1

Tension, Compression,
and Shear

Statics Review
Problem 1.2-1 Segments AB and BC of beam 136 N·m at joint B
ABC are pin connected a small distance to the 3m
right of joint B (see figure). Axial loads act at A A 220 N B C
and at mid-span of AB. A concentrated moment 440 N
is applied at joint B. 6m 3m
(a) Find reactions at supports A, B, and C. Pin
(b) Find internal stress resultants N, V, and x connection
M at x  4.5 m.

Solution 1.2-1
(a) APPLY LAWS OF STATICS
Fx  0 Cx  NA – N 2  220 N
1
FBD of BC: ©MB  0 Cy  (0)  0
L1
1
Entire FBD: ©MA  0 By  (MB)  22.667 N
L2
©Fy  0 Ay  By  22.667 N
Reactions are Ay  22.7 N By  22.7 N Cx  220 N Cy  0
(b) INTERNAL STRESS RESULTANTS N, V, AND M AT x  4.5 m
Use FBD of segment from A to x  4.5 m.
©Fx  0 Nx  NA  N2  220 N
©Fy  0 Vx  Ay  22.7 N
©M  0 Mx  Ay (4.5 m)  102 N # m

1
2 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear

Problem 1.2-2 Segments AB and BCD of beam ABCD are pin connected at x  4 m. The beam is supported by a sliding
support at A and roller supports at C and D (see figure). A triangularly distributed load with peak intensity of 80 N/m acts on
BC. A concentrated moment is applied at joint B.
(a) Find reactions at supports A, C, and D.
(b) Find internal stress resultants N, V, and M at x  5 m.
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for the case of the roller support at C replaced by a linear spring of stiffness ky  200 kN/m.

80 N/m 200 N.m at joint D

A C
C D
ky
4m B 4m 3m
x Pin
Part (c)
connection

Solution 1.2-2
(a) APPLY LAWS OF STATICS
©Fx  0 Ax  0
FBD of AB: ©MB  0 MA  0

c 200 N # m  (80 N/m) 4 m a b 4 m d  75.556 N

1 1 2
Entire FBD: ©MC  0 Dy 
3m 2 3

180 N/m2 4 m  Dy  235.556 N

1
©Fy  0 Cy 
2
Reactions are MA  0 Ax  0 Cy  236 N Dy  75.6 N
(b) INTERNAL STRESS RESULTANTS N, V, AND M AT x  5 m

180 N/m2  60 N/m.

3
Use FBD of segment from A to x  5 m; ordinate on triangular load at x  5 m is
4
©Fx  0 Nx  Ax  0
1
©Fy  0 V 3(80 N/m + 60 N/m) 1 m4  70 N V  70 N Upward
2

M  MA  (80 N/m) 1 m a 1 mb  (60 N/m) 1 m a 1 mb  36.667 N # m

1 2 1 1
©M  0
2 3 2 3
(break trapezoidal load into two triangular loads in moment expression)
M  36.7 N # m CW
(c) REPLACE ROLLER SUPPORT AT C WITH SPRING SUPPORT
Structure remains statically determinate so all results above in (a) and (b) are unchanged.
 SECTION 1.2 Statics Review 3

Problem 1.2-3 Consider the plane truss with 20 N 45 N

a pin support at joint 3 and a vertical roller
support at joint 5 (see figure). 4 5 6
5 6 7
8
(a) Find reactions at support joints 3 and 5.
(b) Find axial forces in truss members
11 and 13. 12
11
7 10 2m

13 9
8
60 N 1 2 3 3
4
1 2.5 m 2 2m 1m

Solution 1.2-3
(a) STATICS
©Fy 0 R3y 20 N 45 N 25 N
1
©M3 0 R5x (20 N * 2 m) 20 N
2m
©Fx 0 R3x R5x + 60 N 40 N
(b) MEMBER FORCES IN MEMBERS 11 and 13
Number of unknowns: m 13 r 3 m r 16
Number of equations: j 8 2j 16 so statically determinate

