COURSE STRUCTURE

&
SYLLABI
for two-year postgraduate programme
M.A./M.Sc.(Mathematics)
Approved by the Board of Studies held on 01.08.2019

Under
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH-202002
 STRUCTURE OF MODEL CURRICULUM

Credits for each course: 4. Total Credits: 96. Periods/Week for each course: 5
Maximum Marks assigned for each course: 100 (Sessional: 30 & Exams: 70)

FIRST SEMESTER
S. No. Course No. Course Title
1. MMM-1006 Ordinary Differential Equations
2. MMM-1008 Advanced Real Analysis
3. MMM-1009 General Topology
4. MMM-1010 Advanced Complex Analysis
5. MMM-1011 Functional Analysis
6. MMM-1012 Advanced Theory of Groups and Fields

SECOND SEMESTER
S. No. Course No. Course Title
1. MMM-2002 Measure Theory
2. MMM-2005 Partial Differential Equations
3. MMM-2007 Advanced Linear Algebra
4. MMM-2008 Algebraic Topology
5. MMM-2009 Advanced Functional Analysis
6. MMM-2010 Differentiable Manifolds

THIRD SEMESTER
S. No. Course No. Course Title
1. MMM-3003 Mechanics
2. MMM-3005 Nonlinear Functional Analysis
3. MMM-3006 Advanced Ring Theory
4. MMM-3007 Riemannian Geometry and Submanifolds
Elective (Opt any TWO)
MMM-3016 Wavelet Analysis
5. & 6. MMM-3017 Lattice Theory and Algebraic Structures
MMM-3018 Theory of Semigroups
MMM-3019 Topological Vector Spaces

FOURTH SEMESTER
S. No. Course No. Course Title
Elective (Opt any THREE)
MMM-4015 Field and Module Theory
1,2&3. MMM-4016 Structures on Manifolds
MMM-4017 Special Functions and Lie Theory
MMM-4018 Non-commutative Rings
MMM-4020 Variational Analysis and Optimization
4. Open Elective
5. MMM-4071 Project
6. MMM-4072 Viva-Voce
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) I SEMESTER
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS : MMM-1006
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Theory of Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous L.D.E.

Introduction, Initial value problem, Boundary value problem, Linear dependence equations with
constant as well as variable coefficient, Wronskian, Variation of parameter, Method of
undetermined coefficients, Reduction of the order of equation, Method of Laplace’s transform.

UNIT II: First Order I.V.P. and Orthogonal Trajectories

Lipschitz’s condition and Gronwall’s inequality, Picard’s theorems, Dependence of solution on
initial conditions and on function, Existence and uniqueness of solution to systems and existence
and uniqueness of solution for linear systems, Orthogonal Trajectories of Curves, Method of
finding orthogonal trajectories of a family of curves in cartesian coordinates.

UNIT III: Boundary Value Problems (B.V.P.)

Introduction, Strum-Liouville system, Green’s function and its applications to boundary value
problems, Some oscillation theorems such as: Strum theorem, Strum comparison theorem and
related results.

UNIT IV: System of Linear Differential Equations

Introduction, System of first order differential equations, Fundamental matrix, Non-homogeneous
linear system, Linear system with constant as well as periodic coefficients.

Text Books

1. E. A. Coddington: An introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations, Prentice Hall of

India, New Delhi, 1991.
2. S. C. Deo, Y. Lakshminathan and V. Raghavendra: Text Book of Ordinary Differential
Equation, 2nd Ed, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi (Chapters IV, VII and VIII).

Reference Books

1. P. Haitman: Ordinary Differential Equations, Wiley, New York, 1964.

2. E. A. Coddington and H. Davinson: Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations, McGraw
Hill, NY, 1955.
3. S. L. Ross: Differential Equations, Blaisdell Publishing Company, Londan, 1964.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019
SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) I SEMESTER
ADVANCED REAL ANALYSIS: MMM-1008
Credits: 04

Unit I: Sequence and Series of Functions

Pointwise and uniform convergence, Cauchy criterion for uniform convergence, Weierstrass M-
test, Abel’s test, Dirichlet’s test for uniform convergence, Properties of uniformly convergent
sequences and series, Uniform convergence and continuity, Integrability and differentiability of
sequences and series.

Unit II: Approximation Theorem and Improper Integrals

Weierstress approximation theorem, Improper Integral, Integration of unbounded functions with
𝑏
finite limits of integration, comparison test for convergence at 𝑎 of ∫𝑎 𝑓𝑑𝑥, Infinite range of
integration, Integrand as a product of functions.

Unit III: Series Rearrangements and Power Series

Rearrangement of terms of series of numbers, Dirichlet’s theorem, Riemann theorem, Cauchy
product of series and related results, Definition and examples of power series, Radius of
convergence, Algebraic operations on power series, Differentiation of power series, Abel’s
theorem, Taylor’s theorem.

Unit IV: Riemann-Stieltjes Integrals

Revisit to Riemann integrals, Existence of Riemann integral, Definition and existence of Riemann-
Stieltjes integral, Refinement of partitions, Condition of integrability, Integral as a limit of sums,
Properties of Reimann-Stieltjes integral, Reduction of Riemann-Stieltjes integration into Riemann
Integration, Mean value theorems, Change of variables, Integration and Differentiation as inverse
operations.

Text Book

W. Rudin: Principle of Mathematical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, Book Company, Japan.

Reference Books
1. N. L. Carothers: Real Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
2. D. Somasundaram and B. Choudhary: A First Course in Mathematical Analysis, Narosa, 1999.
3. S. C. Malik and Savita Arora: Mathematical Analysis, New Age International, 2017.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019
SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) I SEMESTER
GENERAL TOPOLOGY: MMM-1009
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Basic Concepts and Point Set Topology

Definitions of topology and topological spaces, Examples of topology including discrete topology,
indiscrete topology, standard topology on IR, lower limit and upper limit topology, co-finite
topology and co-countable topology, Topology induced by a metric, Basis for topology, Subspace
topology, K-topology, Order Topology, Product Topology on X×Y, Topology generated by the
sub-basis, Closed sets and limit points, Neighbourhoods, Interior, exterior and boundary points,
Derived sets, Hausdorff spaces.

