2.

Review of Related Literature

2.1 Organic Wastes

2.1.1 Definition of Organic Wastes
2.1.2 Green Wastes
2.1.3 Brown Wastes

2.2 Collection
2.2.1 Dried Leaves
2.2.2 Kitchen Waste

2.3 Composting
2.3.1 Definition of Composting
2.3.2 Types of Composting
2.3.2.1 Vermicomposting
2.3.2.2 Pile Composting
2.3.3 Environmental Impact of Composting
2.3.4 Composting industry in the Philippines

2.4 Bio-digestion
2.4.1 Definition
2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-digesting
2.4.3 Bio-digesting Industry in the Philippines

2.5 Internet of Things (IoT)

I. Organic waste
Definition

- Organic waste is any material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or an
animal. Biodegradable waste is organic material that can be broken into carbon dioxide,
methane or simple organic molecules. Examples of organic waste include green waste,
food waste, food-soiled paper, non-hazardous wood waste, green waste, and landscape
and pruning waste.
- When organic waste is dumped in landfills, it undergoes anaerobic decomposition (due to
the lack of oxygen) and produces methane. When released into the atmosphere, methane
is 20 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Organics recycling
reduces greenhouse emission while conserving our natural resources.

(California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery, What is Organic Waste,

14 October, 2019)
https://www.cityofsignalhill.org/DocumentCenter/View/4118/organic-recycling?bidId=

Green and brown waste

- Green waste is biodegradable waste that can be composed of garden or park waste. It
includes things like grass clippings, shrub and yard clippings, branches, woodchips, bark,
wood, palm trees and branches, and weeds. The green waste can be turned to a local
processor, and turned to mulch or compost. Recycling green waste has a lot of benefits.

(Green Waste, What is Green Waste, 12 August, 2016)

https://www.skipthetip.com/what-is-green-waste/

- Brown materials for composting includes dry or woody plant material. In most cases,
these materials are brown, or naturally turn brown: Fall leaves, Pine needles ,Twigs,
chipped tree branches/bark, Straw or hay, Sawdust, Corn stalks, and Paper (newspaper,
writing/printing paper, paper plates and napkins, coffee filters).

(Colleen Vanderlinden, Which Items Are "Greens" and Which Are "Browns", 2
February, 2019)
https://www.thespruce.com/composting-greens-and-browns-2539485

Dry Leaves and Dry Leaves Shredder

 - Leaf litter is the largest source of organic matter that enters many stream ecosystems
(Abelho, 2001), and it therefore constitutes an environmentally realistic material for use
in decomposition assays.

(E. Chauvet, ... M.O. Gessner, in Advances in Ecological Research, 2016)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/leaf-litter

- A suitable shredder is available for most tropical plant residues. Growers should be
careful to select the type most suitable for their particular crops. All the shredders
described in this leaflet can be operated using an engine or an electrical motor. They can
be used out in the field, or in a backyard shed. Using shredders, farmers can make
productive use of their plant residues which would otherwise be rubbish

( Department of agriculture, Chatuchak bangkok, 2004, April 1. Shredders for plant

residue.
http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110725091912&type_id=7 )

- To do to guarantee leaf-composting success is to grind or shred your leaves. We will deal

with this in detail later on, but let me tell you right now that it will make things simpler
for you in the long run. A compost pile made of shredded material is really fun to work
with, because it is so easily controlled and so easy to handle. A compost pile can be made
in almost any size, but most people like to make rectangular-shaped piles, because they
are easier to handle. It is a good idea to put the material in the heap of layers. Start with a
six-inch layer of leaves, either shredded or not shredded. Then add a two-inch layer of
other organic material that is higher in nitrogen than leaves. Try to pick something from
this list: manure, garbage, green weeds, grass clippings or old vines from your garden.
You can add low-nitrogen things like sawdust, straw, ground corn cobs or dry weeds if
you put in a nitrogen supplement such as described above. It is important to mix leaves
from packing down in a dry mat. Keep the heap moist, but not soggy.

