white or yellowish product depending on production methods, having

a high swelling capacity and can absorb up to 4times its volume in water. It has 10 to

15% moisture content that enhance good storability.

Cassava cleaning machine, Cassava washing machine, Cassava peeling machine, Cassava

grating machine, Garri dewatering machine, Garri frying machine, Garri sieving machine,

Garri packaging machine, Cassava chipping machine. Nwaigwe,., & Ugwuoke, (2012).

Manual processing (peeling, grating, pressing, etc.) of cassava is laborious and intensive

where there is retard process for producing such product. The need to mechanised cassava

processing is enormous. Traditional cassava processing has a numberof undesirable

attributes and this has drawn the attention of national agricultural research to devote

utmost interest and resources to engineering research in operations, to minimise the

drudgery, enhance commercial quality of the products and labour intensities that

areinvolved in traditional manual operations Nwaigwe, & Ugwuoke, (2012).

In rural areas, manual operation in cassava processing is practiced because there are no

locally available machineries. As the world is emerging with various type of technology

for better quality of life and efficient production of food, automation and mechanization

3
technology for agricultural machines are used for faster, lesser labor agricultural

production for sustainable agriculture. Nwaigwe, & Ugwuoke, (2012).

The machine is incorporated with a detachable sieving mechanism to ensure fineness of

cereal grain ground. The industrial screen - the main components responsible for sieving -

is made of wire cloth with aperture sizes ranging from 870 µm to 2 mm. The machine

cannot be operated manually. The electrical operation is effected by the use of one

horsepower electric motor with speed of 1,400 rev/mm. The machine can handle 5 kg of

cereal grains in a single operation lasting 15 min. The entire construction is brought about

by locally sourced material thereby making the cost not prohibitive. The machine

elements are easily accessible and detachable to facilitate assembling and maintenance

process. Although the machine is sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable

long period, it is cheap enough to be economically feasible. Nwaigwe, & Ugwuoke,

(2012).

In view of the above-mentioned problems and the overall importance of the cassava

products the following objectives are required to address the shortcoming of the grater.

Cassava processing by grating is of main concern in this paper. Different types of graters

have been used over the years with one short coming or the other. Adejumo, (2020)

reports)that the traditional method of grating was first used, and this involves placing of

the local grater, which is made of perforated metal sheet on the table when it is

convenient for effective use and brushes sheet metal the cassava turns into pulp and drop

into container that is being used to collect the grated pulp cassava. Many modifications

have been introduced, Davies, (2008). designed a wooden grater in which the cassava

forced into a hopper is rubbed against the grater which is being electrically powered.

Enhanced quality of cassava can be grated using this method. However, the durability of

the grater is low because of its wooden nature Ndaliman, (2006). Ndaliman (2008) in

4
Oriaku, Angulanna, Odenigbo and Adizue (2015) fabricated a pedal operated cassava

grater which is powered by human efforts applied to pedal. The grinder pulverizes the

cassava tubers into paste which can pass through a wire sieve. The effective performance

of the design was at 60% Ndaliman (2006) also designed a double action grater; the

machine assembly is powered mechanically or manually in case of electrical failure.

Apart from faster grating rate, it required less time. The grating drum is made of metallic

pipe that carries perforated plate which served as the grater. The main objective of this

work is to design, fabricate and utilize a mobile cassava grating machine using locally

sourced materials in Nigeria. (Development and Utilization of Mobile Cassava

Grating Machines in Nigeria)

Fig. 1.0 Cassava leaf fig. 1.1 Tubers of cassava

Fig. 1.2 Peeled cassavas after mechanical and manual peeling has been done

5
Fig. 1.3 Peels removed by peeling machine

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study deals with generating a new idea to produce a cassava grating machine with

new design. Traditional cassava processing does not require sophisticated equipment.

Processing cassava into garri requires equipment such as grater, presser, and fryer. The

traditional cassava grater is made of a flattened tin or iron sheet made of a flattened tin or

iron sheet perforated with nails and fastened onto a wooden board with handles. Grating

is done by rubbing the peeled roots against the rough perforated surface of the iron sheet

which tears off the peeled cassava root fresh into mesh. In recent years, various attempts

have been made to improve grater.

Small farms remain the center of agriculture and rural development. Small scale farming

is more prominent to the volume of production than in industrialized farms, particularly in

cassava production in the Caraga Region. Thus,

1. A lesser availability of locally designed and fabricated machines for cassava

processing;

6
 2. Cassava root tubers contain cyanide acid that reacts with materials prone to

contamination such as low carbon steel and may contribute to degradation of

cassava quality

3. The existing machines in the Caraga Region are not automated and open framed

design further gives unsafety for operations; 4. the cassava peeler, grater and is

presser embedded in your design machine are mechanically separated (not

enclosed in one system) and more work force is needed during operations.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem of cassava product is when it is usually locally consumed and exportation is

limited because the products do not always meet the international standard for health

foods. Thus, the need to encourage the small scale (home production) of cassava product

to ensure quality of products and good hygienic values. However, this project is to design

and construct a portable cassava grating machine.

PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT: The purpose of the project is to design and fabricate a

cassava grating machine from comparatively cheap and durable materials that are capable

of grating different sizes of already chipped cassava tubers.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

AIM:

The aim for this project is to design and construct a cassava grating machine.

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To design a cassava grating machine

7
 2. To fabricate (or construct) the grating machine

3. To carry out performance evaluation on the machine

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is focused only on the design, fabrication and evaluation of the machine in

terms of capacity, efficiency of grated cassava

Worthy of note are other practical research limitations such as:

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT

We encountered huge financial challenge in the course of carrying out the fabrication of

the project.