UNIT II: Continuity, Connectedness and Compactness

Continuous functions, Pasting lemma, Homeomorphisms, Convergence in topological spaces,
Connected spaces, Connected sets in the real line, Intermediate value theorem, Components and
Local connectedness, Path connected, Path components, Locally path connected spaces, Properties
of Continuous functions on Connected sets, Compact spaces and their basic properties, Finite
intersection property, Compact subspaces of the real line, Extreme value theorem, Lebesgue
number, Uniform continuity, Limit point compactness, Sequential compactness, Local
compactness, Properties of continuous functions on compact sets.

UNIT III: Countability and Separation Axioms

First and second countable spaces, Lindelof spaces, T-1, T-2 (Hausdorff), T-3 (Regular), T-4
(Normal), T-3.5 (Completely regular) spaces and their characterizations and basic properties,
Urysohn’s lemma, Tietze extension theorem.

UNIT IV: Product Spaces and Quotient Spaces

Product topology (finite and infinite number of spaces), Tychonoff product, Projection maps,
Stone Cech Compactification, Comparison of the Box and Product topologies, Quotient topology,
Quotient (Identification) spaces with some examples.

Text Book

James R. Munkres: Topology, A first course, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 2000.

Reference Books

1. Martin D. Crossley.: Essential Topology, Springer Undergraduate Mathematics Series.

2. M. A. Armstrong: Basic Topology, Undergraduate Text in Mathematics, 1983.
3. Mohammed Hichem Mortad: Introductory Topology, Second Edition, World Scientific.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) I SEMESTER
ADVANCED COMPLEX ANALYSIS: MMM-1010
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Complex Integration

Curves in the complex plane, Properties of complex line integrals, Fundamental theorem of line
integrals (or contour integration), Simplest version of Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy-Goursat theorem,
Symmetric, starlike, convex and simply connected domains, Cauchy’s theorem for a disk, Cauchy’s
integral theorem, Index of a closed curve, Advanced versions of Cauchy integral formula and
applications, Cauchy’s estimate, Morera’s theorem (Revisited), Riemann’s removability theorem,
Examples.

UNIT II: Series Expansions and Singularities

Convergence of sequences and series of functions, Weierstrass’ M-test, Power series as an analytic
function, Root test, Ratio test, Uniqueness theorem for power series, Zeros of analytic functions;
Identity theorem and related results, Maximum/Minimum modulus principles and theorems,
Schwarz’ lemma and its consequences, Advanced versions of Liouville’s theorem, Fundamental
theorem of algebra, Isolated and non-isolated singularities, Removable singularities, Poles,
Characterization of singularities through Laurent’s series, Examples.

UNIT III: Calculus of Residues

Residue at a finite point, Results for computing residues, Residue at the point at infinity, Cauchy’s
residue theorem, Residue formula, Meromorphic functions, Number of zeros and poles, Argument
principle, Evaluation of integrals, Rouche’s theorem, Mittag-Leffer expansion theorem, Examples.

UNIT IV: Conformal Mappings and Transformation

Introduction and preliminaries, Conformal mappings, Special types of transformations, Basic
properties of Möbius maps, Images of circles and lines under Mobius maps, Fixed points,
Characterizations of Möbius maps in terms of their fixed points, Triples to triples under Möbius
maps, Cross-ratio and its invariance property, Mappings of half-planes onto disks, Inverse function
theorem and related results, Examples.

Text Books

1. Lars V. Ahlfors: Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc, New York, 1986.
2. John B. Conway: Functions of One Complex Variable, 2nd Ed, Springer International Student,
Narosa Publishing House, 1980.
3. S. Ponnusamy: Foundations of Complex Analysis, 2nd Ed, Narosa Publishing House, 2005
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) I SEMESTER
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS: MMM-1011
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Banach Spaces

Normed spaces, Banach spaces and their examples, Examples of incomplete normed spaces,
Subspace of normed spaces, Isometry on normed spaces, Completion of normed linear spaces,
Quotient spaces, Product spaces, Schauder basis, Infinite series in normed space: convergence and
absolute convergence, Finite dimensional normed spaces, Equivalent norms, Compactness, Riesz
Lemma, Denseness and separability properties.

UNIT II: Operators on Banach Spaces

Bounded linear operators and bounded linear functionals with their norms and properties,
Unbounded linear operators, Space of bounded linear operators, Dual basis, Algebraic and
topological duals and relevant results, Duals of some standard normed spaces, Second duals and
canonical embedding, Reflexive normed spaces and their properties, Separability of dual space.

UNIT III: Hilbert Spaces

Inner product spaces and examples, Parallelogram law, Polarization identity and related results,
Schwartz and triangle inequalities, Separability and reflexivity of Hilbert spaces, Orthonormal sets
and sequences, Bessel inequality, Total orthonormal sets and sequences, Parseval relation,
Bounded linear functionals on Hilbert spaces: Riesz representation theorem.

UNIT IV: Fundamental Theorems

Hahn-Banach theorem and its extended forms, Pointwise and uniform boundedness, Uniform
boundedness principle and its applications, Weak convergence of sequences and weak topology in
normed space, Open and closed maps, Graph of linear operators and closedness property, Open
mapping and closed graph theorems, their consequences and applications.

Text Book

E. Kreyszig: Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Willey, 1978.

Reference Books
1. A. H. Siddiqi: Applied functional Analysis: Numerical Methods, Wavelet Methods,
and Image Processing, CRC Press, 2003.
2. P. K. Jain and O. P. Ahuja: Functional Analysis, New Age International Publishers,
2nd Ed, 2010.
3. W. Rudin: Functional Analysis, Mc Graw Hill Education, 2nd Ed, 1991.
4. B. V. Limaye: Functional Analysis, New Age International Publishers, 3rd Ed, 2014.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) I SEMESTER
ADVANCE THEORY OF GROUPS AND FIELDS: MMM-1012
Credits: 04
Unit I: Conjugate Classes and Sylow’s Theorems
Relation of conjugacy, conjugate classes of a group, Number of elements in a conjugate class of
an element of a finite group, Class equation in a finite group and related results, Partition of a
positive integer, Conjugate classes in Symmetric groups, Sylow’s theorems, External and Internal
direct products and related results.