(Hundley, L. How to Compost. https://compostguide.com/using-leaves-for-composting/)

Kitchen Waste
Greens provide bodybuilding proteins for the microorganisms crunching through organic matter.
The following are good sources of NPK for composting:

Fertiliser Nitrogen (n) Phosphorus (p) Potassium (k)

Cottonseed Meal 6.6 2-3 1-2

Ground Fish (Dried) 8.5 7.4 0

Fish, Blood & Bone meal 5 5 6.5

Activated Sewage Sludge 5 3 0

Blood Meal 12 0 0

Rock Phosphate (Ground) 0 26 - 35 0

Bone Meal 3.5 17 0

Chicken Manure (Dried) 5 2 1

Goat Manure (Dried) 1.35 1 3

Sheep Manure (Dried) 1.51 - 3.09 1 - 2.5 0.33 - 2.25

Poultry Litter (Dried) 5 2 1

Alfalfa (Hay) 2.45 0.5 2.1

Tankage 11 - 12 1-2 0

Apple (Fruit) 0.05 0.02 0.1

Apple (Leaves) 1 0.15 0.35

Apple (Pomace) 0.2 0.02 0.15

Apple (Skin, Ash) 0 3.08 11.74

Basic Slag 0 18 0

Cana Tree (Ash) 0 0 15.65

Banana Skin (Ash) 0 3.25 41.76

Banana Stalk (Ash) 0 2.34 49.40

Barley (Grain) 1.75 0.75 0.5

Bat Guano 1 - 12 2.5 - 16 0

Beet (Root) 0.25 0.1 0.5

Brewery Grain (Wet) 0.9 0.5 0.05

Brigham Tea (Ash) 0 0 5.94

Bone (Ground, Ash) Ash) 0 34.7

Silk Mill (By products) 8.37 1.14 0.12

Cantaloupe skin (Melon) (Ash) 0 9.77 12.21

Castor-Bean (Pomace) 5-6 2 - 2.5 1 - 1.25

Cattail / Bulrush reed & Stem 2.02 0.81 3.43

Cattail / Bulrush Seed 0.98 0.39 1.71

Coal (Anthracite) (Ash) 0 0.1 - 0.15 0.1 - 0.15

Coal (Bituminous) (Ash) 0 0.4

Cocoa shell (Dust) 1.04 1.49 2.71

Coffee Grounds 2.08 0.32 0.28

Coffee Grounds (Dried) 1.99 0.36 0.67

Corncobs (Ground Charred) 0 0 2.01

Common Crab 1.95 3.6 0.2

Nettles (Stinging European) 5.6 0.7 3.7

Comfrey 1.8 0.5 5.3

Corn (Grain) 1.65 0.65 0.4

Corn (Green Forage) 0.3 0.13 0.33

Cottonseed 3.15 1.25 1.15

Cottonseed - hull ashes 0 7-10 15-30

Cottonseed - hull (Ash) 0 8.7 23.93

Cotton Waste (Factory) 1.32 0.45 0.36

Cowpeas (Green forage) 0.45 0.12 0.45

Black-eyed Peas (Green forage) 0.45 0.12 0.45

Cowpeas (Seed) 3.1 1 1.2

Black-eyed Peas (Seed) 3.1 1 1.2

Crabgrass (Green) 0.66 0.19 0.71

Cucumber (Skin) (Ash) 0 11.28 27.2

Dog Manure 1.97 9.95 0.3

Jellyfish (Dried) 4.6 0 0

Mussel Mud (Dried) 0.72 0.35 0

Duck Manure (Fresh) 1.12 1.44 0.49

Eggs 2.25 0.4 0.15

Eggshell (Burned) 0 0.43 0.29

Eggshell 1.19 0.38 0.14

Feathers 15.3 0 0

Field Bean (Seed) 4 1.2 1.3

Field Bean (Shell) 1.7 0.3 0.35

Smokehouse Ashes 0 0 4.96

Fish Scraps (Fresh) 2 - 7.5 1.5 - 6 0

Mud / Silt (Freshwater) 1.37 0.26 0.22

Greasewood Ashes 0 0 12.61

Beans - Garden Beans & Pods 0.25 0.08 0.3

Gluten feed 4-5 0 0

Greensand (Glauconite) 0 1-2 5

Grapes (Fruit) 0.15 0.07 0.3

