PROJECT REPORT

MAKE OF COMPOST FROM KITCHEN WASTE & GARDEN

WASTE WITHOUT SMELL & LARGE INVESTMENT

SUBMITTED BY
Muhamad Shoaib Yousaf BSCT-01173040

Rahat Ahmad BSCT-01173142

Shahzad Alam BSCT-01173134

Armaghan Jahangir BSCT-01173049

Amir BSCT-01173004

Raza Gulfam BSCT-01173132

Tayyab BSCT-01173132

Zain-ul-Aba BSCT-01173128

SUBMITTED TO
Ma’am Hira

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY (Civil Devision)

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

6,December,2k19
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….1
2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES……………………………………………………………..1
3. SCOPE OF RESEARCH…………………………………………………………….…..2
4. MATERIALS USED……………………………...……………………………………..3
5. METHODOLOG………………………………………………………………………...4
6. CONCLUSION:………………………………………………………………………….6
7. REFERANCES:……………………………………………………………………….…6
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Compost…………………….……………………………………..…..................1
Figure 2. Materials………...………………………………………………...….…………....3
Figure 3. Garden Soil Layer……………………………………………………………4
Figure 4. Dry Leaves……………………………………………………………………...4
Figure 5. Egg Shells & Neam Leaves.………………………………………………………4
Figure 6. Kitchen Waste……………………………….……………………………………5
Figure 7. Garden Soil…………………………………………………………………….....5
Figure 8. Covered with plastic Sheet………………….………………...…………………....5

Figure 9. Manure…………………………………………………………………………….6
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Compost
The composting process is a complex interaction between the waste and the
microorganisms within the waste. The microorganisms that carry out this process fall
into three groups: bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are a form of fungi-
like bacteria that break down organic matter.

The first stage of the biological activity is the consumption of easily available sugars by
bacteria, which causes a fast rise in temperature. The second stage involves bacteria and
actinomycetes that cause cellulose breakdown. The last stage is concerned with the
breakdown of the tougher lignins by fungi.

Central solutions are exemplified by low-cost composting without forced aeration, and
technologically more advanced systems with forced aeration and temperature feedback.
Central composting plants are capable of handling more than 100,000 tons of biodegradable
waste per year, but typically the plant size is about 10,000 to 30,000 tons per year.

Biodegradable wastes must be separated prior to composting: Only pure food waste, garden
waste, wood chips, and to some extent paper are suitable for producing good-quality
compost.

Figure 1. Compost

2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Home composting has potential to divert a proportion of the biodegradable waste produced
by households from landfill disposal. However, HC is a voluntary occupation and requires
the active and sustained participation of a significant proportion of homeowners in the
community to impact waste diversion rates. Approximately 75 % of Local Authorities have
promoted HC by offering subsidised compost bins to homeowners, but the effectiveness of
HC at waste diversion is uncertain due to the major practical difficulties involved in
monitoring the process. Consequently, HC is not currently recognised as a performance
indicator by Government for assessing the rates of recycling achieved by local authorities.
Therefore, important questions remain about the role and contribution of HC as part of an
integrated approach to waste management. There is general guidance available on practical
aspects of HC operations (HDRA,1999), but a critical review of literature has identified a
lack of published scientific research on waste treatment and stabilization in small capacity
composting systems. Most research on HC has focussed on questionnaire-based surveys of
the general public
and local authority activities and is therefore of a general and qualitative nature (Burnley and
Parfitt, 2000). However, no robust data are available that specifically quantify the actual
effectiveness of this approach at diverting organic domestic solid waste from landfill under
UK conditions.

Imperial College established a research programme to obtain quantitative information on the

potential extent of waste diversion by HC in collaboration with Runnymede Borough Council
(RBC) with financial support from the Norlands Foundation through the Landfill Tax Credit
Scheme. A 2 year Home Composting Study was based on 3 refuse collection rounds in the
Chertsey, Thorpe and Hythe areas of the Borough of Runnymede. The principal objectives of
the study were to:

1. Assess the demographic and socio-economic factors that determine the participation
rate and potential extent of HC in the community;
2. Determine the contribution of HC to waste diversion from landfill in RBC;
3. Determine the key biological and chemical processes and management factors that
control the effectiveness of composting biodegradable garden and kitchen waste in
small compost bins;
4. Assess fruit fly population densities and their potential contribution to nuisance in the
vicinity of home compost bins;

5. Quantify the airborne release of Aspergillus fumigatus from home compost bins;

6. Assess the end-use of the

3. SCOPE OF RESEARCH

Composting is easy and natural process that takes remains of plants and your kitchen
and garden waste and turns it to nutrient rich food which help your plants grow and
shine. Apart from that it also enriches your garden soil which fuels plants growth.

Commonly used for Organic farming, Compost is organic materials that has been
collected together and decomposed. The mixture derived from it there after is used
primarily as a fertilizer for crops and for land correction.
Its free and helps you to recycle your kitchen waste and proves to be safe for the environment
as it reduces the large amount of garbage that is sent to landfills which pollutes the air.

Compost is nutritionally very good for plants and is thereby used in agriculture. It is used as a
fertilizer for the crops. It is also used in gardening and landscaping. Compost can also be used
as a land correction agent and for several other purposes like land fills, controlling soil
erosion, as a pesticide for the soil etc.

4. MATERIALS USED
 Terracotta Pot

 Clay

 Compost

 Egg Shell

 Dry Leaves

 Neam Leaves

 Kitchen Waste

Figure 2. Materials
5. METHODOLOGY
The methodology of anaerobic composting, the organic matter is decomposed in the absence
of air.
Firstly we take a terracotta pot then we collected waste such as Dry leaves, Egg shells, Neam
leaves & kitchen waste.
First layer in terracotta pot of garden soil (thickness is 1 inch)

Figure 3. Garden Soil Layer

Then dry leaves layer (1/2 inch) is a platform for growth of micro organisms which is better
for compost.

Figure 4. Dry Leaves

Then add the neam leaves & egg shells layers in the terracotta pot

Figure 5. Neam leaves & Egg Shells

Then add the layer of kitchen waste (thickness is 3 inch) & further 2 times repeated this
procedure in layers.

Figure 6. Kitchen Waste

At the end of we add the layer (thickness is 3 inch) of garden soil.

Figure 7. Garden Soil

Last step is covered with plastic sheet of the terracotta pot because it is making compost in
anaerobic condition & this process is take 30 to 35 days.

Figure 8. Cover With Plastic Sheet

6. CONCLUSION:
Mixtures of organic materials which are components of biodegradable waste were recycled
by decomposing them under a controlled environmental condition. However, thermal profile
and losses of organic matter were lower compared to other composting processes. At the end
of the decomposition process, a stabilized organic matter which can be used as fertilizer
supplement for horticulturists, landscapers, orchardists, farmers etc was obtained. This
stabilized organic matter can also be used to control soil erosion. As suggested by the high
variability of most important parameters of local composts suggests an urgent need for
developing local compost quality standards in order to assure a good quality for land
application, environmental and public health.
After 33 days material is converted into manure, land conditioner or compost

Figure 9. Manure

7. REFERANCES:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK2aeVv565I
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4U5DtohiN20