Unit II: Series of Groups

Structure theory of finite abelian groups, Subgroup generated by a subset of a group, Commutator
subgroup of a group, Subnormal series of a group, Refinement of a subnormal series, Length of a
subnormal series, Solvable groups and related results, n-th derived subgroup, Upper central and
lower central series of a group, Nilpotent groups, Relation between solvable and nilpotent groups,
Composition series of a group, Zassenhaus theorem, Schreier refinement theorem, Jordan-Holder
theorem for finite groups.

UNIT III: Algebraic Extensions of Fields

Finite extensions, Degree of extensions, Multiplicative property of degree of extensions, Finitely
generated extensions, Simple extension and its properties, Relationship between two simple
extensions, Quadratic extensions over field of characteristic different from 2, Algebraic and
transcendental elements, Characterization of algebraic elements, Algebraic extensions, Composite
field of any collection of subfields, Simple applications of algebraic extensions: Classical
straightedge and compass constructions.

UNIT IV: Separable Extension and Galois Theory

Splitting field and its uniqueness, Normal extensions, Cyclotomic fields of nth roots of unity,
Algebraic closures, Algebraically closed fields and their uniqueness, Separable and inseparable
extensions, Perfect fields, Cyclotomic polynomials and extensions, The group of automorphisms
of a field and fixed fields, Galois extension and its different characterizations, the Galois group of
an extension, the Galois group of a polynomial.

Text Books
1. N. Herstein: Topics in Algebra.
2. Surjeet Singh and Qazi Zameeruddin: Modern Algebra.
3. T. Adamson: Introduction to Field Theory.

Reference Books
1. D. S. Dummit and R. M. Foote: Abstract Algebra.
2. P. B. Bhattacharya, S. K. Jain and S. R. Nagpaul: Basic Abstract Algebra.
3. J. S. Milne: Fields and Galois Theory.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) II SEMESTER
MEASURE THEORY : MMM-2002
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Lebesgue Measure

Lebesgue outer measure, Lebesgue measurable sets, Lebesgue measure, Non-measurable sets,
Lebesgue measurable functions, Borel Lebesgue measurability.

UNIT II: Lebesgue Integral

Revisit of Riemann integral, Lebesgue integral of simple function, bounded function (over a set of
finite measure) and nonnegative function, General Lebesgue integral, Differentiation and
integration: Monotonicity, bounded variation and absolute continuity, Differentiation of an
integral.

UNIT III: Spaces of Lebesgue Integrable Functions

Lp-spaces, Lp-space as a Banach spaces, Jensen’s inequality, Minkowski and Holder inequalities,
Convergence in Lp, Completeness of Lp.

UNIT IV: General Measure and Integration

Ring, algebra, -ring and -algebra, Set functions, Abstract measure, Measure space and
Measurable spaces, Measurable functions, General integration, General Convergence Theorem,
Outer measure and measurability, Extension of a measure, Uniqueness of measure.

Text Books

1. H. L. Royden: Real Analysis, Macmillan, 1993.

2. P. R. Halmos: Measure Theory, Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1950.

Reference Books

1. Inder K. Rana: An Introduction to Measure and Integration, Narosa, 1997.

2. P. K. Jain and V. P. Gupta: Lebesgue Measure and Integration, New Age International,
1986.
.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019
SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) II SEMESTER
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS : MMM-2005
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Initial Value Problems and Characteristics

Classification of first and second order partial differential equation, Cauchy’s problems for first
and second order partial differential equations, Cauchy’s method of characteristics, Characteristic
equations and characteristic curves of a partial differential equation, Reduction of linear partial
differential equation to canonical (normal) forms, Riemann’s method.

UNIT II: Three Fundamental Equations

Derivations of heat equation, Laplace equation and wave equation, Solutions of heat equation,
Laplace equation and wave equation by the method of separation of variable, Principle of
superposition and Fourier series solution, Dirichlet and Neumann problems, Boundary conditions
associated with heat conduction and vibrating string problems.

UNIT III: Boundary Value Problems in Polar Coordinate Systems

Transformation of two dimensional Laplace equation, heat equation and wave equation from
Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, Transformation of three dimensional Laplace equation,
heat equation and wave equation from Cartesian coordinates to cylindrical and spherical
coordinates, Variable separable method for Laplace equation, heat equation and wave equation of
polar, cylindrical and spherical forms.

UNIT IV: Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations

Finite difference schemes for Laplace, heat and wave equations, Jacobi’s, Gauss-Seidel and SOR
methods for solving Laplace equation, Crank-Nicolsan and Lax-Wendroff methods for solving
heat equation, Explicit formula of three level difference schemes for solving wave equation.

Text Books
1. N. Sneddon: Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw Hill Book Company,
1957.
2. Tyn Myint U: Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics, American Elsevier
Pub Co, 1973.
3. G. D. Smith: Numerical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations: Finite Difference
Methods, Oxford University Press, U.S.A., 3rd Ed, 1986

Reference Books
1. K. S. Rao: Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, New Delhi,
2010.
2. S. J. Farlow: Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers, Dover
Publications Inc, 1993.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) II SEMESTER
ADVANCED LINEAR ALGEBRA: MMM-2007
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Vector Space, Linear Transformation and Dual Spaces

Recall of vector space, basis, dimension and related properties, Algebra of Linear transformations,
Vector space of Linear transformations L(U,V), Dimension of space of linear transformations,
Change of basis and transition matrices, Linear functional, Dual basis, Computing of a dual basis,
Dual vector spaces, Annihilator, Second dual space, Dual transformations.

