Literature Review

Summary of Each Journal

"Development and Performance Evaluation of Summary:

Automated Cassava-Grating Machine": The research paper investigates the development
and performance evaluation of an automated
cassava-grating machine. Cassava is a crucial crop
in Nigeria with diverse uses, including processing
it into staples like Garri and for industrial
purposes. However, traditional cassava
processing methods are labor-intensive and time-
consuming, leading to low productivity. This
research aims to address these challenges by
designing and evaluating an automated grating
machine.
Key Findings and Points:
1. Introduction to Cassava: Cassava is a
vital crop in Nigeria, serving as a source
of carbohydrates in the diet and for
various industrial applications. Its
adaptability to different soil and climate
conditions makes it a popular choice for
cultivation.
2. Challenges in Cassava Processing:
Cassava is highly perishable, and
traditional processing methods are labor-
intensive and slow. Manual peeling of
cassava tubers, in particular, is a time-
consuming process.
3. Importance of Mechanization: Given the
economic significance of cassava in
Nigeria, mechanization of its processing is
essential. This research focuses on
designing an efficient cassava grating
machine to improve productivity.
4. Design and Materials: The paper
discusses the materials and components
used in designing the cassava grating
machine, highlighting the importance of
selecting materials that are durable and
corrosion-resistant.
5. Performance Evaluation: The researchers
evaluated the machine's performance by
measuring factors like throughput
capacity, peeling efficiency, mechanical
damage, and peel retention. They found
that the machine significantly increased
 processing efficiency.
6. Economic Analysis: The economic
evaluation of the machine showed cost
savings compared to traditional methods.
It was estimated that using the
automated cassava grater could save
between $2.6 and $3.0 per ton of cassava
tuber processed.
7. Recommendations: The paper
recommends the adoption of this
machine by farmers and cassava-based
manufacturing industries due to its high
grating efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
In summary, the research paper presents a
solution to the labor-intensive and time-
consuming process of cassava processing in
Nigeria. The automated cassava-grating machine
demonstrated improved efficiency and economic
benefits, making it a valuable tool for both small-
scale and industrial cassava processing
operations.

"Design and Fabrication of an Improved Cassava The research paper focuses on the development
Grater" of a small-scale cassava grating machine,
addressing the need for hygienic cassava
processing in Nigeria. It highlights the challenges
in traditional processing methods and
emphasizes the importance of modernization for
efficiency and safety. The key aspects covered in
the paper include the design considerations,
materials used, theoretical analysis of shaft
design, speed transmission, and belt design.
Performance evaluation indicates that the
fabricated machine offers significant
improvements in grating efficiency compared to
existing methods. The cost analysis demonstrates
affordability, making it suitable for small-scale
domestic use. Overall, this study provides
valuable insights into the design, fabrication, and
performance of cassava graters, contributing to
the enhancement of cassava processing
technology.

"Development of Cassava Grating Machine: A The research paper by Mohammed B. Ndaliman

Dual-Operational Mode" by Mohammed B. titled "Development of Cassava Grating Machine:
Ndaliman A Dual-Operational Mode" presents a dual-mode
cassava grating machine designed for both
electric and manual operation. This machine aims
to improve cassava processing efficiency,
particularly in rural areas with unreliable
electricity. Here's a concise summary for your
literature review:

Summary:
This research paper introduces a cassava grating
machine designed to operate both electrically
and manually. The machine addresses challenges
in cassava processing, providing an efficient
solution for rural and urban settings. Key
components include a hopper, grating drum, and
delivery chute. Design considerations focus on
simplicity, material flow, and durability. Detailed
calculations ensure the machine's reliability.
Performance tests indicate high grating efficiency
for both manual (92.4%) and electric (91.9%)
operation. The machine offers affordability and
practicality, making it suitable for various
communities.

In your literature review, you can emphasize the

innovative design, dual operational modes, and
the potential of this machine to enhance cassava
processing, particularly in areas with limited
access to electricity. The research's practical
implications and affordability make it a valuable
contribution to the field of cassava processing
technology.

"Design and Production of a Powered Cassava The research paper titled "Design and Production
Grating Machine" by Ikechukwu Celestine of a Powered Cassava Grating Machine" by
Ugwuoke and Ibukun Blessing Ikechukwu Ikechukwu Celestine Ugwuoke and Ibukun
Blessing Ikechukwu focuses on the development
of a cassava grating machine that is affordable
and suitable for both middle and low-income
populations. The machine is designed to be easily
coupled or decoupled, has a hopper for cassava,
a grating unit made of stainless metal for safety,
and a delivery chute for easy discharge. It can be
powered either electrically using an electric
motor or mechanically using a gasoline engine.
 The study's objectives include using locally
available materials and appropriate technology to
create an affordable machine, easing cassava
grating for domestic and commercial use,
reducing vibration during operation, ensuring a
simple design, lowering cassava processing costs,
saving time, and ensuring the consumption of
safe cassava products.