Grapefruit (Skin) (Ash) 0 3.58 30.6

Hair 12 - 16 0 0

Harbour Mud 0.99 0.77 0.05

Hoof & Horn Meal 13 0 0

Incinerator Ash 0.24 5.15 2.33

Kentucky Bluegrass (Green) 0.66 0.19 0.71

Kentucky Bluegrass (Hay) 1.2 0.4 1.55

King Crab (Dried - Ground) 10 0.26 0.06

King Crab (Fresh) 2 - 2.5 0 0

Leather (Acidulated) 7-8 0 0

Leather (Ground) 10 - 12 0 0

Leather Scraps (Ash) 0 2.16 0.35

Lemon Culls 0.15 0.06 0.26

Lemon Skins (Ash) 0 6.3 31

Limekiln Ash 0 0.75 2

Lobster Scraps 4.5 3.5 0

Lobster Shell 4 3.52 0

Milk 0.5 0.3 0.18

Mussels 0.9 0.12 0.13

Molasses residue (Brewing) 0.7 0 5.32

Oak Leaves 0.8 0.35 0.15

Oats (Grain) 2 0.8 0.6

Olives (Pomace) 1.15 0.78 1.26

Olive Waste 1.22 0.18 0.32

Orange Culls 0.2 0.13 0.21

Orange Skins (Ash) 0 2.9 27

Pea Pods (Ash) 0 1.79 9

Peanuts (Seed or Kernel) 3.6 0.7 0.45

Peanut (Shells) 0.8 0.15 0.5

Peanut (Shell Ash) 0 1.23 6.45

Pigeon Manure (Fresh) 4.19 2.24 1.41

Pigweed (Amaranth) 0.6 0.16 0

Pine needles 0.46 0.12 0.03

Potato (Tuber) 0.35 0.15 0.5

Potato (Leaves / Stalks) 0.6 0.15 0.45

Potato skin (Ash) 0 5.18 27.5

Poudrette (Compost toilet) 1.46 3.68 0.48

Prune Waste 0.18 0.07 0.31

Pumpkin (Flesh) 0.16 0.07 0.26

Pumpkin (Seeds) 0.87 0.5 0.45

Rabbitbrush Ashes 0 0 13.04

Ragweed (Great / Common) 0.76 0.26 0

Red Clover (Hay) 2.1 0.5 2

Redtop (Bentgrass) (Hay) 1.2 0.35 1

Raw Sugar Residue 1.14 8.33 0

Seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) 1.9 0.25 3.68

Rose (Flowers) 0.3 0.1 0.4

Rhubarb (Stems) 0.1 0.04 0.35

Sagebrush Ashes 0 0 4.1

salt marsh hay (salt hay grass) 1.1 0.25 0.75

Salt Mud 0.4 0 0

Sardine Scraps 7.97 7.11 0

Sewage Sludge (Filter bed) 0.74 0.83 0.24

Shoddy & Felt 4 - 12 0 0

Shrimp Waste 2.87 9.95 0

Shrimp Meal 6 6 0

Silkworm Cocoons 9.42 1.82 1.08

Chimney Soot 0.5 - 11 1 0.35

Spanish Moss 0.6 0.1 0.55

Starfish 1.8 0.2 0.25

Sunflower Seed 2.25 1.25 0.79

Sweetpotato Skin (Boiled) (Ash) 0 3.29 13.89

Sweetpotato 0.25 0.1 0.5

Tanbark (Ash) 0 0.24 0.38

Tea Leaves (Grounds) 4.15 0.62 0.4

Tea-leaf Ash 0 1.6 0.44

Timothy Hay (Cat's tail) 1.25 0.55 1

Tobacco Leaves 4 0.5 6

Tobacco Stalks 3.7 0.65 4.5

Tobacco Stems 2.5 0.9 7

Tomato (Fruit) 0.2 0.07 0.35

Tomato (Leaves) 0.35 0.1 0.4

Tomato (Stalks) 0.35 0.1 0.5

Rabbit Manure 7 1.7 - 3.1 0

Wheat (Bran) 2.65 2.9 1.6

Wheat (Grain) 2 0.85 0.5

Wheat (Straw) 0.5 0.15 0.6

White Clover (Green) 0.5 0.2 0.3

White Sage (Ash) 0 0 13.77

Wood Ashes (Leached) 0 1 - 1.5 1-3

Wood Ashes (Unleached) 0 1-2 4 - 10

 Wool Waste 5-6 2-4 1-3

Insect Frass 3 2 3

(N. Davenport, NPK Value of everything organic, 10 January, 2019)