UNIT II: Inner Product Space

Inner-product spaces, Normed space, Cauchy-Schwartz inequality, Pythagorean Theorem,
Projections, Orthogonal Projections, Orthogonal complements, Orthonormality, Matrix
Representation of Inner-products, Gram-Schmidt Orthonormalization Process, Bessel’s
Inequality, Riesz Representation theorem and orthogonal Transformation, Inner product space
isomorphism.

UNIT III: Operators on Vector Spaces

Operators on Inner-product spaces, Isometry on Inner-product spaces and related theorems,
Adjoint operator, self-adjoint operator, normal operator and their properties, Matrix of adjoint
operator, Algebra of Hom(V,V), Minimal Polynomial, Invertible Linear transformation,
Characteristic Roots, Characteristic Polynomial and related results,

UNIT IV: Canonical Forms and Quadratic Forms

Diagonalization of Matrices, Invariant Subspaces, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, Canonical form,
Jordan Form. Forms on vector spaces, Bilinear Functionals, Symmetric Bilinear Forms, Skew
Symmetric Bilinear Forms, Rank of Bilinear Forms, Quadratic Forms, Classification of Real
Quadratic forms.

Text Books

1. Kenneth Hoffman and Ray Kunze : Linear Algebra, 2nd Ed.

2. Sheldon Alexer: Linear Algebra Done Right, Springer, 3rd Ed.
3. I. N. Herstein: Topics in Algebra.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) II SEMESTER
ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY: MMM-2008
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Metrization and Paracompactness

Urysohn Metrization Theorem, Partitions of unity, Local finiteness, Nagota Metrization Theorem,
Para-compactnes, Smirnov Metrization Theorem.

UNIT II: Nets and Filters

Topology and convergence of nets, Hausdorffness and nets, compactness and nets, filters and their
convergence, Canonical way connecting nets to filters and vice-versa, Ultra filters and
compactness.

UNIT III: Fundamental Groups

Homotopy, Relative homotopy, Path homotopy, Homotopy classes, Construction of fundamental
groups for topological spaces and its properties.

UNIT IV: Covering Spaces

Covering maps, Local homomorphism, Covering spaces, Lifting lemma, The fundamental group
of circle, Torus and punctured plane, The fundamental Theorem of Algebra.

Text Books

(A) For Units I, III and IV:

1. J. M. Munkres: Topology-A first course, 1987, (relevant portion).

(B) For Units II: (relevant portions of the following books)

2. M.C. Gemignani: Elementary Topology.
3. Jheral O. Moore: Elementary General Topology.
4. J. Dugundji: Topology.
5. Sheldon W. Daves : Topology.
6. H. Schubert: Topology.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019
SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) II SEMESTER
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS: (MMM-2009)
Credits: 04

UNIT-I: Orthogonal Projections, Bilinear Forms and Variational inequalities

Orthogonal complements, Orthogonal projections, Projection theorem, Projection on convex sets,
Sesquilinear forms, Bilinear forms and their basic properties, Lax-Miligram lemma, Variational
inequalities and Lions-Stampacchia theorem, Variational inequalities for monotone operators,
Minty lemma.

UNIT II: Spectral Theory of Continuous Linear Operators

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Resolvent operators, Spectrum, Spectral properties of bounded
linear operators, Compact linear operators on normed spaces, Finite dimensional domain or range,
Sequence of compact linear operators, Weak convergence, Spectral theory of compact linear
operators.

UNIT III: Geometry of Banach Spaces

Strict convexity, Modulus of convexity, Uniform convexity, Duality mapping and its properties,
Smooth Banach Space, Modulus of smoothness.

UNIT IV: Differential Calculus on Normed Spaces

Gateaux derivative, Gradient of a function, Fréchet derivative, Chain rule, Mean value theorem,
Properties of Gateaux and Fréchet derivatives, Implicit function theorem, Tylor’s formula, Inverse
function theorem.

Text Books

1. Q. H. Ansari: Topics in Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, World Education, Delhi,

2012 (Sections 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7).
2. C. Chidume: Geometric properties of Banach Spaces and Nonlinear Iterations, Springer,
London, 2009 (Sections 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.2, 2.3).
3. E. Kreyazig: Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1989 (Sections 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.3).
4. A. H. Siddiqi: Applied functional Analysis, CRC Press, 2003 (Sections 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 5.2,
9.3.1, 9.3.2).

Reference Book

M. C. Joshi and R. K. Bose: Some topics in Nonlinear Functional Analysis, Wiley

Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1985 (Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3).
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) II SEMESTER
DIFFERENTIABLE MAINIFOLDS: MMM-2010
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Calculus of ℝn
Differentiable functions from ℝn → ℝm, Chain rule, Directional derivatives, Differential of a map,
Chain rule for differentials, Inverse mapping theorem, Implicit function theorem.

UNIT II: Manifolds

Topological manifolds, Differentiable atlas, Smooth maps, Diffeomorphism, Equivalent atlases,
Differentiable structure on a manifold, Space of smooth maps, Tangent vectors and tangent space,
Differential of a smooth map.

UNIT III: Vector fields and Covectors

Immersion, Embedding and Submanifolds, Vector fields, Lie algebra of vector fields, Integral
curve of a vector field, Covectors and Cotangent spaces, Pull back of a linear differential form,
One parameter group of transformation, Exponential map, Covariant and Contravariant tensors,
Laws of transformation for the components of tensors.

UNIT IV: Differential forms and Connection

Differential forms, Exterior product, Grassman algebra of forms, Exterior derivative, Affine
Connection, Parallelism, Geodesic Covariant differentiation of tensors, Torsion and Curvature of
a Connection, Structure equation of Cartan, Bianchi’s identities.

Text Books

1. W. M. Boothby: An Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds and Riemannian Geometry,

Academic Press, Revised Ed, 2003.
2. S. I. Husain: Lecture Notes on Differentiable Manifolds, Seminar Library, Deptt of Maths,
AMU, Aligarh.