20 N 45 N TRUSS ANALYSIS
4 5 6 (1) FV  0 at joint 4 so F10  0
5 6 7
8 (2) FV  0 at joint 8 so F12  0
(3) FH  0 at joint 5 so F4  R5x  20 N
12
11
7 10 2 m (4) Cut vertically through 4, 11, 12, and 1;
use left FBD; sum moments about joint 2:
13 9 1
8 F11 V  1R  F42 so F11  0
2.5 m 5x
60 N 1 2 3 3
4 (5) Sum vertical forces at joint 3; F9  R3y
1 2.5 m 2 2m 1m
F9  25 N
Section cut for left FBD

(6) Sum vertical forces at joint 7: F13V  45 N – F9  20 N F13  12 F13V  28.3 N

4 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear

Problem 1.2-4 A space truss has three-dimensional pin supports at joints y

Cy
O, B, and C. Load P is applied at joint A and acts toward point Q. C(0, 4, 0)
Coordinates of all joints are given in meters (see figure). Cz Cx
(a) Find reaction force components Bx, Bz, and Oz.
(b) Find the axial force in truss member AC. O(0, 0, 0)
Ox Joint B
Oz
coordinates (m)
B(2, 0, 0)
(0, 0, 5) A
z Oy
P Bz Bx x
By
Q(4, 3, 5)

Solution 1.2-4
(a) FIND REACTIONS USING STATICS m 3 r 9 m r 12 j 4 3j 12
m r 3j so truss is statically determinate

4 0 rAQ 0.8 0.8 P 0 2

rAQ 3   rOA 0   eAQ
ƒ rAQ ƒ
0.6   PA P eAQ 0.6 P   rOC 4   rOB 0
P 0 Q P5Q P 0 Q P 0 Q P0Q P0Q

©M 0
Cx Bx 4 Cz + 3.0 P
MO rOA * PA + rOC * Cy + rOB * By 4.0 P 2 Bz so ©Mx 
0 gives Cz  3
P
PC Q PB Q P 2B 4 Cx Q
4
z z y
©My 
0 gives  Bz 2P
©F 0
Ox Bx Cx Bx + Cx + Ox + 0.8 P
RO PA + Oy + By + Cy B + Cy + Oy + 0.6 P
± y ≤
so ©Mz 
0 gives Oz  5
P
PO Q PB Q PC Q 5P
4
z z z
Oz +
4
METHOD OF JOINTS Joint O ©Fx 0 Ox 0  ©Fy 0  Oy 0
Joint B ©Fy 0  By 0
Joint C ©Fx 0  Cx 0
For entire structure: ©Fx 
0 gives Bx  0.8 P ©Fy 
0 Cy 0.6 P By Oy Cy 0.6 P
(b) FORCE IN MEMBER AC

242 + 52 3 241 ƒ P ƒ 3 241 3 241

©Fz 
0 at joint C: FAC
5
ƒ Cz ƒ
20
  FAC
20
P  tension  20
0.96
 SECTION 1.2 Statics Review 5

Problem 1.2-5 A stepped shaft ABC consisting of two solid, circular segments is subjected to torques T1 and T2 acting in
opposite directions, as shown in the figure. The larger segment of the shaft has a diameter of d1 58 mm and a length
L1 0.75 m; the smaller segment has a diameter
T1
d2 44 mm and a length L2 0.5 m. The torques
are T1 2400 N # m and T2 1130 N # m. d1 T2
d2
(a) Find reaction torque TA at support A. x
(b) Find the internal torque T(x) at two locations:
x L1/2 and x L1 L2/2. Show these internal B C
torques on properly drawn free-body diagrams A
(FBDs). L1 L2

Solution 1.2-5
(a) APPLY LAWS OF STATICS
©Mx 0 TA T1 T2 1270 N # m
(b) INTERNAL STRESS RESULTANT T AT TWO LOCATIONS
Cut shaft at midpoint between A and B at x L1/2 ©Mx 0  TAB TA 1270 N # m
(use left FBD).
Cut shaft at midpoint between B and C at x L1 L2/2 ©Mx 0  TBC T2 1130 N # m
(use right FBD).