TIME CONSTRAINT

Due to the short time given for the submission of the project and other academic

activities, the project was limited to small/portable cassava grating machine.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is to design and construct a cassava grating machine that can:

 To modify the design of the existing cassava grater (dimensions) to the home use

small scale size.

 To change the crude wooden hopper and chutes used in cassava grating machines

to lasting stainless steel.

 The scope of this study was to develop, design and combine the cassava peeler,

grater and presser in one system of operation. The machine was applicable to

small scale operation for cassava processing in rural areas. Furthermore,

8
  To select appropriate materials for machine design analysis and construction that

was locally available in the market.

 To evaluate the machine performance based on efficiency and its product.

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The important of this study “Design and construct a cassava grating machine” are stated

below:

 It will help the researcher to solve the problem of traditional way to grate the

cassava

 In addition, the result obtained from this study will also help to promote health

consumption of cassava products.

 Finally, the findings of this study will provide the basis and guide to other

researcher(s) who might choose to conduct further research into the study.

 Due to the increasing demand for low cost carbohydrates, cassava is now

considered as one of the source for food and feed for livestock. The machine can

be utilized in rural areas of Caraga region where small scale farming of cassava is

their primary commodity and it can be operated by electricity for continuous

operations. The machine includes peeling, grating and pressing of cassava tubers

done on a single operation and is easy to operate which gives less labor for the

user.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

THE LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 CASSAVA IN THE NIGERIA

Cassava (Manihotesculentacrantz) is a perennial shrub of the family Euphorbiaceae

commonly known in the Philippines as balanghoy or kamotengkahoy, cultivated mainly

for its starchy roots and it is one of the most important food staples in the tropics.

Somtochukwu, (2018). Although cassava is a staple food, it is poisonous in its raw state

because it contains cyanogenic glucosides. These glucosides are converted to hydrogen

cyanide (HCN) by an enzyme called linamarase and can be removed by hygienic

processes of the commodity. Cassava is known to perform well even under unfavorable

conditions such as drought and poor soils. Somtochukwu, (2018). Cassava can be

classified as sweet or bitter based on linamarin content of the tubers but their differences

are obscure where each cassava stem usually bears multiple 11 tubers shown in Figure 1.

Philippine cassava is comparatively small in production compared to other countries like

Nigeria, Thailand, Vietnam, and India. It, however, contributes 2 percent of the gross

added value in agriculture in the Philippines. Figure 1: Cassava Plant Morphology

showing tubers It is utilize as food, dried chips for feeds and starch in the country,

Tochukwu, (2021). It is the staple food of Muslim population like Sulu, Cotabato making

the Mindanao the top producer of Cassava in the country and ARMM (Autonomous

Region in Muslim Mindanao) with 57 percent share of the total products, Tochukwu,

(2021). In some regions, farmers are utilizing cassava as their food business by producing

product like cassava chips which are sold locally in the Municipality of Salcedo with the

help of the Government Agency- Bureau of Agricultural Research under the banner

program of the Community based Participatory Action Research, Somtochukwu, (2018).

10
The Government is now taking action by funding research related to cassava and its

potential industry for the future and supporting credited associations of farmers.

Tochukwu,. (2021)

2.2 PROCESSING MACHINES FOR CASSAVA AND MECHANISMS

Processing machines are made to replace the manual method and to increase product

output in order to meet the required demand for food, fiber and materials. Appropriate

mechanization and automation is extremely necessary in order to achieve the desired end

product. For cassava commodity, some manual methods like grating, pressing or

dewatering, frying, chipping, pulverizing are mechanized successfully with years of

innovation and development.

2.3 PEELING MECHANISM

Peeling is the first process from harvest to processing which is a very important

operation. In the cassava peeling operation, both the periderm and the cortex are removed

as waste; and the central portion of the tuber left as the desired output, Tochukwu, (2021].

Mechanization of this process has the potential of driving increased cultivation of cassava

and generating products with high hygienic standard, product quality, processing

efficiency, minimum loss of tubers and increased processing rate Cassava peeling can be

done in different methods.

2.3.1 MANUAL PEELING

Before mechanizations, manual tools are used for peeling such as knife, wood tools. The

tool in Figure 4 was invented by IITA. Figure 4: Cassava peeling tool Manual operation

of peeling is tedious and operated by hand to facilitate removal of periderm of cassava

11
tuber. The output of the skilled person for manual peeling is about 25kg/hr with a loss of

25-30% of weight in the peels Adetunji, (2013).

2.3.2 CHEMICAL PEELING

This method is often adopted by industries and some food processing centers. It is most

widely used for sweet potatoes. This makes use of a hot solution of sodium hydroxide

(Lye) 16 to loosen and soften the skin of the potatoes. This method is not suitable for

cassava since it has tougher peels compared to potatoes and it requires a higher

concentration of immersion to the solution. It has difficulty in the removal of chemical

traces as it may be poisonous Adetunji,. (2013).

2.3.3 MECHANICAL PEELING

This method is a mechanized means of peeling the tubers and uses devised mechanisms

for this purpose. Many designs have been published like the paper presented by Oluwole

O. O. and Adio M. A. (2018) shown in Figure 5. Figure 5: Cassava peeling machine by

Oluwole (2018). It has a principle of abrasive peeling using a stationary outer abrasive

drum and a rotating inner abrasive drum based on a batch capacity of 8.5 kg and cut tuber

lengths of 17 200mm and diameters of 90mm. An average peeling efficiency recorded

was 70.45 percent while the average flesh loss was 5.09 percent and percentage of broken

cassava was estimated to be 2%. Another paper both written by O.J Olukunle and B.O.