Reference Books

1. K. Matsushima: Differentiable manifolds.

2. S. Kumaresan: A course in Differential Geometry and Lie groups.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) III SEMESTER
MECHANICS : MMM-3003
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Mechanics of System of Particle and Rigid Bodies

General force system, equipollent force system, equilibrium conditions, Reduction of force
systems, couples, moments and wrenches, Necessary and sufficient conditions of rigid bodies,
General motion of rigid body, Moments and products of inertia and their properties, Momental
ellipsa, Kinetic energy and angular motion of rigid bodies.

UNIT II: Elements of Classical Mechanics

Moving frames of references and frames in general motion, Euler’s dynamical equations, Motion
of a rigid body with a fixed point under no force, Method of pointset, Constraints, Generalized
coordinates, D’Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’s equations, Lagrangian formulation and its
applications.

UNIT III: Hamilton’s Principle and Formulation

Hamilton’s principle, Techniques of calculus of variations, Lagrange’s equations through
Hamilton’s principle, Cyclic coordinates and conservation theorems, Canonical equations of
Hamilton, Hamilton’s equations from variational principle, Principle of least action.

UNIT IV: Special Theory of Relativity

Galilean transformation, Postulates of special relativity, Lorentz transformation and its
consequences, Length contraction, Time dilation, Addition of velocities, variation of mass with
velocity, Equivalence of mass and energy, Four dimensional formalism, Relativistic classification
of particles, Maxwell’s equations and their Lorentz invariance.

Text Books

1. J. L. Synge and B. A. Griffith: Principle of Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book Company,

1970.
2. H. Goldstein: Classical Mechanics, 2nd Ed, Narosa Publishing House, 1980.
3. Zafar Ahsan: Lecture Notes on Mechanics, Seminar Library, Deptt of Maths, AMU,
Aligarh, 1999, (Chapters III-VI).
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019
SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) III SEMESTER
NONLINEAR FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS: MMM-3005
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Banach Contraction Principle, Ekeland’s Variational Principle and Their Applications
Banach contraction principle and its applications to system of linear equations, integral equations and
differential equations; Contractive mappings and Eldestien Theorem, Boyd-Wong’s fixed point
theorem, Matkowski’s fixed point theorem, Caristi’s fixed point theorem, Ekeland’s variational
principle and its applications to fixed point theorems and optimization, Takahashi’s minimization
theorem.

UNIT II: Set-Valued Maps and Fixed point Theorems

Definitions and examples set-valued maps, Lower and upper semi-continuity of set-valued maps,
Hausdorff metric, H-continuity of set-valued maps, Set-valued contraction maps, Nadler’s fixed point
theorem, DHM Theorem and some other fixed point theorems for set-valued maps.

UNIT III: Fixed point Theorems for Nonexpansive Mappings

Browder-Göhde fixed point theorem, Normal structure, Kirk fixed point theorem, Metrical variants of
Kirk fixed point theorem, Demicompact operator, Kransnoselskij iterative method and its convergence
results for nonexpansive mappings, strictly pseudocontractive mappings and generalized
pseudocontractive mappings; Mann iterative method and its convergence results for Zamfirescu
mappings and strongly pseudocontractive mappings.

UNIT IV: Some More Iterative Methods for Fixed Points

Ishikawa iterative method and its convergence results for pseudocontractive operator, trongly
pseudocontractive operators and nonexpansive operators satisfying Opial’s condition; Helpern
iterative method and Browder iterative method with their convergence results.

Text Books
1. Q. H. Ansari: Metric Spaces-Including Fixed Point Theory and Set-valued Maps, Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi, 2010 (Chapters 7-9).
2. S. Almezel, Q. H. Ansari and M. A. Khamsi: Topics in Fixed Point Theory, Springer, New
York, 2014 (Chapter 8).
3. V. Berinde: Iterative Approximation of Fixed Points, Springer, Berlin, 2007 (Chapters 3-5).

Reference Books
1. V. I. Istratescu: Fixed Point Theory-An Introduction, D. Reidel Publishing Company,
Dordrecht / Boston / London.
2. M. A. Khamsi and W. A. Kirk: Metric Fixed Point Theory, Academic Press, New York.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) III SEMESTER
ADVANCED RING THEORY: MMM-3006
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Theory of Ideals

Examples and fundamental properties of rings (Review), Direct and discrete direct sum of rings,
Ideals generated by subsets and their characterizations in terms of elements of the ring under
different conditions, Sums and direct sums of ideals, Ideal products and nilpotent ideals, Minimal
and maximal ideals.

UNIT II: Complete Matrix Ring and Subdirect Sum

Complete matrix ring, Ideals in complete matrix ring, Residue class rings, Homomorphisms,
Subdirect sum of rings and its characterizations, Zorn’s Lemma, Subdirectly irreducible rings,
Boolean rings.

UNIT III: Prime Ideals and Prime Radical

Prime ideals and m-systems, Different equivalent formulation of prime ideals, Semi-prime ideals
and n-systems, Equivalent formulation of semi prime ideals, Necessary and sufficient conditions
for an ideal to be a prime ideal, Prime radical of a ring.

UNIT IV: Prime Rings and Jacobson Radical

Prime rings and its characterization in terms of prime ideals, Primeness of complete matrix rings,
D.C.C. for ideals and the prime radical, Jacobson radical: Definition and simple properties,
Relationship between Jacobson radical and prime radical of a ring, Primitive rings, Jacobson
radical of primitive rings.

Text Book
N. H. McCoy: The Theory of Rings.

Reference Books
1. Anderson and Fuller: Rings and Categories of Modules.
2. I. S. Luthar and I. B. S. Passi: Algebra Volume 2: Rings.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) III SEMESTER
RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY AND SUBMANIFOLDS: MMM-3007
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Riemannian Manifolds

Partition of unity, Paracompactness, Riemannian metric on a paracompact manifold, First
fundamental form on a Riemannian manifold, Riemannian connexion, Riemannian curvature,
Ricci and scalar curvature.

UNIT II: Submanifolds of Riemannian Manifolds

Distribution on a manifold, Submanifold of a Riemannian manifold, Hypersurfaces, Gauss and
Weingarten formulae, Equation of Gauss, Coddazi and Ricci.