Problem 1.2-6 A stepped shaft ABC consisting of two solid, circular segments is subjected to uniformly distributed torque
t1 acting over segment 1 and concentrated torque T2 applied at C, as shown in the figure. Segment 1 of the shaft has a diameter
of d1 57 mm and length of L1 0.75 m; segment 2
has a diameter d2 44 mm and length L2 0.5 m. t1
Torque intensity t1 3100 N # m/m and
T2
T2 1100 N # m .
d2
x
(a) Find reaction torque TA at support A.
(b) Find the internal torque T(x) at two locations: B C
x L1/2 and x L1 L2/2. Show these internal A
d1
torques on properly drawn free-body diagrams L1 L2
(FBDs).

Solution 1.2-6
(a) REACTION TORQUE AT A L1 0.75 m L2 0.75 m  t1 3100 N # m/m  T2 1100 N # m

Statics: ©Mx 0  TA t1 L1 + T2 1225 N # m  TA 1225 N # m

(b) INTERNAL TORSIONAL MOMENTS AT TWO LOCATIONS

62.5 N # m
L1
Cut shaft between A and B T1(x) TA t1 x  T1 a
2
b
(use left FBD).

1100 N # m
L2
Cut shaft between B and C T2(x) TA t1 L1  T2 a L1 +
2
b
(use left FBD).
6 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear

Problem 1.2-7 A plane frame is restrained at joints A and C, as shown in 680 N·m at joint C
the figure. Members AB and BC are pin connected at B. A triangularly Pin
distributed lateral load with a peak intensity of 1300 N/m acts on AB. connection C
1300 N/m
A concentrated moment is applied at joint C.
B 2.75 m
(a) Find reactions at supports A and C.
(b) Find internal stress resultants N, V, and M at x 1.0 m on column AB.

3.70 m

Solution 1.2-7
(a) STATICS
1 N
©FH 0 Ax a1300 b3.70 m 2405 N
2 m
©FV 0 Ay + Cy 0
680 N # m
©MFBDBC 0 Cy 247 N Ay Cy 247 N
2.75 m

680 N # m + 5932 N # m
1 N 2
©MA 0 MA a1300 b 3.70 ma 3.70 mb Cy 2.75 m
2 m 3
Ax 2405 N Ay 247 N MA 5932 N # m Cy 247 N ;

(b) INTERNAL STRESS RESULTANTS

N
Nx Ay 247 N M
V
1 1.0 N
Vx Ax a 1300 b1.0 m 2229 N
2 3.70 m
x
3586 N # m
1 1.0 N 1 x = 1.0 m
Mx MA Ax1.0 m a 1300 b 1.0 ma 1.0 mb
2 3.70 m 3 A
Nx 247 N Vx 2229 N Mx 3586 N # m ;
 SECTION 1.2 Statics Review 7

Problem 1.2-8 A plane frame with pin supports at A and E has a cable attached at C, which runs over a frictionless pulley
at F (see figure). The cable force is known to be 2.25 kN.
(a) Find reactions at supports A and E.
(b) Find internal stress resultants, N, V, and M at point H.