https://thenutrientcompany.com/blogs/horticulture/npk-value-of-everything-organic-
database?fbclid=IwAR0b63Mys0csxvuAGxxz4iojxjhbb8BqqM-8qUjv8DqduikMtnJqJUH33p8

II. Composting

● Compost is simply decayed organic matter — and "organic matter" is a pretty wide-
ranging label. A twig can be organic matter, but so can a banana peel. When you mix a
bunch of these items together in a compost pile, they break down naturally into a
nutrient-rich fertilizer that helps gardens grow.

(K. Hunt, What is Composting, 7 February, 2019)

https://www.greenmatters.com/food/2018/12/07/ZboPlt/what-is-composting

2.1. Areas of Composting must be Controlled

2.1.1. Feedstock and Nutrient Balance

 Composting, or controlled decomposition, requires a proper balance of “green” organic
materials and “brown” organic materials. “Green” organic material includes grass clippings, food
scraps, and manure, which contain large amounts of nitrogen. “Brown” organic materials
includes dry leaves, wood chips, and branches, which contain large amounts of carbon but little
nitrogen. Obtaining the right nutrient mix requires experimentation and patience. It is part of the
art and science of composting.

2.1.2. Particle Size

Grinding, chipping, and shredding materials increases the surface area on which
microorganisms can feed. Smaller particles also produce a more homogeneous compost
mixture and improve pile insulation to help maintain optimum temperatures (see below).
If the particles are too small, however, they might prevent air from flowing freely through
the pile.

2.1.3. Moisture Content

Microorganisms living in a compost pile need enough moisture to survive. Water is the
key element that helps transports substances within the compost pile and makes the
nutrients in organic material accessible to the microbes. Organic material contains some
moisture in varying amounts, but moisture also might come in the form of rainfall or
intentional watering.

2.1.4. Oxygen Flow

Turning the pile, placing the pile on a series of pipes, or including bulking agents such as
wood chips and shredded newspaper all help aerate the pile. Aerating the pile allows
decomposition to occur at a faster rate than anaerobic conditions. Care must be taken,
however, not to provide too much oxygen, which can dry out the pile and impede the
composting process.

2.1.5. Temperature

Microorganisms require a certain temperature range for optimal activity. Certain

temperatures promote rapid composting and destroy pathogens and weed seeds.
Microbial activity can raise the temperature of the pile’s core to at least 140° F. If the
temperature does not increase, anaerobic conditions (i.e., rotting) occur. Controlling the
previous four factors can bring about the proper temperature.
 (United States Environmental Protection Agency, Types of Composting and
Understanding Process, 29 August, 2016)
https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-
understanding-process

2.2. Types of Composting

2.2.1. Aerobic Composting

With aerobic composting, air is introduced to help break down materials quickly. The
compost needs to be turned every few days. This is where a “tumble” style of composter
can save a lot of time and effort. Add scraps, then turn the handle or spin the composter
to keep it aerated. You will probably want to add plenty of green matter that contains lots
of nitrogen, such as grass clippings. As the bacteria break down the high-nitrogen-content
scraps, the temperature of the compost will get higher. This speeds the process. Also,
moisture may need to be added from a hose or watering can. The odors from aerobic
composting will be bad if you don’t keep it moist and forget to turn it frequently. Also,
you need to leave lots of air space in the composter.

2.2.2. Anaerobic Composting

You can tell, just by looking at the word, that anaerobic is the opposite of aerobic.
Anaerobic composting takes almost no effort at all. Just chuck scraps into a compost pile
or composter, and don’t fuss with it for a year or more. However, hold your nose!
Anaerobic composting stinks to high heaven. Without oxygen, some pretty nasty bacteria
take over. This is what happens in a landfill, and it’s not healthy. Landfills produce so
much methane, they can actually have explosions. Methane is a greenhouse gas that is
bad for the environment. Many a garden party has been spoilt by a stinking, neglected
anaerobic composter.