Akinnuli which entitled “Performance Evaluation of a Single Action Cassava Peeling

Machine” has the design as shown in Figure 6. Figure 6: Cassava Peeling and Washing

Machine by O.J Olukunle (2016). This machine consists of a roller with 200 mm diameter

and 900mm long. The shaft is 25 mm diameter and runs through the roller. This machine

was fabricated in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of

Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The results show the capacity of the machine as 1050 kg/h.
12
This gave this machine an estimated processing time of 0.33 seconds/kg, Oluwole,

(2018).

2.4 PRESSING OR DEWATERING MECHANISM

The pressing or dewatering of cassava is necessary after grating in order to lessen

cyanide content as well as to lessen the moisture content of the grates by 40%-45% wet

basis. Traditionally, the grated mash is packed inside baskets, jute bags or perforated

plastic sacks.

2.5 TYPES OF CASSAVA GRATER

On the basis of their sizes and functions cassava grater are of different types.

 PEDAL GRATER

Pedal cassava grater is made from galvanized iron tubing, spare bicycle parts, hacksaw

blades and sheet metal. Cassava is fed into the hopper and grated by a vertical disc with

grating shits that is rotated by pedal power.

 MANUAL GRATER

The manual grater is normally made up of galvanized metal sheet with raised jagged

flange on the underside. Here the cassava pieces are pressed against the jagged side of

the metal and rubbed vigorously with strong downward movements. The jagged side of

the cassava pieces are pressed is fixed on a wooden frame.

 DISC GRATER

Manual disc grater consist of circular punched metal plate which is mounted vertically

against a stationary feed tray which also serves as a housing unit.

Cassava tuber is pressed against the grating surface by rotating handle which is mounted

on it. To ensure a fine uniform product the clearance between the plate and the side of

feed tray is maintained. Grated cassava is collected in a feed tray.

Motor grater which is the main feature of this project uses electric, diesel or petrol

engines. The motor grater normally is made from hard weaving materials including

galvanized sheet metal, stainless steel, precision bearings, and modern petrol /diesel

engines. The roller is made of hard wood wrapped with the grating plate, which is a

perforated flat metal sheet. Roots are feed through the hopper. Cassava after being

pressed by the rollers are conveyed to the collection box through an inclined chute.

2.6 CONTROL SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS OVERVIEW

Associating a special-purpose automated machines and standard machines by automation

attracted the attention of many machine buyers. These improved or automated machines

were in the direction of cutting costs by doing the job better, quicker, and automatically.

The work of the operator was further eased and simplified by the development of

infallible control panels to the point that running a machine consists only of pressing

buttons. Numerous technologies of agricultural automation are being developed by

universities researchers that create questions about efficiency. Many new concepts are

being developed to allow agricultural automation to grow and deliver its full potential. To

take full advantage of these technologies, it should not just consider the implication of

developing a new single technology but should look at the wider issues of a complete

mechanization system, including appropriate machinery and design management. Using a

small automated machine (small smart machine) is a current trend where the machine is a

little better than the existing one. Automation, much like mechanization, depends on

machines to execute functions many of which were first performed manually. Automated

machineries are manufactured and used in many different operations such as

manufacturing, processing, communications and any other industries that automation is

really applicable. Automating the process will reduce the amount of manual labor,
14
improve throughput and produce consistent results[20]. Thus, every device in automated

machines requires control system either it is Open loop system or a Close loop system. 22

Open loop system is a system that operates with no automatic correction of the variation

in its output. This type of control requires human judgment and/or depends on human

intervention to the machine being operated. Close loop system is a system where the

output has an effect upon the input quantity in such a manner as to maintain the desired

output value. In designing automated machines, electronic components are one of the

important parts to perform the tasks accordingly with less or no human intervention.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD

This study was conducted at the Engineering workshop of Yaba College of Technology,

Yaba, Lagos in 2022. All materials are locally sourced at Alaba and Mushin market,

Lagos. Design is the transformation of concepts and ideas into useful machinery,

Adetunji, (2013). The procedures in the design and construction of the modified cassava

milling machine are explained. Based on the provided information, here is a breakdown

15
of the parts, materials, and methods used for constructing a Cassava Grating Machine and

for the use of sacrificial anode:

CASSAVA GRATING MACHINE PARTS:

A. Hopper: used for loading cassava into the machine.

B. Shaft: the rotating component that drives the grating process.

C. Drum: the grating surface where the cassava is grated.

D. Discharge: the outlet where the grated cassava is released.

E. Pulley: connects the shaft to the electric motor for power transmission.

F. Electric motor: provides the mechanical power for grating.

G. Bolts: used for fastening various components together.

H. Belts: connects the pulley and the electric motor.

I. Mild steel frames: provide structural support for the machine.

J. Rivet pins: used to connect and secure different parts.

K. Bearings: allow smooth rotation of the shaft.

L. Perforated mesh: forms the grating surface on the drum.

M. Cover: protects the internal components of the machine.

N. Handle: enables the user to operate and move the machine.

 SACRIFICIAL ANODE:

The study is interested in using a sacrificial anode to protect the metallic members of the

cassava grating machine that come in contact with the cassava and cassava pulp. The

specific parts that are in contact with the cassava and cassava pulp would be considered

for the sacrificial anode protection.

 MULTIMETER:

A multimeter, specifically the DT-9205A model, will be used. It is an electronic

measuring instrument that combines multiple measurement functions in one unit. It can
16
measure voltage, current, and resistance. It will be used to calculate the current flow

between the metal and anode.

