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SHORT COLUMN – A COMPRESSION MEMBER

CHMSC- COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING

❑ 1. Introduction to Columns
ꟷ Concrete columns can be roughly divided into the following three categories:

1) Short compression blocks or pedestals —If the height of an upright compression member is
less than three times its least lateral dimensions, it may be considered to be a pedestal. The ACI
states that a pedestal may be designed with unreinforced or plain concrete with a maximum
design compressive stress equal to 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓∅𝒇𝒄′ , where ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 .

2) Short reinforced concrete columns—reinforced concrete column fail due to initial material
failure, it is classified as a short column.

3) Long or slender reinforced concrete columns—As columns become more slender, bending
deformations will increase, as will the resulting secondary moments. If these moments are
of such magnitude as to significantly reduce the axial load capacities of columns, those
columns are referred to as being long or slender.

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❑ 2. Types of Columns
ꟷ Reinforced concrete columns are referred to as tied or spiral columns, depending on the method used for
laterally bracing or holding the bars in place.

1) Tied Column
ꟷ column has a series of closed ties
ꟷ ties are effective in increasing the column strength, prevent the
longitudinal bars from being displaced during construction, and
they resist the tendency of the same bars to buckle outward under
load, which would cause the outer concrete cover to break or
spall off

❑ 2. Types of Columns

2) Spiral Column

ꟷ continuous helical spiral made from bars or heavy wire is wrapped

around the longitudinal bars
ꟷ more effective than ties in increasing a column’s strength
ꟷ closely spaced spirals do a better job of holding the longitudinal bars in
place, and they also confine the concrete inside and greatly increase its
resistance to axial compression.

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❑ 2. Types of Columns

3) Composite columns

ꟷ are concrete columns that are reinforced longitudinally by

structural steel shapes, which may or may not be
surrounded by structural steel bars, or they may consist of
structural steel tubing filled with concrete (commonly called
lally columns).

❑ 3. Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns

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❑ 3. Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns

Failure in Tied Column

ꟷ Tied column be loaded until it fails, parts of the shell or covering concrete will spall off and, unless the
ties are quite closely spaced, the longitudinal bars will buckle almost immediately, as their lateral
support (the covering concrete) is gone
ꟷ And, failures may often be quite sudden, and apparently they have occurred rather frequently in
structures subjected to earthquake loadings

❑ 3. Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns

Failure in Tied Column

ꟷ When spiral columns are loaded to failure, the covering concrete or

shell will spall off, but the core will continue to stand
ꟷ If the spiral is closely spaced, the core will be able to resist an
appreciable amount of additional load beyond the load that causes
spalling
ꟷ The closely spaced loops of the spiral, together with the longitudinal
bars, form a cage that very effectively confines the concrete. As a
result, the spalling off of the shell of a spiral column provides a warning
that failure is going to occur if the load is further increased.

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❑ Example of Column Retrofitting

▪ 4. Axial Load Capacity of Columns

ꟷ At failure, the theoretical ultimate strength or nominal strength of a short axially loaded column is quite
accurately determined by the expression that follows;

𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

Ag is the gross concrete area

Ast is the total cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement

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▪ 5. Analysis of Spiral Columns

ꟷ The strength of the shell is given by the following expression, where Ac is the area of the core, which is
considered to have a diameter that extends from out to out of the spiral:

𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒄

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆

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▪ 5. Analysis of Spiral Columns- Required percentage of spiral steel;

ꟷ 𝝆𝒔 is written in terms of the volume of the steel in one loop:

𝑽𝒐𝒍. 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒑

𝝆𝒔 =
𝑽𝒐𝒍. 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉, 𝒔

𝑽𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝝆𝒔 =
𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆

𝒂𝒔 𝝅(𝑫𝒄 − 𝒅𝒃 ) 𝟒𝒂𝒔 𝑫𝒄 − 𝒅𝒃
𝝆𝒔 = 𝟐
=
𝝅𝑫𝒄 𝒔𝑫𝒄 𝟐
𝒔
𝟒

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝒂𝒔 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑚𝑚²
𝑫𝒄 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙, 𝑚𝑚
𝒅𝒔 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑚𝑚

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▪ 6.1 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements

410.4.6 Design axial load strength ∅𝑷𝒏 of compression members shall not be taken greater than the
following:

ꟷ 410.4.6.1 For non-prestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to Section

407.11.4 or composite members conforming to Section 410.17:

∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓∅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕

𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑: 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝐸𝑞. 410 − 1

ꟷ 410.4.6.2 For non-prestressed members with tie reinforcement conforming to Section

407.11.5:

∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎∅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕

𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑: 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝐸𝑞. 410 − 2

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 , 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 , 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

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▪ 6.2 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements

410.10 Limits for Reinforcement of Compression Members

ꟷ 410.10.1 Area of longitudinal reinforcement for nonc-omposite compression members

shall not be less than 0.01 or more than 0.08 times gross area Ag of section.

𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝑨𝒈 ≤ 𝑨𝒔 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝑨𝒈

ꟷ The 1% minimum steel value will also lessen creep and shrinkage and provide some bending
strength for the column

ꟷ maximum percentage of steel may not be greater than 8% of the gross cross-sectional area of the
column to prevent too much crowding of the bars

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑨𝒈 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, 𝑚𝑚²

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▪ 6.2 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements

410.10 Limits for Reinforcement of Compression Members

ꟷ 410.10.2 Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be;

▪ four (4) for bars within rectangular or circular ties,
▪ three (3) for bars within triangular ties,
▪ and six (6) for bars enclosed by spirals conforming to Section 410.10.3.

