Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

Bayambang Campus
S.Y 2019-2020

A WRITTEN REPORT
IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE &
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION)

Submitted by;
Ramos , Blessie
Macaraeg , Ree-Jane
Iglesias , Donalyn
BPA I-4

Submitted to;
Ma’am Vilma Dilay
 GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

“Could global trade have evolved without a flow of information on markets,

prices, commodities, and more? Could empires have stretched across the world
without communication throughout their borders? Could religion, music, poetry,
film, fiction, cuisine, and fashion develop as they have without the intermingling of
media and cultures?” – Jack Lule

 Globalization - Is a process through which events, decisions, and activities in one

part of the world can come to have significant consequences for individuals and
communities in quite distant parts of the globe.
 MARTIN KHOR – the former president of the third world networks in Malaysia,
considers globalization as a form of colonization.

 Global media cultures - Explores the relationship between the media, culture
and globalization. The course approaches past and current challenges concerning
international communication and explores and problematizes the power of media
representation.

 MEDIA - Are communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or
data.
- Media - a means of conveying something, such as a channel of communication
(Lule)
- the technologies of mass communication

 CULTURE - Total way of life of particular groups of people.

It includes everything that a group of people thinks, say, does, and make.

 THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA - Rule describe media as a “a means of

conveying something, such as a channel of communication”
Is primarily to connect people it is a tool designed to connect people from all across
the globe.

 Evolution of Media and Globalization-

Lule (2014) gave five periods to study globalization and media:

I. ORAL COMMUNICATION
- Language developed around 1.75 million years ago and first consisted of
disorganized set of signs.
- Communication reached its formal, intentional format at 30,000 B.C.
- Man through language is not only confined within his territory but created
a cross-continental trade which created cities and later, civilization.

II. SCRIPT
- It is any particular system of writing; the written means of human
communication.
- The first writing ever recorded was in Summeria over 4,000 years ago.
- It was first done through wood carving, clay, bronze, copper, bones,
stones, and even tortoise shells.
III. PRINT (PRINTING PRESS)
- It was first invented in China during the Tang dynasty around 4th and 7th century
A.D.
- Johannes Gutenberg’s movable type printing press is introduced around 1439.
- Its discovery led to two important consequences:
a. It changed the very nature of knowledge. It preserved and standardized
knowledge.
b. It encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority because of
its ability to circulate different views.

IV. ELECTRONIC MEDIA

- It was introduced in the beginning of the 19th century.
- It requires electromagnetic energy/electricity to use.
- Telegraph (Samuel Morse)
- Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell)
- Radio and film
- Television, became the most powerful and universal mass media upon its invention
in 1920
- Cell phones, dominated the world upon its creation in 1973

V. DIGITAL MEDIA
- It refers to audio, video, and photo content that has been encoded (digitally
compressed).
- It covers the internet and mobile mass communication.
- Within the category of internet media, there are the e-mail, internet sites, social
media, and internet-based video and audio.

 FUNCTION - The understanding between of relation between media and

globalization should not be restricted to the differences of internet speed among
countries
 THE GLOBAL VILLAGE AND CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
- Global village – the world is considered as a single community linked by
telecommunications
- Global media has the tendency to homogenize culture.

- Media Globalization + American Imperialism

 CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
- promoting and imposing a culture usually of a politically powerful nation,
over a less powerful society

 MORE THAN CULTURAL IMPERIALISM: CONTRA-FLOWS AND

HYBRIDIZATION –
1. Cultural imperialism- as defined by anthropologist and sociologists, as “The
imposition by one the usually politically or economically dominant community of
various aspect of its own culture on to another non-dominant community”.
2. Contra-flows (counter flows)-is one of these movement dedicated toward
opposing the blind acceptance of foreign cultures.
3. Cultural hybridity, hybridization- this perspective highlights the interface of
globalization and localization as tradition and other cultural forms diffuse with the
mainstream.
 KEY FEATURES OF HYBRIDIZATION –
a. Mixing previously separate cultural systems, such as mixing elite art of opera
with popular music.
b. Deterritorialization of cultural processes form their original physical environment
to new foreign context.
c. Impure cultural genes that are formed out of the mixture of several cultural
domains.
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