D E

150 mm 150 mm
240 mm

C Cable

F
H
360 mm
y
180 mm
2.25 kN
150 mm B 750 mm G
A
x

Solution 1.2-8
(a) STATICS
©Fx 0 Ex 0
1
©ME 0 Ay [ 2250 N(750 mm)] 5625 N
300 mm
©Fy 0 Ey 2250 N Ay 7875 N

Ay 5625 N Ex 0 Ey 7875 N ;

(b) USE UPPER (SEE FIGURE BELOW) OR LOWER FBD TO FIND STRESS RESULTANTS N, V, AND M AT H
D E ©Fx 0 Vx Ex + 2250 N 2250 N

150 mm
©Fy 0 Nx Ey 7875 N
240 mm

©MH 0
MH (180 mm)(2250 N) Ex(180 mm + 240 mm) + Ey(150 mm)
2.25 kN
776 N # m
180 mm

C Cable
Nx 7875 N Vx 2250 N Mx 776 N # m ;
H
V
N
M
8 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear

Problem 1.2-9 A special vehicle brake is clamped at O, (when the brake force P1 is z
applied—see figure). Force P1 220 N and lies in a plane which is parallel to the xz
plane and is applied at C normal to line BC. Force P2 180 N and is applied at B in
the y direction. x
(a) Find reactions at support O. 178 mm
(b) Find internal stress resultants N, V, T, and M at the midpoint of segment OA. O
A
y
y'
150 mm
B
P2

15°
200 mm

C P1

15°
x

Solution 1.2-9
(a) STATICS P1 220 N P2 180 N
©Fx 0 Ox P1 cos(15 ) 212.5 N ©Fy 0 Oy P2 180 N
©Fz 0 Oz P1 sin(15 ) 56.94 N
©Mx 0 MOx P2 150 mm + P1 sin(15 )(178 mm) 37.1 N # m
©My 0 MOy P1 sin(15 )(200 mm sin(15 )) + P1 cos(15 )(150 mm + 200 mm cos(15 ))
MOy 75.9 N # m
©Mz 0 MOz P1 cos(15 )(178 mm) 37.8 N # m
Ox 213 N Oy 180 N Oz 56.9 N
MOx 37.1 N # m MOy 75.9 N # m MOz 37.8 N # m ;
(b) INTERNAL STRESS RESULTANTS AT MIDPOINT OF OA
Nx Oy 180 N
Vx Ox 212.5 N Vz Oz 56.9 N Vres 2V2x + V2z 220 N
Tx MOy 75.9 N # m
Mx MOx 37.1 N # m Mz MOz 37.8 N # m Mres 2M2x + M2z 53 N # m
Nx 180 N Vres 220 N
Tx 75.9 N # m Mres 53 N # m ;
 SECTION 1.3 Normal Stress and Strain 9

Normal Stress and Strain

P1
Problem 1.3-1 A hollow circular post ABC (see figure) supports a load
p1  7.5 KN acting at the top. A second load P2 is uniformly distributed A
around the cap plate at B. The diameters and thicknesses of the upper and tAB
lower parts of the post are dAB  32 mm, tAB  12 mm, dBC  57 mm, and dAB
tBC  9 mm, respectively. P2
(a) Calculate the normal stress AB in the upper part of the post.
(b) If it is desired that the lower part of the post have the same
B
compressive stress as the upper part, what should be the magnitude
of the load P2?
dBC
(c) If P1 remains at 7.5 kN and P2 is now set at 10 kN, what new
thickness of BC will result in the same compressive stress in both
tBC
parts?

Solution 1.3-1
PART (a) PART (b)
P1  75 kN dAB  32 mm tAB  12 mm p[dBC2  1dBC  2tBC22]
ABC 
dBC  57 mm tBC  9 mm 4
3
p [ dAB2  (dAB  2 tAB)2] ABC  1.357  10 m2 P2  sAB ABC  P1
AAB 
4 P2  6 kN ;
P1 P1 + P2
AAB  7.54  104 m2 sAB  CHECK:  9.947 * 106 Pa
AAB ABC
sAB  9.95 MPa ;

PART (c) 4 P1 + P2
P1 + P2 dBC  d2BC  a b
P2  10 kN  ABC B p s AB
sAB tBC 
2
(dBC  2tBC)2
tBC  12.62 mm ;
4 P1 + P2
 dBC 2
 a b
p sAB
4 P1 + P2
dBC  2tBC  d2BC  a b
B p sAB
10 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear

Problem 1.3-2 A force P of 70 N is applied by Brake cable, L = 460 mm Hand brake pivot A
a rider to the front hand brake of a bicycle (P is
the resultant of an evenly distributed pressure). As
the hand brake pivots at A, a tension T develops in
the 460-mm long brake cable (Ae  1.075 mm2)
which elongates by d  0.214 mm. Find normal 37.5 mm A
stress s and strain  in the brake cable. T
P (Resultant
of distributed
pressure)
50
mm

100 Uniform hand

mm
brake pressure

Solution 1.3-2
P  70 N Ae  1.075 mm2
L  460 mm d  0.214 mm
Statics: sum moments about A to get T  2P
T 106
s  ©MA s 0 103.2
RB MPa T ;RB 848 N ; much more effective
Ae 25
d
␴pad 2.12 ;
 ␴ B 4.65 * 104
R
L pad MPa ;
Apad
s
E(b)  1.4IN*BRAKE
 STRESS 105 MPaCABLES

T
␴cable ␴cable 185.7 MPa o same for both brake systems
NOTE: (E for Acables
cable is approximately 140 GPa.)

Problem 1.3-3 A circular aluminum tube of length L 420 mm is loaded in compression by forces P (see figure). The
hollow segment of length L/3 has outside and inside diameters of 60 mm and 35 mm, respectively. The solid segment of
length 2L/3 has diameter of 60 mm. A strain gage is placed on the outside of the hollow segment of the bar to measure
normal strains in the longitudinal direction.
(a) If the measured strain in the hollow segment is h 470 * 10 6, what is the strain s in the solid part? (Hint: The
strain in the solid segment is equal to that in the hollow
segment multiplied by the ratio of the area of the hollow to L/3
Strain gage
that of the solid segment).
P P
(b) What is the overall shortening ␦ of the bar?
(c) If the compressive stress in the bar cannot exceed 48 MPa,
what is the maximum permissible value of load P? L = 420 mm
 SECTION 1.3 Normal Stress and Strain 11

Solution 1.3-3

L 420 mm  d2 60 mm  d1 35 mm  h 470 110 62  ␴a 48 MPa

PART (a)
␲ 2 ␲
As d 2.827 * 10 3m2 Ah ad 2 d1 2 b 1.865 * 10 3
m2
4 2 4 2
Ah
h h 3.101 * 10 4
As
PART (b)

␦ h
L
3
+ sa
2L
3
b 0.1526 mm  h
L
3
0.066 mm  sa
2L
3
b 0.087 mm

PART (c)
Pmaxh ␴a Ah 89.535 kN  Pmaxs ␴a As 135.717 kN  6 lesser value controls
Pmax Pmaxh 89.5 kN

Problem 1.3-4 A long retaining wall is braced by wood shores Soil Retaining
set at an angle of 30° and supported by concrete thrust blocks, wall
as shown in the first part of the figure. The shores are evenly Concrete
spaced, 3 m apart. Shore thrust B
For analysis purposes, the wall and shores are idealized block
as shown in the second part of the figure. Note that the base F
30 30
of the wall and both ends of the shores are assumed to be 1.5 m C
pinned. The pressure of the soil against the wall is assumed
A 0.5 m
to be triangularly distributed, and the resultant force acting
on a 3-meter length of the wall is F 190 kN. 4.0 m
If each shore has a 150 mm 150 mm square cross
section, what is the compressive stress ␴c in the shores?