 BOLT AND NUT:

Bolts and nuts will be used to fasten the PVC wire cable to the signboard (Test Post).

They are essential for securely holding two ends together.

 CAD WELD MOULD:

CAD weld mould is a tool used, along with gun powder and CAD weld powder, for

sealing the exposed region on the structure where the PVC wire cable was directly

connected to the mild steel pipe. It facilitates exothermic welding, where the CAD weld

powder heats to a proper temperature for metal fusing.

 CAD WELD DISC AND POWDER:

CAD weld disc is a conically shaped metal disc that melts alongside CAD weld powder

in an effervescence manner. The disc acts as a timing device to allow the welding powder

to heat to a suitable temperature for metal fusing. This process is technically called

exothermic welding.

These are the various parts, materials, and methods involved in the construction of a

Cassava Grating Machine and the use of a sacrificial anode for protecting metallic

members in contact with the cassava and cassava pulp.

COMPONENTS
S/N QUANTITY
1. Hopper
1
2. Shaft
1
3. Drum
1

17
 4. Discharge
1
5. Pulley
1
6. Electric Motor
1
7. Bolts
1
8. Belts
1
9. mild steel frames
1
10. Rivet Pins
1
11. Bearings
1
12. perforated Mesh
1
13. Cover and Handle
1
14. Box
1

Table 3.0: Materials Used for the Fabrication.

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINE PARTS

The machine is expected to have the following components:

3.1.1 THE MAIN FRAME: The main frame is constructed with angle iron. The angle

iron are welded together to form the frame work. The welding provides rigid joints. This

is in line with the modern trend of providing rigid frames. This provides the strength and

rigidity for the overall machine. 13/4 by 1 3/4 angle bars was used.

3.1.2 THE HOPPER: The hopper is the receptacle through which cassava is admitted

into the machine for grating. It has a rectangular plan that made of stainless steel which

taper gradually. Volume of the hopper

18
V = L.B.H (m3)

Where;

V = Volume

L = Hopper’s length

B = Hopper’s breath and

H = Hoppers height

3.1.3 THE GRATING UNIT: This consist of the shaft, perforated mesh, and roller

made of wood. The drum is formed by the shaft passing through the roller which is then

wrapped with the perforated mesh. The grating drum is cylindrical in shape. The volume

of the cylinder is given by:

V = .r2.h

Where; V = volume of cylinder

R = Radius of cylinder and

H = Height of drum

3.1.4 DIESEL ENGINE/ PULLEY SYSTEM: A diesel engine is used to

drum at reduced speed and increased torque. This enables the drum to exhibit rotary

motion thereby grating the cassava.

3.1.5 THE CHUTE: This is a discharge unit connected to the frame through which

the cassava pulp is being discharged to the collecting bin or receptacle. In view of the

material used in the construction stainless steel has a high resistance, to corrosion.

During selection of materials for machine consideration is given on components which

have materials of acceptable properties which will be sufficient enough in terms of

strength. durability and toughness that would enable it withstand some shocks, fatigues
19
and reactions from other working components. The materials are:- Metal Sheet:-1mm

mild steel meta sheet was chosen for the construction of hopper, grater cylinder and

collection boy because of its ability to be welded by an arc or gas welding Angle Iron:-

1mm mild steel angle iron was chosen for its durability, toughness and it can withstand

shocks, it is used for the machine stand.

 ELECTRIC MOTOR: -200W Electric motor was suitable as it had suitable

capacity to operate the machine.

 METAL PIPE: -A hollow metal pipe was chosen for its hardness and durability to

withstand shock. The handle, is used for turning the grater in a clockwise

direction.

 PLYWOOD: -A 3mm thick plywood was chosen for the clearance between the

hopper and the grater. It was chosen for its resistance to corrosion and rust.

 PULLEY: A V-grooved pulley of 60mm diameter was used to run the frater by an

electric power transmitted from an electric motor through a belt.

Components and procedures

The order in which the design was done include the following:

i. The Hopper: The hopper is constructed with 1mm thin mild steel sheet of 40mm

by 150mm and the height of 800mm. it is measured with steel rule and cut with

hacksaw. It is cut in a triangular shape and welded by an electric are welded

machine. The hopper serves as reservoir in which the fresh peeled cassava tuber

are fed which flows by gravity. The four triangular metal sheets that were cut and

welded were inclined at 300 at the base.

ii. The Cylinder grater: The diameter of the grater is 40mm Grater = (22/7) D (22/7)

x 40 =125.7mm Therefore, the circumference of the grater = nD (22/7) x 40

Width = 125.7mm The grater is made up of 1mm thick mild metal sheet which is

20
 measured 110mm by 125.7mm by a steel band and cut by a hack-saw. It is

perforated by the use of a nail after which it is welded to a cylinder wood by an

electric arc welding machine. The diameter of the wood is 125.7mm and the

length is 110mm. the wood is drilled to a 12mm diameter where shaft of 160mm

and a diameter of 25mm is passed through the cylinder wood, it is folded into a

cylindrical form with a hole of 25mm diameter. It is wrapped and welded on a

cylindrical wood, which is used to grate the incoming cassava from the hopper.

iii. The shift: A mild steel shaft of a length 160mm and a diameter of 14mm was

used. It is standard steel band was used to measure the length and a hacksaw was

used for the cutting. Both the pulley and handle are bolted to the shaft, which is

used to turn the grater.

iv. The Collecting Box: A mild steel metal sheet of 1mm was measured and cut into

120mm length and width of30mm at angles of 800 and 300 . It was measured with

a steel band and joined together by an electric arc welding machine. It is used to

collect the grated cassava.

v. Electric Motor: A 200W electric motor is suitable to operate the cassava grater.