2.2.3. Vermicomposting

Vermicomposting uses worms, oxygen and moisture to safely break down organic
material with few odors. Basically, worms do most of the heavy lifting, and bacteria also
helps. Red worms are favorites for this type of composting.
 (Uncle Jim, What are the Different Kinds of Composting, 22 February, 2016)
https://unclejimswormfarm.com/different-kinds-composting/

2.3. Environmental Impact of Composting

2.3.1. Improving Soil Quality

Compost plays an integral role in soil water retention when mixed with soil; it acts like a
sponge which retains water while also providing a firm grip for the plants? roots, hence
minimizing the amount of irrigation a crop needs, and even preventing leaching of
essential nutrients from the soil.

2.3.2. Reducing Waste in our Landfills

By composting organic wastes, the amount of methane generated from landfills is

reduced. This goes some way to reducing the impacts of greenhouse gases on our climate.

2.3.3. Minimizes the use of Chemicals on farmlands

Using compost as a source of nutrients for the plants reduces dependency on fertilizers.?
The reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers on croplands reduces the incidence of
water poisoning either from contaminated water leaching into lakes and oceans or
underground water reservation.

2.4. Composting Available in the Philippines

2.4.1. Rapid Composting Technology in the Philippines

Rapid composting technology involves inoculating the plant substrates used for
composting with cultures of Trichoderma harzianum, a cellulose decomposer fungus. The
fungus, grown in a medium of sawdust mixed with the leaves of ipil ipil, is called
compost fungus activator (CFA). There must be favorable conditions for the decay
process, such as adequate moisture, an appropriate initial C:N ratio of substrates, and
aeration. The composting period is shortened to just four weeks. The transfer of this
technology to Filipino farmers through a National Program is described. Constraints in
technology transfer, economic benefits from the use of compost processed through this
technology, and other benefits attributed to the technology are explained. Soil fertility
problems in the Philippines, and official fertilizer recommendations, are discussed,
together with how the use of compost processed through the rapid composting technology
might address these fertility problems.
 (L. Olivia, Rapid Composting Technology in the Philippines: Its Role in Producing
Good-Quality Organic Fertilizers, 5 December, 2016)
https://medium.com/@compostwindrow1/rapid-composting-technology-in-the-
philippines-its-role-in-producing-good-quality-organic-5f256c1c5fb

2.4.2. Composting in the Philippines

It deals specifically with technical (i.e., process of composting, scale of technology,

quality of compost) and financial-economic (i.e., marketing of compost and financial
feasibility) aspects of an existing composting enterprise in Sta. Maria, Bulacan, an
urbanizing municipality just north of Metro Manila. This study is part of the Urban Waste
Expertise Programme (UWEP) initiated by WASTE and funded by the Netherlands
Directorate General of International Cooperation.

(D. Lapid… etal., Composting in the Philippines, December 1996)

https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/LAPID%20et%20al%201996
%20Composting%20in%20Philippines.pdf

2.4.3. Bokashi Composting System in the Philippines

Bokashi composting is a composting process that most known for two things: being able
to break down kitchen scraps that regular composting cannot, and for being relatively
odorless when done correctly. The reason for this is because bokashi uses an anaerobic
process (no air) to break down organic kitchen waste into nutritious plant fertilizer. “In
the urban setting, it’s really hard to compost. Manila produces 75 tons of waste a year.
All of that goes straight to the dumpsite.