WHAT IS RELIGION?
 the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal
God or gods.
 Religion may be defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices,
morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that
relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.
Religion
 There are many different religions, each with a different set of beliefs. ...
 Each religion has different ideas about these things. ...
 The largest religions are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism,
Sikhism, Judaism and Jainism.
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
 A process refers to a larger phenomenon that cannot simply be reduced to the ways
in which global market have been integrated.
 Is usually refers to the integration of the national market to a wide global market
signified by the increased free trade.
 Globalization refers to the historical process by which all the world's people
increasingly come to live in a single social unit. It implicates religion and religions in
several ways. From religious or theological perspectives, globalization calls forth
religious response and interpretation. Yet religion and religions have also played
important roles in bringing about and characterizing globalization.

 Secularization: The Apocalypse of religion

- Many thinkers became unsatisfied with religious and theological explanation of
human actions that early social scientists were invigorated to theorize rational
justifications for socially occurring phenomena. The minds and awareness of the
people are going too big to simply accept the theological stage of social
advancement and it tenents.
- This kind of philosophy advocating the use or reason rather than relying on the
supernatural and religious order began, together with similar developments in
other fields, gave birth to the Age of enlightenment.

• Prominent psychologists such as Sigmund Freud trained his student to view religion
as the “greatest of all neurotic illusions” and that its end would be upon the therapist’s
couch.
• According to Peter L. Berger, the core idea of secularization lies with the complete
understanding that “modernizations necessarily leads to a decline of religion, both is
society and the mind of individuals” – the dawdling death of religion.

• Rodney Stark- In his sociology of religion, there are five features of the imminent
death of religion following the rise of globalization.
a) Modernization is a causal engine dragging the Gods into retirement;
b) Secularization theory not only predicted the end of religion in terms of religious
institution as expressed in the separation of church and state and the decline of
authority of religious leaders, but also in the sphere of individual piety and
religiousness;
c) It is explicit that science has influenced mostly the death of religion in modern
secular society;
 d) Secularization is an unstoppable and irreversible social force;
e) Secularization as a process is not only limited to Christianity or Christendom,
but also to other world religions and the global world.

 Current state of religion in the globalized sphere

- The effect of globalization is farfetched stretching beyond boundaries,
influencing the various aspect of humanity including religion and people’s
beliefs.
- Scholars of the past emphasized and supported the tenents of secularizations,
however they came across academicians who would argue otherwise and that
religion would still endure despite the odds that is globalization.

 Three religious responses to globalization

1. Resurgence of religion in the global society
- Dissimilar to what was prophesized by secularists, religion continues to as a
significant factor influencing the daily lives of people around the globe.
- Religion endures and persists – It is not a dying institution as some would believe
- Berger – recognizes that although secularization movement are active in some
parts of the world, other areas are not as influenced by the movement.
- According to a research conducted in 44 countries in 2002, religion in USA is
regarded vital by 59 percent of the population. Similarly, in the continent of
Africa, 8 out of ten respondents believe that religion holds a dynamic position in
their daily lives.

2. Emergence of religious fundamentalism

 Religious fundamental movement are regarded with three essential factors.
– First, it is strongly founded on religious ideology, philosophy, goals and
leadership is grounded on religious beliefs and practices.
– Next, fundamentalism serves as a stronghold against the invasive cultural
dramatic changes brought about by globalization.
– Lastly. It [ fundamentalism] is a self-protective mechanism which seeks to
preserve or re-establish former social order and return to the traditional sources of
religious authority.
This is evident in the persistence, revival and rapid spreading of Orthodox
Judaism in Israel, Shinto in Japan, and Sikhism in India to mention a few
that is occurring at a transnational level.

3. New roles and identities of religion

- Religion and globalization have always have a stake with regard to notion of
struggles and conflict, one winning triumph over the other is some instances.
- The Vatican for one has successfully mediated conflicts in countries of north America
between protestants and catholic clergies.
- Religion is this globalized arena therefore cannot be considered as a passive,
apathetic by-stander patiently awaiting it demise.
- It actively influences how far and how deep globalization infiltrates cultures and
societies in the global sphere. Throughout the process it to gets influence and
experience change as it adopts the unescapable phenomenon called globalization.