UNIT III:Complex and Contact Manifolds

Complex and almost manifolds, Nejenhuis tensor and integrability of a structure, Almost
Hermitian, Kaehler and nearly Kaehler manifolds, Almost contact and Sasakian manifolds.

UNIT IV: Submanifolds of Complex Manifolds

Submanifolds of almost Hermitian manifolds, Invariant and Anti- Invariant distributions of a
Hermitian manifold, CR submanifolds of Kaehler and nearly Kaehler, Generic and slant
submanifolds of Kaehler manifold.

Text Books

1. B. Y. Chen: Geometry of Submanifolds, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1973.

2. S. Kobayashi and K. Nomizu: Foundation of Geometry, Vol I, Interscience Publishers
(John Wiley & Sons), Revised Ed, 1996.
3. W. M. Boothby: An Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds and Riemannian Geometry,
Academic Press, Revised Ed, 2003.
4. S. I. Husain: Lecture Notes on Differentiable Manifolds, Seminar Library, Deptt of Maths,
AMU, Aligarh.

Reference Book

Kentaro Yano and Masahiro Kon: Structures on Manifolds, World Scientific Press.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS (ELECTIVE)
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) III SEMESTER
WAVELET ANALYSIS: MMM-3016
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Gabor and Wavelet Transforms

Fourier and inverse Fourier transforms, Parseval identity, Convolution, Dirac delta function, Gabor
transform, Gaussian function, Centre and width of Gaussian function, Time-frequency window of
Gabor transform, Advantage of Gabor transform over Fourier transform, Continuous wavelet
transform, Time-frequency window of wavelets, Discrete wavelet transform, Haar wavelet and its
Fourier transform, Wavelets by convolution, Mexican hat wavelet, Morlet wavelet.

UNIT II: Multiresolution Analysis and Wavelets

Parseval theorem for wavelet transform, Inversion formula for wavelets, Multiresolution Analysis,
Decomposition and reconstruction algorithms, Properties of scaling functions and orthonormal
wavelet bases, Construction of wavelets by generating functions, Conjugate Quadratic Filter
(CQF), The Shannon wavelet.

UNIT III: Construction of Orthonormal Wavelets and its Applications

The Haar wavelet, Cardinal B-splines and spline wavelets, The Franklin wavelet, The Battle-
Lemarié wavelet, Daubechies wavelets, Application of wavelets in Image processing, Wavelet
packets, Best basis, Image compression and denoising.

UNIT IV: Frames and its Applications

Concept of Frames in Hilbert space, Properties of frames and related theorems, Characterization
of frames, Frame multiresolution analysis, Gabor frames, Wavelet frames, Wavelet frames by
extension principles, Applications of tight frames in image deblurring.

Text Books
1. C. K. Chui: An Introduction to Wavelets, Academic Press, New York, 1992.
2. Daubechies: Ten Lectures on Wavelets, CBS-NSF Regional Conferences in Applied
Mathematics, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1992.
3. O. Christensen: An Introduction to Frames and Riesz bases, Birkhäuser, Boston, 2003.

Reference Books
1. Y. Meyer: Wavelets-Algorithms and Applications, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1993.
2. L. Debnath: Wavelet Transforms and their Applications, Birkhäuser, Boston, 2002.
3. M. W. Frazier: An Introduction to Wavelets through Linear Algebra, Springer, New York, 1999.
4. M. K. Ahmad: Lecture Notes on Wavelet Analysis, Seminar Library, Deptt of Maths, AMU,
Aligarh, 2015.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS (ELECTIVE)
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) III SEMESTER
LATTICE THEORY AND ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES : MMM-3017
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Lattices (12 Lectures)

Partially order sets, Lattices, Modular Lattice, Schreier’s theorem, The chain conditions,
Decomposition theorem for lattices with ascending chain condition, Independence, Complemented
modular lattices, Boolean Algebras.

UNIT II: Modules and Ideals (12 Lectures)

Generators, Unitary Modules, Chain conditions, Hilbert Basis Theorem, Noetherian Rings, Prime
and Primary ideals, Representation of an ideal as intersection of primary ideals, Uniqueness
Theorems, Integral dependence.

UNIT III: Lie and Jordan Structures in Rings (12 Lectures)

Lie and Jordan ideals in ring R, Jordan simplicity of ring R, Lie structure of [R, R], Subring fixed
by automorphism, Simple rings with involutions, Involution of second kind, Skew elements and
related results.

UNIT IV: Homomorphisms and Derivations (12 Lectures)

Jordan Homomorphisms onto Prime rings, n–Jordan mappings, Derivations, Lie Derivations and
Jordan derivations, Some results of Martindale, Herstein theorem on Jordan derivation.

Text Books

1. Nathan Jacobson: Lectures in Abstract Algebra.

2. George Gratzer: General Lattice Theory.
3. I. N. Herstein: Topics in Rings Theory.
4. I. N. Herstein: Rings with Involutions.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS (ELECTIVE)
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) III SEMESTER
THEORY OF SEMIGROUPS: MMM-3018
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Introductory Ideas

Basic definitions, Group with zero, Rectangular Band, Monogenic semigroups, Periodic
semigroups, Partially ordered sets, Semilattices and lattices.

UNIT II: Equivalences and Congruences

Binary relations, Equivalences and related results, Congruences and related results, Free
semigroups, Ideals and Rees congruences, Lattices of equivalences and congruences.

UNIT III: Green's Equivalences and Regular Semigroups

Green's Equivalences and related results, Structure of D-classes, Green's lemma and its corollaries,
Green's theorem, Regular D-classes, Regular semigroups and related results.

UNIT IV: 0-Simple Semigroups

Sandwich set, Simple and 0-simple semigroups and related results, Completely simple and
Completely 0-simple semigroups and related results.

Text Book

John M. Howie: Fundamentals of semigroup theory, Clarendon press, Oxford, 1995.