(Y. Tan, Bokashi is a Fuss-Free Composting System Perfect for the Urban Gardener, 16
November, 2017)

III. Biodigestion

● Biodigestion is a biological process that occurs when organic matter is decomposed by

bacteria in the absence of oxygen. As the bacteria decompose the organic matter, biogas
is released and captured. Biogas consists of approximately 60% methane and 40%
carbon dioxide. The remaining byproduct is called Digestate and is low in odor and rich
in nutrients.
 (R E. Putri, Biodigestion, 26 June, 2015)
https://www.studentenergy.org/topics/biodigestion

3.1. Importance of Biodigestion

3.1.1. Renewable Energy Generation

Biogas is produced throughout the anaerobic digestion process. Biogas is a renewable

energy source that can be used in a variety of ways. Communities and businesses across the
country use biogas to:

● Power engines, produce mechanical power, heat and/or electricity (including combined
heat and power systems)
● Fuel boilers and furnaces, heating digesters and other spaces
● Run alternative-fuel vehicles
● Supply homes and business through the natural gas pipeline
How biogas is used and how efficiently it’s used depends on its quality. Biogas is often
cleaned to remove carbon dioxide, water vapor and other trace contaminants. Removing these
compounds from biogas increases the energy value of the biogas.

3.1.2. Soil Health Benefits

Anaerobic digestion produces digestate, a nutrient-rich slurry. Digestate can be applied to

agricultural land as a fertilizer and/or soil amendment to improve soil health. Digestate
that is applied to land is subject to both state and federal regulations.

The practice of land application of digestate can improve the health of our soils. Soil benefits can
include:

● Increasing organic matter content;

● Reducing the need to apply chemical fertilizers and pesticides

● Improving plant growth

● Reducing soil erosion and nutrient runoff

 ● Alleviating soil compaction

● Helping increase the soil’s water retention ability, which reduces the need for irrigation

3.1.3. Methane Emission Reduction

Methane is created when organic materials decompose in oxygen-free environments like

landfills and manure lagoons. Anaerobic digestion systems capture methane and allow us
to use that methane in a beneficial way.
Capturing methane is important because methane is a potent greenhouse gas that
contributes to climate change if allowed to escape to the atmosphere.

3.1.4. Manure Management

Anaerobic digesters are used on livestock farms as part of an integrated manure

management approach providing farmers with additional options. These systems allow
farmers a way to:

● Reduce methane emissions from manure lagoons, stockpiles and storage ponds

● Minimize odors and pathogens

● Generate products for use on the farm, such as animal bedding and high quality fertilizer

● Reduce solids content

(United States Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Benefits of Anaerobic

Digestion, 7 September, 2017)
https://www.epa.gov/anaerobic-digestion/environmental-benefits-anaerobic-digestion-ad

3.2. Biodigestion Availability in the Philippines

3.2.1. Small-scale biogas production in the province of Pampanga, Philippines

Adoption of these digesters would have huge impact on the surrounding environment and
the water bodies stretching further. In Pampanga it is estimated that 140 tons of pig
manure from backyard farms being released every day. Levels of pathogens and
eutrophication would sink remarkably if digestate would be used as a fertilizer, leading to
better wildlife and water environments. It would have positive 38effects on human
health; reducing consequence of less contact with the raw pig manure and gas
emissions.Applying AD to the whole province could result in reusing 3 tones of N and
0.7 tones of Pas fertilizer.

(E. Trosgård, Small-scale biogas production in the province of Pampanga, Philippines, 18

August, 2015)
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:848293/FULLTEXT01.pdf

3.2.2. Anaerobic Digestion project planned in Philippines

This will see the development of an anaerobic digestion plant in the Philippines, to be
based in Lian Batangas. The plant will be the first biomethane plant in the country and
will produce biogas from organic waste, which in turn will be processed to generate
liquid biomethane to be utilised as a clean, renewable, carbon neutral, road transport fuel.

(Gazasia Ltd., Anaerobic digestion project planned in Philippines, 2 January, 2014)

http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/9864/anaerobic-digestion-project-planned-in-
philippines

3.2.3. Biogas production in barangay Libertad in Butuan City

The biogas production program is part of the BAI’s “Waste-to-Energy” project that
distributes information about biogas technology through interactive workshops, farmer’s
forums and construction of biogas digesters for technical demonstrations. The Caraga
region was the first area outside Luzon to avail of the project. (DA-Caraga/PIA Caraga)

(DA Caraga, There's money in excrement: A biogas success story, 27 February, 2019)
https://pia.gov.ph/features/articles/1018879