ꟷ 407.7.3 In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between
longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40 mm. See also Section 403.4.2.

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▪ 6.2 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements

410.10.3 Ratio of spiral reinforcement 𝝆𝒔 shall not be less than the value given by

𝑨𝒈 𝒇𝑪 ′
𝝆𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 −𝟏
𝑨𝑪 𝒇𝒚

▪ Where: the value of fy used in Eq. (410-6) shall not exceed 700 MPa.
▪ For fy greater than 420 MPa, lap splices according to Section 407.11.4.5 (a) shall not be used

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑨𝒈 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, 𝑚𝑚²

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▪ 6.3 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements

410.9 Design Dimensions for Compression Members

ꟷ 410.9.1 Isolated Compression Member with Multiple Spirals; Outer limits of the effective cross
section of a compression member with two or more interlocking spirals shall be taken at a distance
outside the extreme limits of the spirals equal to the minimum concrete cover required by Section
407.8.

ꟷ 410.9.2 Compression Member Built Monolithically with Wall. Outer limits of the effective cross
section of a spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression member built monolithically with a
concrete wall or pier shall be taken not greater than 40 mm outside the spiral or tie reinforcement.

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▪ 6.3 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements

410.9.4 Limits of Section

ꟷ 410.9.1 For a compression member with a cross section larger than required by
considerations of loading, it shall be permitted to base the minimum reinforcement and
design strength on a reduced effective area Ag not less than one half the total area. This
provision shall not apply to special moment frames or special structural walls in Seismic
Zone 4 that are designed in accordance with Section 421.

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▪ 6.4 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Spiral Reinforcement

▪ 407.11.4 Spirals
Spiral reinforcement for compression members shall conform to Section 410.10.3 (see Item 2)
and to the following:

407.11.4.2 For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less 10 mm diameter.

407.11.4.3 Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 mm or be less than 25 mm. See
also Section 403.4.2.

407.11.4.4 Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by one and one-half extra turns
of spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit.

407.11.4.6 Spirals shall extend from top of footing or slab in any story to level of lowest
horizontal reinforcement in members supported above.

407.11.4.7 Where beams or brackets do not frame into all sides of a column, ties shall extend
above termination of spiral to bottom of slab or drop panel.

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▪ 6.4 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Spiral Reinforcement

▪ 407.11.4 Spirals
Spiral reinforcement for compression members shall conform to Section 410.10.3 (see Item 2)
and to the following:

407.11.4.8 In columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width
of capital is two times that of the column.

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▪ 6.5 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Ties Reinforcement

▪ 407.11.5 Ties.
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to the following:

407.11.5.1 All non-prestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral ties, at least 10 mm diameter in
size for longitudinal bars 32 mm diameter or smaller, and at least 12 mm diameter in size for 36
diameter bars and bundled longitudinal bars. Deformed wire or welded wire fabric of
equivalent area shall be permitted.

407.11.5.1 Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar or
wire diameters, or least dimension of the compression member.

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▪6.5 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Ties Reinforcement

407.11.5 Ties.
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to the following:

407.11.5.3 Rectilinear ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more
than 135 degrees and a bar shall be not farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie
from such a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of
a circle, a complete circular tie shall be permitted.

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▪6.5 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Ties Reinforcement

407.11.5 Ties.
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to the following:

407.11.5.4 Ties shall be located vertically not more than one-half a tie spacing above the top of
footing or slab in any story, and shall be spaced as provided herein to not more than one-half a
tie spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in slab, drop panel, or shear cap above.

407.11.5.5 Where beams or brackets frame from four directions into a column, termination of
ties not more than 75 mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or
brackets shall be permitted.

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▪6.5 NSCP 2010- Code Requirements- Ties Reinforcement

407.11.5 Ties.
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to the following:

407.11.5.4 Ties shall be located vertically not more than one-half a tie spacing above the top of
footing or slab in any story, and shall be spaced as provided herein to not more than one-half a
tie spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in slab, drop panel, or shear cap above.

407.11.5.5 Where beams or brackets frame from four directions into a column, termination of
ties not more than 75 mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or
brackets shall be permitted.

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▪ 6.6 Typical tie arrangements

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❖ Design Step for Axially Loaded Column

1) Selecting Column Dimensions
∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓∅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑: 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝐸𝑞. 410 − 1 − 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙

∅𝑷𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎∅ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑: 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2010 − 𝐸𝑞. 410 − 2 − 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑠

2) Selecting Longitudinal Bars

3) Design of Ties
4) Sketch of the column cross section

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▪Example 6.1
A round spiral column having a diameter of 450 mm reinforced with six 6- 25 mm diameter bars
having , fy= 345 MPa. If the service axial dead load is 900 kN, determine the safe axial live load
of the column. Use fc’=34 MPa.

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▪Example 6.2
Design an axially loaded short square tied column for Pu = 2600 kN if fc’ = 28 MPa and
fy = 350 MPa. Initially assume ρ = 0.02.

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▪Example 6.3
Design the square tied column to carry the following loads:

Axial Loads:
PD= 800 kN
PL= 650 kN

Shear Parallel to one side:

VD= 80 kN
VL=90 kN

Concrete strength fc’= 21 MPa. Use 25 mm diameter longitudinal bar (fy= 415 MPa). Use 275
MPa for ties, 30 mm clear cover and 2.5% of steel reinforcement ratio.

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