Reference Books

1. A. H. Clifford and G. B. Preston: The Algebraic theory of semi groups, Vol. 1 and 2,
Mathematical surveys of the AMS, 1961 and 1967.
2. P. M. Higgins: Techniques of Semi Group Theory, Oxford University Press, 1992.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2018

SYLLABUS (ELECTIVE)
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) III SEMESTER
TOPOLOGICAL VECTOR SPACES: MMM-3019
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Some Concepts from Vector Space

Subspaces, affine sets, convex sets, cones (pointed cone, convex cones etc), balanced sets, absorbent
sets, hulls (linear hull, affine hull, convex hull, balanced hull) and their properties and
characterizations: Hahn Banach theorem in vector spaces: Convex functions, Minkowski function and
seminorm with their properties.

UNIT II: Topological Vector Spaces

Definition and general properties, product spaces and quotient spaces, bounded and totally bounded
sets; Topological properties of convex sets, convex cones, compact sets, convex hull; Hyperplanes,
closed half spaces and separation of convex hulls; Hahn Banach theorem on separation. Complete
topological vector spaces: Metrizable topological vector spaces: Definition and properties; Normable
topological vector spaces and finite spaces.

UNIT III: Locally Convex Spaces

Definition and general properties, subspaces, product spaces and quotient spaces; Convex and compact
sets in locally convex spaces; Separation theorems in locally convex spaces; Continuous linear
operators: General consideration on continuous linear operators, open operators and closed operators;
Space of operators: Topologies of uniform convergence, properties of the space of continuous linear
operators.

UNIT IV: Dual Vector Spaces

Definition and properties; Mackey topology; Strong topology: Definition and properties, semi-
reflexive spaces and space and reflexive spaces, Some fixed points theorems in topological vector
spaces: KKM theorem, Browder fixed point theorem, Kakutani fixed point theorem and related results.

Text Books
1. R. Cristescu: Topological Vector Spaces, Noordhoff International Publishing, Leyden, The
Netherlands, 1977.
2. L. Narici and E. Beckenstein: Topological Vector Spaces, Nacel Dekker, Inc., New York and
Basel, 1985.
3. Y. C. Wong: Introductory Theory of Topological Vector Spaces, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York Basel and Hong Kong, 1992.
4. V. I. Bogachev and O.G. Smolyanov: Topological Vector Spaces and Their Applications,
Springer International Publishing AG, 2017.
5. S. P. Singh, B. Watson and P. Srivastava: Fixed Point Theory and Best Approximation: The
KKM-map Principle, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1977.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS (ELECTIVE)
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) IV SEMESTER
FIELD AND MODULE THEORY: MMM-4015
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Elements of Field Extensions and Splitting Fields

Field extensions, Finite Field extensions, Finitely generated extensions of a field, Simple extension
of a field, Algebraic extension of a Field, Splitting (Decomposition) fields, Multiple roots, Normal
and separable extension of a Field.

UNIT II Fundamentals of Galois Theory

Automorphism and group of automorphisms of a Field, Galois group, Galois group of a separable
polynomial, Galois group of a polynomial of permutation of its roots, Finite Fields and Galois
Fields.

UNIT III: Elementary basics of Modules

Modules, Submodules and factor modules, Sum and intersection of sub-modules, Subsets and the
submodules they generate, Homomorphisms of modules, Isomorphisms theorems, Bimodules,
Inverse image of submodules, Annihilators, Torsion and torsion-free modules.

UNIT IV: Direct Product and Some Special Types of Modules

Direct sums, Internal direct sums, Direct summands, Natural maps, Splitting maps, Projections
and injections, Idempotent endomorphisms, Essential and superfluous submodules, Semi-simple
modules, Socle and radical of modules, Linearly independent sets, Bases and free modules, Rank
of free modules, Divisible modules and their basic properties.

Text Books

1. I. T. Adamson: Introduction to Field Theory.

2. M. E. Keating: A first course in Module Theory.

Reference Books

1. J. S. Milne: Fields and Galois Theory.

2. F. W. Anderson and K. R. Fuller: Rings and Categories of Modules.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS (ELECTIVE)
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) IV SEMESTER
STRUCTURES ON MANIFOLDS: MMM-4016
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Kaehler Structure on Manifolds

Infinitesimal auto-morphism of an almost complex structure, Holomorphic vector fields,
Characterizations for a vector field to be an infinitesimal auto-morphism, Kaehler structure on a
manifold, Holomorphic sectional curvature and the space of constant holomorphic sectional curvature
(complex space form), Kaehler analogue of Schur’s Theorem, An example of a Kaehler manifold,
Kaehlerian submanifolds (Invariant submanifols of Kaehler manifold).

UNIT II: Contact Structure on Manifolds

Almost contact structure on a smooth manifold, Contact manifolds, Torsion tensor of an almost contact
manifold, Killing vector field, K-contact manifold, Sasakian manifolds, φ-sectional curvature,
Sasakian space form, 𝜂-Einstein manifold.

UNIT III: Invariant Submanifolds

Invariant submanifolds of an almost contact manifold, 𝜂-parallel second fundamental form, Invariant
submanifolds of Sasakian manifolds and Sasakiai space forms, 𝜂-parallel Ricci tensor of a Sasakian
manifold, Anti-invariant submanifolds tangent to the structure vector field of Sasakian manifolds, Anti-
invariant submanifolds normal to the structure vector field of Sasakian manifolds.

UNIT IV: Semi-invariant Submanifolds

Semi-invariant submanifolds of an almost contact manifold, Semi-invariant submanifolds of a
Sasakian manifold, Integrability conditions for the distributions, Geodesic conditions for the leaves,
Semi-invariant products of Sasakian manifolds, Generic semi-invariant product, Totally contact-
geodesic submanifolds, Totally contact umbilical semi-invariant submanifolds in Sasakian manifolds.

Text Books
1. Kentaro Yano and Masahiro Kon: Structures on Manifolds, World Scientific Press.
2. Aurel Bejancu: Geometry of CR submanifolds, D. Reidel Publishing Company.