The paper reviews related works in the field of

cassava grating machines and presents design
calculations for various components such as the
grating drum, shaft, pulley, and bearings. It also
discusses the production process of these
components and highlights the importance of
regular maintenance for the machine's longevity
and optimal performance.

Overall, the research paper presents a detailed

design and production process for a powered
cassava grating machine, emphasizing its
affordability, efficiency, and potential to address
cassava processing challenges in both rural and
urban settings.

"Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation The study titled "Design, Fabrication, and
of Motor-Operated Cassava Grater" Performance Evaluation of Motor-Operated
Cassava Grater" conducted by Darlene U.
Esteves, Guillermo P. Pantuhan, Michelle O.
Serviñas, and Jane S. Malasador aimed to develop
and assess a cassava grating machine that could
alleviate the challenges faced by local cassava
farmers. The key findings and conclusions of the
study are as follows:

Introduction: Cassava is an essential crop in many

developing countries, and its postharvest
deterioration is a significant challenge. Manual
grating of cassava is labor-intensive, time-
consuming, and often results in uneven quality.
Mechanized cassava grating machines are
introduced as a solution to these problems.

Machine Development: The researchers designed

and fabricated a motor-operated cassava grater
using locally available and low-cost materials. The
 grater comprised five major components:
hopper, housing, grating drum assembly, frame,
and discharge outlet.

Experimental Setup: The study evaluated the

grater's performance using three different pulley
diameters (5, 6, and 8 inches) to vary the grating
drum's rotational speed. They also conducted
manual grating for comparison.

Performance Metrics: The researchers assessed

the machine's performance using several metrics,
including grating capacity (kg/hr), grating
efficiency (%), percentage loss, and fineness
modulus (FM). Grating time was also measured.

Results: The findings showed that the 5-inch

diameter pulley with an average grating capacity
of 283.26 kg/hr, a grating efficiency of 91.56%, a
percentage loss of 8.44%, and an FM of 3.38 was
the most recommended configuration. It resulted
in the fastest grating time compared to other
pulley sizes and manual grating.

Economic Analysis: The researchers conducted an

economic analysis, considering factors such as
machine cost, raw material cost, operator's wage,
electricity cost, and maintenance. The payback
period for the machine was calculated to be
approximately 3.21 months, indicating its cost-
effectiveness.

In summary, the study successfully designed and

fabricated a motor-operated cassava grater using
locally available materials. The machine's
performance was evaluated based on various
parameters, and the 5-inch pulley configuration
was found to be the most efficient. The economic
analysis demonstrated that the investment in this
cassava grater could be recovered in a relatively
short period, making it a viable solution for
cassava processing in the local context.

“Development and testing of an automated focuses on the development of an automated

contact plate unit for a cassava contact plate unit for a cassava grater, with the
Grater” aim of improving the efficiency and timeliness of
the cassava grating process. This automation
involves various components and control
systems. Here's a breakdown of the key points
from your description:

Objective: The primary objective of this research

is to create an automated system that ensures
efficient and timely grating of cassava tubers by
regulating the contact between the cassava and
the grating surface.

Components: The automated system consists of

several major components, including:

Contact Plate: This is the part of the system that

comes into contact with the cassava tubers and
regulates their interaction with the grating
surface.
Double-Acting Hydraulic Cylinder: Hydraulic
cylinders are likely used to control the movement
of the contact plate.
Hydraulic Valve: The hydraulic valve is essential
for controlling the flow of hydraulic fluid in the
system, which in turn controls the movement of
the cylinder and contact plate.
Hydraulic Motor: The hydraulic motor is likely
used for powering the system.
Control System: This is a crucial part of the
automation, as it manages the operation of the
entire system, ensuring the contact plate moves
at the right times and for the right durations.
Performance Testing: The research involved
performance testing of the automated system.
Two key parameters were used: loading time and
time sustained by the contact plate. The lowest
grating time achieved was 211 seconds when the
system operated with a loading time of 4.40
seconds and a time sustained by the contact
plate of 5.85 seconds.

Optimization: Response surface methodology

was employed to optimize the machine
parameters. The result was an optimum grating
time of 258.19 seconds with a desirability rating
of 90.9%. This optimization was achieved by
adjusting the loading time to 4.12 seconds and
the time sustained by the contact plate to 10.78
seconds.
 Effect of Parameters: The research indicates that
the time sustained by the contact plate has a
positive and significant effect on the grating time.
Additionally, grating time decreased as loading
time increased and time sustained by the contact
plate decreased.

Cost of Production: The cost of producing the

automated contact plate unit for the cassava
grater is stated as $405.

Overall, this research work demonstrates the

development and optimization of an automated
system for cassava grating, which can potentially
enhance the efficiency of cassava processing in
agricultural settings. The use of automation and
hydraulic systems helps achieve consistent and
precise results in the grating process.