3.2.4. Implementing Biogas Technology Project in Malvar, Batangas, Philippines

In support of various legislations regarding the promotion of biogas technology and river
protection, Malvar government through MENRO constructed a biogas facility with 4
cubic meter digester and 6 cubic meter hydraulic pressure tank at Poblacion, Malvar,
Batangas. This is in collaboration with XANADU Cooperative through Mr. Guillermo
Maala, general manager. The cooperative provided the space(for pig pen)and number of
hogs and feeds (for the hogs) for this project. Though implementation is primarily the
function of the MENRO, maintenance is the basic function of the cooperative.
 (J. Mojares, Implementing Biogas Technology Project in Malvar, Batangas, Philippines,
23 October, 2015)
http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/APJMR-2015-3.4.3.21.pdf

IV. Collection

● Waste collection is the collection of solid waste from point of production (residential,
industrial commercial, institutional) to the point of treatment or disposal.

4.1. Municipal solid waste is collected in several ways

4.1.1. House-to-House

Waste collectors visit each individual house to collect garbage. The user generally pays a
fee for this service.

4.1.2. Community Bins

Users bring their garbage to community bins that are placed at fixed points in a
neighborhood or locality. MSW is picked up by the municipality, or its designate,
according to a set schedule.

4.1.3. Curbside Pick-up

Users leave their garbage directly outside their homes according to a garbage pick-up
schedule set with the local authorities (secondary house-to-house collectors not typical).

4.1.4. Self Delivered

Generators deliver the waste directly to disposal sites or transfer stations, or hire third-
party operators (or the municipality).

4.1.5. Contracted or Delegated Service

 Businesses hire firms (or municipality with municipal facilities) who arrange collection
schedules and charges with customers. Municipalities often license private operators and
may designate collection areas to encourage collection efficiencies.

(D. Hoornweg, ... P. Bhada-Tata, What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste
Management, March 2012)
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-
1334852610766/Chap4.pdf

Circuits:

● In terms of compost parameters, the temperatures at different points of the

compost pile are essential as they reflect different phases of the composting as
elaborated in the previous section. The ambient temperature and relative
humidity around the vicinity of the compost are also monitored as they may
affect the fluctuations of the compost temperature.
● Hence, this research focuses on real-time monitoring of the fundamental
parameters of the soil to improve composting efficiency using the application of
Internet-of-Things (IoT).

Siswoyo Jo, R., Lu, M., Raman, V., & HangHui Then, P. (2019). Design and Implementation of
IoT-enabled Compost Monitoring System. 2019 IEEE 9th Symposium on Computer
Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE).

● IOT is a shared Network of objects where these objects interact through

Internet. One of the important applications of IOT is Smart farming. Smart
Agriculture reduces wastage of water, fertilizers and increases the plant
quality using the identifying plant growth and plant disease.
● In biological studies, plant growth and plant disease are still evaluated
manually by human observations, which are time consuming and destructive.

Wedpathak, Ganesh & Pawar, Vaishali & Kadam, Swati & Thigale, Sandhya. (2019). IoT
Based Farming with Live Monitoring of Temperature, Soil Moisture, Weather Conditions
 through Image Processing Techniques.

● On the other hand, plants need a good quality soil to grow healthily,
however, there are several types of environmental situations that hinder
their growth, among them:
● Excessive solar radiation
● Lack of nutrients in soil
● Low humidity soil
● Pests

All these situations can lead to losses. For this reason, it is necessary to use
automatic systems that assist the farmer in the monitoring of his crops, in
order to obtain an increasing efficiency and consequently reduce the
occurrence of undesired situations.

(Rabelo, S.L., et al., 2018). Construction of soil moisture and irrigation IoT monitoring
system using Project Based Learning.

● Composting process is controlled from some parameter such as

temperature, moisture and oxygen content. As composting is a
microbiological aerobic process, temperature characterizes the
microorganisms’ activity in the different stages (mesophilic, thermophilic
etc).
● The system uses sensors to measure a set of parameters from the field and
transmits them to a data server through wireless communication.

Vrettos G., Kazamias G., & Lekkas D.F. (2017). Smart Compost Monitoring System using
Open Source Technologies. 15th International Conference on Environmental Science and
Technology.