Reference Books
1. S. Kobayashi and K. Nomizu: Foundations of Differential Geometry, Vol. II, Interscience
Publishers (John Wiley & Sons).
2. Y. Matsushima: Differentiable Manifolds, Marcel Dekker Inc.
3. D. E. Blair: Contact Manifolds in Riemannian Geometry, Lecture Notes in Maths. 509,
Springer Verlag.
4. M. P. do Carmo: Riemannian Geometry, Birkhäuser Basel.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS (ELECTIVE)
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) IV SEMESTER
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND LIE THEORY: MMM-4017
Credits: 04

UNIT I: Gamma, Hypergeometric, Bessel and Neumann Functions

Introduction; Gamma Function; Hypergeometric Functions: Definition and special cases,
convergence, analyticity, integral representation, differentiation, transformations and summation
theorems; Bessel Functions: Definition, connection with hypergeometric function, differential and
pure recurrence relations, generating function, integral representation; Neumann polynomials,
Neumann series and related results; Examples on above topics.
UNIT II: Legendre, Hermite and Laguerre Polynomials
Legendre polynomials: (i) Generating function (ii) Special values (iii) Pure and differential
recurrence relations (iv) Differential equation (v) Series definition (vi) Rodrigues’ formula (vii)
Integral representation; Hermite polynomials: Results (i) to (vii) and expansion of x n in terms of
Hermite polynomials; Laguerre polynomials: Results (i) to (vii); Examples on above topics.

UNIT III: Orthogonal Polynomials

Simple sets of polynomials; Orthogonal polynomials: Equivalent condition for orthogonality; Zeros
of orthogonal polynomials; Expansion of polynomials; Three-term recurrence relation; Christoffel-
Darboux formula; Normalization and Bessel’s inequality; Orthogonality of Legendre, Hermite and
Laguerre polynomials; Ordinary and singular points of differential equations, Regular and irregular
singular points of hypergeometric, Bessel, Legendre, Hermite and Laguerre differential equations;
Examples on above topics.

UNIT IV: Lie Theory

Lie groups; Tangent vector; Lie bracket; Lie algebra; General linear and special linear groups and
their Lie algebras; Exponential of matrix and its properties; Construction of partial differential
equation; Linear differential operators; Group of operators; Extended forms of the group generated
by the operators; Derivation of generating functions; Examples on above topics.

Text Books

1. E. D. Rainville: Special Functions, Chelsea Publishing Co., Bronx, New York, Reprint, 1971.
2. W. Jr. Miller: Lie Theory and Special Functions, Academic Press, New York and London, 1968.
3. E. B. McBride: Obtaining Generating Functions, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1971.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS (ELECTIVE)
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) IV SEMESTER
NON-COMMUTATIVE RINGS: MMM-4018
Credits: 04

Unit I: Basic Terminology and Examples

Free k-rings, Rings with generators and relations, Twisted polynomial rings, Differential
polynomial rings, Group rings, skew group rings.

Unit II: Semi-simple Rings

Prime radical of a ring, Jacobson radical of a ring, Neotherian rings, Artinian rings, Simple rings,
Semi-simple rings, Simple Artinian rings, Semi-simple Artinian rings.

Unit III: More on Semi-simple Rings

Prime rings, Semiprime rings, Subdirectly irreducible rings, Primitive rings, Density Theorem,
Wedderburn Artin's Theorem.

Unit IV: Commutativity Theorems

Regular rings, Some commutativity Theorems, Wedderburn Theorem, Generalizations of
Wedderburn Theorem.

Text Book

I. N. Herstein: Non-commutative Rings, John Wiley and Sons, INC.

Reference Book

T. Y. Lam: A First Course in Non-commutative Rings, Springer-Verlag.

 B.O.S. 01.08.2019
SYLLABUS (ELECTIVE)
M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) IV SEMESTER
VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION: MMM-4020
Credits: 04

Unit I: Prerequisites of Convex Analysis

Convex Set, Hyperplanes, Convex function and its characterizations, Generalized convex
functions and their characterizations, Optimality criteria, Kuhn-Tucker optimality criteria.

Unit II: Subdifferentiability and Monotonicity

Subgradients and subdifferentials, Monotone and generalized monotone maps, their
generalizations and their relations with convexity.

Unit III: Classical Variational Inequalities

Variational inequalities and related problems, Existence and uniqueness results, Solution
methods.

Unit IV: Generalized Variational Inequalities

Generalized variational inequalities and related topics, Basic existence and uniqueness results.

Text Book

Q. H. Ansari, C. S. Lalitha and M. Mehta: Generalized Convexity, Nonsmooth Variational

and Nonsmooth Optimization, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, London,
New York, 2014.
 B.O.S. 01.08.2019

SYLLABUS (OPEN ELECTIVE)

M.A./M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS) IV SEMESTER
ELEMENTS OF ELEMENTARY CALCULUS: MMM-4091
Credits: 04

Unit I: Sets, Function and Limit

Sets, and their properties, Functions and their properties, Some known functions, Domain, Range,
Graph of Functions, Limit and its basic properties.

Unit II: Continuity and its Basic Properties

Derivative (as rate of change and slope of a tangent), Properties of derivatives, Derivatives of some
known functions, namely, polynomial, logarithmic functions, exponential functions, trigonometric
functions.

Unit III: Application of Derivatives

Rate of change, increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima of polynomials and
trigonometric functions (first and second derivative test motivated geometrically), simple
problems (that illustrates basic problems and understanding of the subject as well as real life
situations), Mean Theorem Functions.

Unit IV: Integration and its applications

Indefinite integral, standard formulae of indefinite integral, Definite integral as a limit of sum,
Basic properties and formulae of definite integral of simple functions (without proof), Applications
finding the area of under simple curves, especially lines, area of circle, parabolas, ellipse (in
standard form only).

Text Books

1. Finney and Thomas: Calculus, Addison-Wesley Pub. Company.

2. R. D. Sharma: Mathematics Vol. 1 and 2, Class 12, Dhanpat Rai and Sons.
3. I. A. Marun: Problems in Calculus of one variable, Arihant Publication.