The capacity is enough to turn the grater by an electric power generated from the

electric motor to the belt to turn the grater during grating. This power is sufficient

to operate the machine.

vi. The Stand: 1mm mild steel angle iron was chosen for its durable toughness and it

can withstand shock. The angle iron is measured and cut into 8 section, 4 is used

for the stand while 4 are used for the support. It has a length of 180mm and

90mm. it is measured with a steel band joined by an electric arc welding machine

to form the stand. The hopper is bolted to the frame/stand. This is a rigid structure

that supports the whole machine.

21
vii. Clearance Plate: A plywood of 3mm thick is used and a length of 900mm and

30mm. it is chosen for its resistance to corrosion and rust. It is bolted to the

hopper. It can also resist wears because of its hardness.

viii. The Handler: A hallow mild steel of 85mm was used, it is folded and bolted to the

shaft. The handle is used in turning the grater when it is manually operated.

ix. The Pulley: Pulley is used when it is electrically operated. A V-grooved pulley of

60mm diameter is used to turn the grater by an electric power from an electric

motor through a belt.

3.2 ASSEMBLING OF COMPONENTS

The components of the machine could be assembled to form a right body by the following

procedures: The frame (Stand) was constructed by welding the angle iron bars and two

rollers bearing was bolted in its housing to the frame. The shaft is passed through the two

bearing at each side to give easy and smooth turning during grating. The hopper which is

designed through the materials is fed into the machine, which is bolted to the frame

houses the grater. While the collecting box under the hopper is bolted to the frame which

is used to collect grated cassava during grating. The two bearing are also bolted to the
22
frame in their housing to protect the bearings from dust, sand and rust. The pipe was first

cleaned with a wire brush and emery paper (Coarse and fine) to a silver mirror finish and

then was washed with detergent with water and allowed to dry thoroughly. This is to

ensure that the pipe surface is free from dirt, oil, chemical, rust or any other foreign body

that will aid corrosion.

3.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

The design principles adopted for this grater are as follows:

i. The gravitational dropping of the peeled cassava tubers from the loading platform

to the grating point and exit of the pulp to the receiver.

ii. The continuous abrasive force (frictional force) delivered to the tubers by the

rough surfaces of the rotating barrel which is achieved by the rotating barrel

which is achieved by the rotating actions of the pulley, bearings, belt and shaft

3.4 OPERATING PRINCIPLE

The machine is design in such a way as to make its operation simple. When mechanically

operated, the machine is coupled to an electric motor by a V- belt pulley on the shaft.

And when manually operated, the grating drum is set in revolution through the turning of

the steering. Cassava is fed through the hopper and an additional plank is used to press

the cassava on grater. The pulps are collected through the chute to the basin or directly on

a cemented floor. Performance test Series of tests were conducted using the machine.

Cassava tubers were obtained from a farm and peeled manually, thoroughly washed and

weighed using weighing balance scale. The machine was operated for some minutes to

allow speed to stabilize. Peeled cassava was introduced into it through the hopper. A

piece of wood was used to press the cassava against the drum to prevent scattering of the

cassava caused by machine vibration. The pulp was collected into a sac and taking to a

press for dewatering. The dewatered pulp was weighed and recorded using the weighing
23
balance scale. The pulp was then sieved. The weight of sieved and unsieved materials

was recorded

3.5 MODE OF OPERATION

The machine connected to a prime mover by a v – belt is set into action and allowed to

run for some time to ensure smooth operation. Peeled cassava tubers are then introduced

into the machine through the hopper these tubers come in contact with the grating drum,

they are macerated into cassava pulp, this is achieved due to the perforations on the

surface of the rotating grating drum. The pulps are collected through the discharge into a

basin or small rubber plate.

3.6 METHODOLOGY

To satisfy operational requirements and design purpose, standard values were used in

developing the design consideration, specification analysis and drawings.

Machineries and Machining Process Used in Fabrication Processes are as Follows:

1. Drilling Machine: This can be hard drilling or pillar drilling machines. This

machinery was used for most drilling jobs. The work is stationary while the

spindle carrying the drill chuks and bit moves, the work, must be held with a

vice during drilling.

2. Lathe:This was used for an extensive array for precision works also such as

boring, training, facing of the assembly parts. It produces a cutting action by

rotating a work piece against a fixed tool having a single edge. The lines of cut

forms a cylindrical surface.

24
 3. Hand Grinding / Cutting Disc Machine: This is hand held and it comes in

two sizes. The dis comes in the sizes 9, 7, or 4 diameters. The 7 disc was

used for cutting and grinding.

4. Welding Machine: It is used in conjunction with electrode and tong for

joining two or more metals together. It was used with stainless electrode when

welding the stainless steel. Welding can either be tacking (which can be easily

broken). During setting stitching, (which can be used to hold thing metals,

(1mm metal sheet together firmly) or running which is used for thick metal

plates, 3mm). The stainless electrode of guage twelve (2.5mm diameter) was

used. Welding glasses (dark) was used when working.

5. Bending Machine: It is used for bending sheet metals up to 5mm thick at

different desired angles. It was used for bending the grater sheets.