Solution 1.3-4 Retaining wall braced by wood shores

F 190 kN
A area of one shore
A (150 mm)(150 mm)
22,500 mm2
0.0225 m2
SUMMATION OF MOMENTS ABOUT POINT A
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF WALL AND SHORE
MA 0
F(1.5 m) CV (4.0 m) CH (0.5 m) 0
or
(190 kN)(1.5 m) C(sin 30°)(4.0 m)
C(cos 30°)(0.5 m) 0
C 117.14 kN
C compressive force in wood shore COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN THE SHORES
CH horizontal component of C C 117.14 kN
CV vertical component of C ␴c
A 0.0225 m2
CH C cos 30° 5.21 MPa  ;
CV C sin 30°
12 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear

Problem 1.3-5 A pickup truck tailgate supports a crate

(WC 900 N), as shown in the figure. The tailgate weighs
WT 270 N and is supported by two cables (only one is
shown in the figure). Each cable has an effective cross- WC = 900 N
sectional area Ae 11 mm2. dc = 450 mm F = 450 N

H = 300 mm
Ca

h = 275 mm
(a) Find the tensile force T and normal stress in each ble
cable.
(b) If each cable elongates 0.42 mm due to the Crate
weight of both the crate and the tailgate, what is the
average strain in the cable?

Tail gate
Truck
dT = 350 mm
WT = 270 N

L = 400 mm

Solution 1.3-5
Fh 450 N h 275 mm T 2Tv2 + Th2 T 1.298 kN ;
Wc 900 N T
(a) ␴cable ␴cable 118.0 MPa ;
2 Ac
Ac 11 mm
WT 270 N ␦
(b) cable cable 8.4 * 10 4
;
Lc
␦ 0.42 mm
dc 450 mm
dT 350 mm
H 300 mm
L 400 mm
Le 2L2 + H2 Lc 0.5 m
©Mhinge 0 2 Tv L Wc d c + WT d T + Fh h
Wc dc + WT dT + Fhh
Tv Tv 779.063 N
2L
L
Th T Th 1.039 * 103 N
H v
 SECTION 1.4 Mecanical Properties and Stress-Strain Diagrams 13

Mechanical Properties and Stress-Strain Diagrams

Problem 1.4-1 Imagine that a long steel wire hangs vertically from a high-altitude balloon.
(a) What is the greatest length (meters) it can have without yielding if the steel yields at 260 MPa?
(b) If the same wire hangs from a ship at sea, what is the greatest length? (Obtain the weight densities of steel and sea
water from Table H-1, Appendix H.)

Solution 1.4-1

W  total weight of steel wire (b) WIRE HANGING IN SEA WATER

gS  weight density of steel
F  tensile force at top of wire
gS  77 kN/m3
F
gw  weight density of sea water F  A gS  gW B AL sy   A gS  gW B L
A
gw  10 kN/m3
sy
A  cross-sectional area of wire Lmax 
gS  gW
smax  260 MPa
 3881 m hanging from ship at sea
(a) WIRE HANGING IN AIR
W  gS AL
W
sy   gS L
A
sy
Lmax   3377 m hanging from balloon
gS
14 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear

Problem 1.4-2 Steel riser pipe hangs from a drill rig located offshore
in deep water (see figure).
(a) What is the greatest length (meters) it can have without
breaking if the pipe is suspended in air and the ultimate strength
(or breaking strength) is 550 MPa?
(b) If the same riser pipe hangs from a drill rig at sea, what is the
greatest length? (Obtain the weight densities of steel and sea
water from Appendix H, Table H-1. Neglect the effect of buoyant
foam casings on the pipe.)