Draft Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Cassava, also known as Manihot esculenta, is a highly important crop with significant value in global
agriculture and food security. Originally from South America, it has spread throughout different
continents because of its adaptability to various climates and soil conditions. Here are some key aspects
that highlight the relevance of cassava:

 Staple Food: Cassava is a crucial source of carbohydrates in the diets of millions of

people worldwide. Its tubers, which are full of starch, provide a lot of energy and
constitute the main food staple for several communities.

 Processing and Use: Cassava processing involves several steps, such as peeling, grating,
dehydrating, milling, and sieving. Besides traditional uses like Garri and fufu production,
cassava is finding new applications in various food products, such as starch and flour.

 Adaptability: Cassava's most remarkable feature is its resilience and ability to thrive in
different environmental conditions. It grows well in tropical and subtropical climates,
often in places where other crops struggle. This adaptability makes cassava a crucial
crop for food security, especially in regions with unpredictable weather patterns.

 Cassava Processing Challenges: Traditional methods of cassava processing, which rely

on manual labor and basic tools, pose challenges such as low productivity and hard
work. To address this, innovative technologies like mechanical cassava graters have
been developed to make processing more efficient and hygienic.
  Economic Importance: Cassava cultivation significantly contributes to the economies of
many countries. Apart from being essential for food production, cassava provides
opportunities for generating income, employment, and industrial uses.

Understanding the multifaceted role of cassava in agriculture, food production, and economic
development is crucial for appreciating the ongoing research and innovations in cassava processing
technologies. Examining the literature on the design and fabrication of mechanical cassava graters
provides insights into how technology is improving the efficiency and sustainability of cassava processing
systems. The design and fabrication of mechanical cassava graters could be a game-changer for regions
that heavily rely on cassava processing as a source of food. The traditional manual grating methods are
not only time-consuming but also labor-intensive, making the process inefficient.

Therefore, this review aims to explore the different design and fabrication methods available and the
materials used for each component. Drawing insights from existing research and projects presented in
relevant literature will provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

2.2 Methods of Design:

When designing an effective cassava grater, it is crucial to analyze multiple variables, including power
sources, grating mechanisms, safety, and ergonomics. Various research studies and projects have
contributed valuable design methodologies, enabling the creation of efficient cassava graters.

2.1.2 Power sources

Akubuo and Ezeokoli's research study in 2016, "Development and Performance Evaluation of an
Electrically Operated Cassava Grater," focused on electrically powered cassava graters. The study
highlights the advantages of electric motors as a reliable power source, providing consistent and
efficient grating. The design revolves around motor-driven rotary grating mechanisms, which enable
mechanized cassava processing. This approach not only streamlines grating but also enhances overall
productivity, especially in settings with access to electricity.

The figure shows a motor powered cassava grater

2.1.3 Pedal operated

On the other hand, Igbeka and Ezeocha's study in 2004, "Design, Fabrication, and Performance
Evaluation of a Pedal-Operated Cassava Grinder," presents an alternative approach. It advocates for
pedal-operated cassava graters, suitable for areas with limited or no access to electricity. The key
feature of this design is a manual, foot-pedal-driven mechanism, allowing for efficient grating with
reduced energy consumption. The pedal-operated cassava grater provides a viable solution for off-grid
communities, aligning with sustainability and self-sufficiency principles.

figure shows a pedal operated grater

2.1.4 Grating Mechanism

• The grating drum comprises a solid shaft passing through two circular plates, folded galvanized
steel sheet, and perforated stainless steel sheet.

• Circular plates were placed at both ends of the folded steel sheet and welded to the shaft.

figure shows a grating drum

assembly

Methods of Fabrication:

The development of effective cassava graters requires a careful consideration of several key factors,
including power sources, grating mechanisms, safety features, and

ergonomic design. Current research highlights two primary methods: electrically-powered graters and
pedal-operated graters, which are particularly well-suited for off-grid areas. Manufacturers can choose
from a variety of fabrication techniques, ranging from precision engineering with high-end materials to
more cost-effective options that utilize locally-sourced materials.

Types of Material:

Choosing the appropriate materials for cassava grater components is essential as it impacts the
machine's effectiveness, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Various material options have been explored
in numerous research articles and projects to strike a balance between affordability and functionality.

In Akubuo and Ezeokoli's (2016) research, they found that high-quality materials such as stainless steel
and aluminum are preferred for critical components like grating drums and frames. These materials are
resistant to corrosion and ensure the machine's reliability over an extended period, reducing
maintenance costs and enhancing the user experience. Precision engineering techniques also improve
the grater's efficiency, making it a superior choice.

Alternatively, Igbeka and Ezeocha (2004) prioritized affordability and accessibility when designing their
pedal-operated cassava grinder. They used locally available materials like mild steel and wooden
components, which may not offer the same longevity as premium counterparts but are cost-effective
and suitable for their intended purpose. This approach aligns with their objective of providing cost-
efficient cassava processing solutions to communities facing resource constraints.