6. Table Shear:It is big and heavy. It was used for cutting plates less than 3mm

and 4mm sheet, and it gives straight cut edge unlike then hand cutting disc

7. Pedestal Grinding Machine:It was used for sharpening the tools, work piece

drill bits.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION

Table 1

s/n Components Description of Tools used Time

operation Hr/min

1 Frame Making at and cutting Tape, marked off 4hrs

to required dimension in units as inches machine

from an angle iron of or millimeter was

25
 1 3/4' x 1 3/4 used scriber

bench vice and

cutting

Joining of the parts of Welding machine 5hrs

form designed shape with electrode of

gauge 12

2 Chute Marking out and Tape and scribe, 6hrs

cutting required table shear was

dimension from a used to cut the

stainless steel sheet material or

of 2mm (think) stainless sheet to

give straight cut

edge

Bending /folding and Welding machine 18hrs

joining of the parts (Arc welding with

together with the stainless electrode

frame of guage 12

folding and

bending machine

was accused

3. Cylindrical Marking out and Tape scriber, 50min

Drum cutting to the drilling, machine

required and lather machine

circumference for extensive array

of precision in line

26
 to form a

cylindrical surface

4. Grater Marking out, cutting, Tape, scribe and 3hrs

and launching of in nail are used in

sheet material lancing the surface

of the metal sheet

for grating the

cassava into pulp.

Folding, bending and Folding, bending 1.30mins

joining the lanced machine and nail

sheet together with was used to form

the cylindrical drum the grating drum

5 Hopper Marking out and Tape and scriber,

cutting of the table shear was

stainless steel sheet used to cut the

(2mm thick) to steel plates to give

required dimension straight cut edge

Joining the parts to Welding machine 16hrs

give a desired shape (Arc welding with

stainless electrode

of guage) 12

6 Cover plate Marking out and Tape, scriber and 20min

cutting of the steel table, shear was

sheet to required used to give

dimension from

27
 stainless steel straight cut edge

Joining of the steel Welding machine 3hrs

sheet together with (Arc welding

hopper and chute stainless electrode

of guage 12

7. Washing and filing Washing of the whole Rough and smooth 1:45mins

body and filing of emery-clothes,

rough parts and Sam filling machine

papering of the whole and water was

parts for smoothness used

and neatness

8. Painting Using paint (oil paint) Hand brush 52mins

to paint the frame

work to avoid rushing

of material in contact

with water and

atmospheric

temperature

9. Assembly The whole parts like 4hrs

the hopper, grating

drum, chute was

assembled together

on the frame work

Table 3.1 Sequence of Operation

28
3.7 CHOICE OF ASSEMBLY AND PROCEDURES

This is the process of assembling or coupling of the machine parts together. However, for

a good finish, arc welding and fixing have been chosen for assembling of the project.

 WELDING

This is a metal joining process which is an act of joining two metal parts permanently in

such a way that the joints, are equivalent in composition and characteristics to the type of

material used.

There are different types of welding which include the following; oxyacetylene welding,

brass, welding, arc welding, argon welding etc. However, for the purpose of this project,

only arc welding were used in joints of the machine with stainless electrode in case of

stainless steel parts.

 FIXING

This is a coupling process that can be used in joining component parts that can be

removed or changed in case of wear or damage. This was achieved using m10/m8

bolts and nuts of size.

3.8 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

1. The machine should be efficient during use in household as well as movable

(portability) and safety or easily operated.

2. Another problem is that cassava produces a large number of cyanogenic

glycosides so in selecting materials, for construction, adequate care must be taken

not to use material that cannot degrade / corrode easily due to the acidic nature or

content of the cassava.

29
3.9 DESIGN CONSIDERATION AND FACTOR

In designing the cassava grater, certain considerations were put in place: i. The machine

should be portable and mobile so that it can be used for both household and industrial

purposes. ii. Another consideration is that cassava produces a large number of cyanogenic

glycosides so in selecting materials for construction adequate care was taken not to use

materials that can corrode easily due to the acidic content in cassava. In developing the

machine, a number of factors were considered.

These include:

i. Strength of the materials for fabrication

ii. Machine capacity

iii. Service requirement

iv. Power requirement

v. Resistance to corrosion attack

vi. Ease of maintenance

vii. Cost

MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is the combination of all technical activities and all associated with

administrative actions intended to retain a machine in or restore it to a state in which it

can perform its required function with safe operation. The maintenance of the said

machine should be the responsibility of its owner. As, it would be too costly to hire

skilled labour for this purpose. The operation requires mechanical skill and little

knowledge of electricity. - In substances where electricity supply is not dependable,

owner should consider the use of petrol/diesel engine to avoid costly short downs of

machine - The building layout for equipment must be properly ventilated and the

environment should be well cleaned always. - The floor on which the equipment base
30
stands on should be preferably cemented to reduce the contamination of the smashed

cassava by sand and other dirt and also to facilitate the cleaning of the floor. - Washing of

the equipment/machine mostly at the perforated aluminum sheets after everyday use is

recommended. This is so as to enable the inactivity of the starchy content of the tuber.

MAINTENANCE POLICY A good operational policy is necessary for maintenance of

any kind of machine to ensure that its planned life-span is obtained and breakdown is

reduced. The following are maintenance guideline for this machine “cassava grater`` have

a long planned life-span.It is important that the bearing is cased (Journal) so as to protect

it from corrosive agent (like the starchy content of cassava) or volatile solvents (such as

petrol in case of petrol engines). As these are factors that affect wear rate of a bearing.

Also this bearing should be lubricated constantly. A period checks on bolts and nuts to

ensure that they are not slackened. The vibration of machine could be damped with

rubber cushion so as to reduce slacken of the bolts and nuts or weakening of welds.

