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What Are Extremes of Intelligence

Extremes of intelligence refer to both extremely high IQs over 135, which is considered gifted, and extremely low IQs below 70, which is considered mentally retarded. Giftedness involves innate intellectual abilities significantly higher than average and may be general or specific to certain skills. Mental retardation is characterized by impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors appearing before adulthood, with IQ scores typically below 70 and causes including genetic conditions, problems during pregnancy or birth, exposure to diseases or toxins, and malnutrition.

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7K views4 pages

What Are Extremes of Intelligence

Extremes of intelligence refer to both extremely high IQs over 135, which is considered gifted, and extremely low IQs below 70, which is considered mentally retarded. Giftedness involves innate intellectual abilities significantly higher than average and may be general or specific to certain skills. Mental retardation is characterized by impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors appearing before adulthood, with IQ scores typically below 70 and causes including genetic conditions, problems during pregnancy or birth, exposure to diseases or toxins, and malnutrition.

Uploaded by

Nikki Flores
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What are extremes of intelligence?

Extremes in intelligence are the extreme highs and lows of the intelligence
spectrum. Above a 135 IQ is considered gifted and below 70 is considered mentally
retarded. Below 70 there are sub categories. These categories are mild and
moderate, and severe and profound.

Intellectual giftedness

Intellectual giftedness is an intellectual ability significantly higher than average. It


is different from a skill, in that skills are learned or acquired behaviors. Like a talent,
intellectual giftedness is usually believed to be an innate, personal aptitude for
intellectual activities that cannot be acquired through personal effort.

Intellectual giftedness may be general or specific. For example, an intellectually


gifted person may have a striking talent for mathematics, but not have equally strong
language skills.

Identifying the Gifted 

1. Einstein was four years old before he could speak and seven before he could
read.
2. Isaac Newton did poorly in grade school.
3. When Thomas Edison was a boy, his teachers told him he was too stupid to
learn anything.
4. A newspaper editor fired Walt Disney because he had "No good ideas"
5. Caruso's music teacher told him "You can't sing, you have no voice at all."
6. Leo Tolstoy flunked out of college.
7. Louis Pasteur was rated as mediocre in chemistry when he attended the Royal
College
8. Abraham Lincoln entered The Black Hawk War as a captain and came out a
private
9. Fred Warning was once rejected from high school chorus.
10. Winston Churchill failed the sixth grade.

Recognizing the Characteristics of Gifted Children

 Gifted children's behaviour differs from that of their age-mates in the following
ways: 
  Manny gifted children learn to read early, with better comprehension of the
nuances of language. As much as half the gifted and talented population has
learned to read before entering school. 
  Gifted children often read widely, quickly, and intensely and have large
vocabularies. 
  Gifted children commonly learn basic skills better, more quickly, and with
less practice. 
  They take less for granted, seeking the "hows" and "whys." 
  They can work independently at an earlier age and can concentrate for
longer periods. 
  They usually respond and relate well to parents, teachers, and other adults.
They may prefer the company of older children and adults to that of their
peers. 
  They like to learn new things, are willing to examine the unusual, and are
highly inquisitive. 
  They tackle tasks and problems in a well-organized, goal-directed, and
efficient manner. 
  They exhibit an intrinsic motivation to learn, find out, or explore and are
often very persistent. "I'd rather do it myself" is a common attitude. 

Who are the highly Gifted? 

Highly gifted children tend to be those who demonstrate asynchronous


development. Due to their high cognitive abilities and high intensities they
experience and relate to the world in unique ways. These children are often found
as a result of extremely high scores on an individually scored IQ tests, generally
above the 140 IQ range. Others may be prodigies in areas such as math, science,
language and/or the arts. Profoundly gifted children can score in excess of 170 IQ. 

Highly gifted children demonstrate characteristics such as the extreme need to: 

1. Learn at a much faster pace. 


2. Process material to a much greater depth.
3. Show incredible intensity in energy, imagination, intellectual prowess,
sensitivity, and emotion which are not typical in the general population. 

Intellectual disability

Mental retardation (MR) is a generalized disorder, characterized by significantly


impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviours that
appears before adulthood. It has historically been defined as an Intelligence
Quotient score under 70.[1] Once focused almost entirely on cognition, the definition
now includes both a component relating to mental functioning and one relating to
individuals' functional skills in their environment. As a result, a person with a below-
average intelligence quotient (BAIQ) may not be considered mentally retarded.
Syndromic mental retardation is intellectual deficits associated with other medical
and behavioral signs and symptoms. Non-syndromes mental retardation is
intellectual deficits that appear without other abnormalities.
Signs and symptoms

Children with mental retardation may learn to sit up, to crawl, or to walk later than
other children, or they may learn to talk later. Both adults and children with mental
retardation may also exhibit the following characteristics:

 Delays in oral language development


 Deficits in memory skills
 Difficulty learning social rules
 Difficulty with problem solving skills
 Delays in the development of adaptive behaviours such as self-help or self-
care skills
 Lack of social inhibitors

Cause

The most common are:

 Genetic conditions. Sometimes disability is caused by abnormal genes


inherited from parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons. The
most prevalent genetic conditions include Down syndrome, Klinefelter's
syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, congenital hypothyroidism,
Williams syndrome, Phenylketonuria (PKU), and Prader-Willi syndrome. Other
genetic conditions include Phelan-McDermid syndrome (22q13del), Mowat-
Wilson syndrome, genetic ciliopathy,[2] and Siderius type X-linked mental
retardation (OMIM 300263) as caused by mutations in the PHF8 gene (OMIM
300560).[3][4] In the rarest of cases, abnormalities with the X or Y chromosome
may also cause disability. 48, XXXX and 49, XXXXX syndrome affect a small
number of girls worldwide, while boys may be affected by 47, XYY, 49,
XXXXY, or 49, XYYYY.
 Problems during pregnancy. Mental disability can result when the fetus does
not develop properly. For example, there may be a problem with the way the
sfetu' cells divide as it grows. A woman who drinks alcohol (see fetal alcohol
syndrome) or gets an infection like rubella during pregnancy may also have a
baby with mental disability.
 Problems at birth. If a baby has problems during labor and birth, such as not
getting enough oxygen, he or she may have developmental disability due to
brain damage.
 Exposure to certain types of disease or toxins. Diseases like whooping cough,
measles, or meningitis can cause mental disability if medical care is delayed
or inadequate. Exposure to poisons like lead or mercury may also affect
mental ability.
 Malnutrition is a common cause of reduced intelligence in parts of the world
affected by famine, such as Ethiopia.[6]
 Absence of the arcuate fasciculus.

Prepared by: Joan G. Gutierrez

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