HEALTH AND SAFETY IN OPERATION

The health hazards that could be encountered in the operation of this equipment are due to

some factors like: sharpness of the grater etc. in case of use of electric motor, electric

hazards could also be encountered. Electricity should be treated with due unconditioned

respect, it cannot be seen or heard but can kill instantly. Even if it is not fatal, serious

disability through shocks and burns result. Also a great deal of damages to properties and

goods cans be caused usually through fire outbreak as a result of faulty wiring and engine.

In-order to minimize shock and fire, the following should be observed: 1. Water should

be kept away from electric motor. 2. Electric motor should be connected with appropriate

insulated cables. 3. Check all electrical connection plugs and switches to be sure they are

in good working conditions before use. 4. Torn length of cable should only be held with

tape as temporary measures.

The hopper has the shape of the frustum of a pyramid

Figure 1: Frustum of Pyramid Source: (Adu, 2004)

Figure 2 Complete Pyramid

The volume of the pyramid is given by:

(1)

Volume of hoper = volume of complete pyramid – volume of extended pyramid (Adu,

2004

32
Where: V = volume of hopper B1 = Base of complete pyramid b1 = base of extended

pyramid H1 = height of complete pyramid h1 = height of extended pyramid

Mass of hopper is given as:

M =ρV(kg) (3)

Where ρ = density of material

Grating drum design

The grating drum is cylindrical in shape. The volume of the grating drum is given as:

VrL2d=π (4)

Where L = length of cylindrical drum r = radius of cylindrical drum Vd = volume of

cylindrical drum. The force acting on the cylindrical drum is given as:

F = mg (5)

Where M =ρ.V

F = V ⋅ρ ⋅ g (Ryder, 1985) (6)

Where F = force acting on cylindrical drum g = acceleration due to gravity Pulley

Selection Torque of motor shaft (driving shaft) can be obtained as:

Where: Pm = Motor power Tm = motor torque Wm = angular speed of motor Angular

velocity can be deduced using the motor rating as:

Where: N = speed of motor in Rev/min

To prevent a belt drive due to loading from complete slipping, the motor pulley (Driving

pulley) diameter D1 is chosen as:

pulley (driven pulley) can be calculated from:

Where: D2 = diameter of cylindrical drum pulley W1 = angular velocity of driving shaft

W2 = angular velocity of driven shaft ε= slipping coefficient

DESIGN FOR BELT

Determination of centre distance (Cs) The centre distance for a v – belt is obtained as: C

Where: Cs = centre distance TB = Thickness of belt

DETERMINATION OF BELT

Length For a v – belt the length between driving pulley and driven shaft pulley is given

as:

Where: LB = length of belt R = radius of driving pulley r = radius of driven pulley Design

for angle of wrap for driving pulley and driven pulley The angle of wrap for driving

pulley and driven pulley is given as:

Where: α1 = angle of wrap for driving pulley α2 = angle of wrap for driven pulley The

smaller value of α1 and α2 governs the design

34
SHAFT DESIGN

The shaft used for this is a solid shaft subjected to combined torsional and bending

stresses. The (ASME) code equation for a solid shaft having little or no axial loading has

a maximum shearing stress given as (Paul, 1986).

Where: Ss = shearing stress, d = diameter of shaft, mb = bending moment, mt = torsional

moment, kt = combined shock and fatigue applied to torsional moment (1.0), kb

=combined shock and fatique applied to bending (1.5)

Determination of Torsional Moment (mt)

Since the shaft rotating horizontally both bending as well as torsional moment are the

main factors influencing the shaft design, the torsional moment acting on a rotating shaft

can be determined from the relation

Equation (17) will be used to calculate the torsional moment Shaft Loading The solid

shaft is loaded as shown in Fig 3

35
Fig. 3: Shaft loading of cassava grating machine. Source: Researchers’ representation

(2018) The solid shaft with forces acting on it is represented in Fig 4.

Fig 4: Reactions on the shaft due to vertical loading with uniformly distributed load

Source: Researchers’ representation (2018)

Where F p = weight of pulley R1 and R2 = Bearing reactions Fd = Distributed load on

grating drum For ease of calculations, the uniformly distributed load is converted to a

point load as shown in Fig 5.

Fig 5: Reactions on the shaft due to vertical loading with uniformly distributed load

converted to point load. Source: Researchers’ representation (2018)

36
From the evaluation of the forces and determination of the bearing reactions, the

maximum bending moment Mb(max) for the shaft was determined. The shaft diameter d

was calculated using (13) by changing subject of formula as:

3.7 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Tests were carried out using different weights of cassava for ten different batches. The

time taken for each batch was accurately recorded. The results of the test are shown in

table 1.

Therefore, Time taken (hrs) Mass of cassava (kg ) Output capacity = (Ajao, Ayilara and

Usman, 2013) Substituting values we have, 1768 27 .4 3600 Output capacity × = (21) =

55.79kg/hr

METHODOLOGY

37
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

After the design and construction procedures, final product was built which is the cassava

grating machine. The components were constructed in different workshops, namely: -

Shaping workshop

Welding workshop - Fitting workshop At the end of construction, the machine was test-

run and was found to have 75.3% efficiency. OBSERVATION The metal joining process

employed in the construction of the machinery equipment is welding (for metal to metal)

and this process was so chosen because of the composition and properties of the metal

parts to be joined. There were some problem encountered during the welding operation,

these various techniques were utilized for efficient weld. They include: (a) Decreasing the

welding speed (b) Clamping the work to ensure correct alignment (c) Use of step back or

skip method of welding (d) Use of wedges or clamps to hold the work piece

4.1 RECOMMENDATION

This project is not the first of its kind to be embarked upon by the department. We

utilized another form of machine design classification simply know as development

design. This type of design needs considerable scientific training and design ability in

order to modify the existing designs (i.e. the locally made ones) into a new idea by

adopting new materials or different method of manufacture. In this case, we the designers

started from the existing design, but the final product differs quite markedly from the

original product in the market. However after our observation and constraints encountered

in the construction work, we made the following recommendations: 1. Students should be

allowed to pick project topics after which the H.O.D. approves any one that is

38
appropriate. 2. Working machinery and tools should be available for student to work in

the school workshop. 3. Appeal should be made to the state and federal government to

fund the quest to improve our economy technologically

39
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY

The study describes the design and construction of a modified cassava milling machine,

specifically a Cassava Grating Machine, conducted at the Engineering workshop of Yaba

College of Technology in 2022. The materials used in the study were locally sourced

from markets in Lagos. The study also explores the use of a sacrificial anode to protect

metallic components of the machine that come in contact with the cassava and cassava

pulp.The Cassava Grating Machine consists of various parts including a hopper for

loading cassava, a shaft for driving the grating process, a drum with a perforated mesh for

grating the cassava, a discharge outlet, a pulley connected to an electric motor for power

transmission, bolts for fastening components, belts for connecting the pulley and motor,

mild steel frames for structural support, rivet pins for securing parts, bearings for smooth

shaft rotation, and a cover and handle for operation and mobility.

The sacrificial anode is used to protect the metallic parts of the machine that interact with

the cassava and cassava pulp. A multimeter is employed to measure current flow between

the metal and anode. Bolts and nuts are used to fasten a PVC wire cable to a test post, and

CAD weld mould, disc, and powder are used for exothermic welding.

The study provides a detailed description of each machine part, including the main frame,

hopper, grating unit, diesel engine/pulley system, chute, and the materials used for their

construction. The assembly process involves welding the frame, mounting bearings,

attaching the hopper and collecting box, and connecting the machine to an electric

motor.The design principles of the machine focus on gravitational dropping of cassava

into the grating point and the continuous abrasive force delivered by the rotating barrel.

The operating principle involves coupling the machine to an electric motor or manually

turning the grating drum using a handle.

peeled cassava into the machine, collecting and weighing the resulting pulp, and sieving

the pulp. The mode of operation involves running the machine connected to a prime

mover, introducing cassava through the hopper, and collecting the pulp through the

discharge.

Machineries used in the fabrication process include drilling machines, lathes, and hand

grinding/cutting disc machines.

Overall, the study provides a comprehensive overview of the design, construction, and

operation of the Cassava Grating Machine and highlights the materials, parts, and

methods involved in its fabrication.

5.1 CONCLUSION

This project is the innovation of a dream to utilize our locally made material to solve our

local technological needs. A mobile cassava grating machine was designed, fabricated

and tested. The constructed grating machine has been found to be effective and efficient

simple to operate. It can be powered both electrically and manually. Therefore, it can be

used both for household and industrial purposes. It was found to be effective and efficient

during operation and cold grate about 55.79kg/hr. The mean grating and pressing

efficiency is 83.779% and the grating and pressing capacity of 21.216kg/hr. So, efforts

should be made to adopt and popularize this design, especially for the benefits of rural

people who make up a greater percentage of the nation’s population. It is also hoped that

when mass-produced. The machine is readily affordable due to the fact that it was

produced from locally sourced materials. The machine costs forty-two thousand naira

only (N42,000) to produce. The need to extend the use of cassava to gari processing in

rural areas where there are sources of light is taken care of by this research. The machine

41
if properly managed could generate revenue because many cassava growers will tend to

bring their cassava for grating. If the labour is saved and production is increased and

revenue increases the standard of living of the farmers will be increased. It is therefore

important to describe the overall framework for technological choice in cassava grating

with a view to facilitate the evaluation of the technologies described in this project write-

up which we have successfully done by producing a non-contaminated machine which is

capable of saving cost for considerable number of household use.

42
 REFERENCE

1. Adejumo, A.O.D., et al. (2020). Performance Evaluation of a Developed

Dewatered Cassava Mash Sifter. Performance Evaluation, 99.

2. Adetunji, O.R., et al. (2013). Development of an Improved Garri Sifting Machine.

Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 14(2), 67-75.

3. Ahiakwo, A.A., Isirima, C.B., & Inimgba, D.G. (2015). Appraisal and projection

of cassava Mash sieving technology. Net Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(2),

49-55.

4. Davies, R.M., Olatunji, M.O., & Burubai, W. (2008). Mechanization of cassava

processing in Iwo local government area of Osun State, Nigeria. World Journal of

Agricultural Sciences, 4(3), 341-345.

5. Jiang, S., et al. (2021). Spatiotemporal characteristics of urban land expansion and

population Growth in Africa from 2001 to 2019: Evidence from population

density data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(9), 584.

6. Krokeyi, W.S., & Niyekpemi, B.O. (2021). Human capital and economic growth

nexus in Nigeria. Journal of Global economics and Business, 2(6), 31-49.

7. Nwaigwe, K.N., Nzediegwu, C., & Ugwuoke, P.E. (2012). Design, construction

and Performance evaluation of a modified cassava milling machine. Research

Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 4(18), 3354-3362.

8. Schneider, N. (2022). Population growth, electricity demand and environmental

sustainability in Nigeria: insights from a vector auto-regressive approach.

International Journal of Environmental Studies, 79(1), 149-176.

9. Somtochukwu, O.N. (Year unknown). DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A

CASSAVA GRATER MACHINE.

43
10. Tochukwu, O.R., et al. (2021). Is Agriculture still a Strong Force in Employment

Generation in Nigeria? An Empirical Investigation. EuroEconomica, 40(2).

44