Riser

3 BOP

Drill pipe

Solution 1.4-2
(a) PIPE SUSPENDED IN AIR (b) PIPE SUSPENDED IN SEA WATER
sU  550 MPa gw  10 kN/m3
gs  77 kN/m3 Force at top of pipe: F  A gs  gw B AL
W  gs AL Stress at top of pipe:
sU F
Lmax   7143 m smax  smax  A gs  gw B L
gs A
Set max stress equal to ultimate and then solve for
Lmax:
sU
Lmax   8209 m
A gs  gw B
 SECTION 1.5 Elasticity, Plasticity, and Creep 15

Elasticity, Plasticity, and Creep

s (MPa)
Problem 1.5-1 A bar made of structural steel having the stress- 420
strain diagram shown in the figure has a length of 1.5 m. The yield
stress of the steel is 290 MPa and the slope of the initial linear part
of the stress-strain curve (modulus of elasticity) is 207 GPa. The 280
bar is loaded axially until it elongates 7.6 mm, and then the load is
removed.
140
How does the final length of the bar compare with its original
length? (Hint: Use the concepts illustrated in Fig. 1-18b.)
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006
ε

Solution 1.5-1 Steel bar in tension

ELASTIC RECOVERY E I R

From ␴ diagram,
␴YP 290 MPa
E 0.00140
Slope 207 GPa
RESIDUAL STRAIN
εE ε
R 1 E 0.0057 0.00140
εR ε1
0.00367
L 1.5 m 1500 mm PERMANENT SET
Yield stress ␴Y 290 MPa RL (0.00367)(1500 mm)
Slope 207 GPa 5.5 mm
␦ 7.6 mm Final length of bar is 5.5 mm greater than the original
␦ 7.6 mm
0.00507
length.  ;
1
L 1500 mm
16 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear

Problem 1.5-2 A circular bar of magnesium alloy is 750 mm long. The stress-strain diagram for the material is shown in
the figure. The bar is loaded in tension to an elongation of 6.0 mm, and then the load is removed.
(a) What is the permanent set of the bar?
(b) If the bar is reloaded, what is the proportional limit? (Hint: Use the concepts illustrated in Figs. 1-36b and 1-37.)

Solution 1.5-2 70

NUMERICAL DATA L 750 mm  ␦ 6 mm

63
56
␣
Et 1 2  Et 102
d 49
41,000 MPa
d 1 + ␤ sSI (e) 42
(or 41 GPa 7 magnesium alloy) 35
28
␦
B
L
8 * 10 3
 ␴B 65.6 MPa 6 from curve 21
14
(see figure)
E 0.0023  6 elastic recovery (see figure)
7
0

R B E 5.7 * 10 
3
6 residual strain
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
e
(a) PERMANENT SET 70

␦pset RL 4.275  ␦pset 4.28 mm 63

56
(b) PROPORTIONAL LIMIT WHEN RELOADED
49
␴B 65.6 MPa
sSI (e) 42
35
28
21
14
7
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
e
Residual strain
= 0.0057 Elastic recovery
= 0.008 – 0.0057 = 0.0023
 SECTION 1.6 Linear Elasticity, Hooke’s Law, and Poisson’s Ratio 17

Linear Elasticity, Hooke’s Law, and Poisson’s Ratio

When solving the problems for Section 1.6, assume that the material behaves
linearly elastically. d
Problem 1.6-1 A high-strength steel bar used in a large crane has diameter P P
d 50 mm (see figure). The steel has modulus of elasticity E 200 GPa and
Poisson’s ratio 0.3. Because of clearance requirements, the diameter of
the bar is limited to 50.025 mm when it is compressed by axial forces.
What is the largest compressive load Pmax that is permitted?

Solution 1.6-1 Steel bar in compression

STEEL BAR AXIAL STRESS
E 200 GPa max. d 0.025 mm
d 50 mm v 0.3
␴ Ee
E¢d
vd
 (compressive stress)

LATERAL STRAIN MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE LOAD

¢d EA¢d
¿ (increase in diameter) P ␴A
d nd
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
AXIAL STRAIN
(200 GPa)(␲/4)(50 mm)(0.025 mm)
¿ ¢d
v vd
 (decrease in length)
P
(0.3)(50 mm)

Assume Hooke’s law is valid for the material.


654 kN  ;

Problem 1.6-2 A round bar of 10 mm diameter is made of aluminum

alloy 7075-T6 (see figure). When the bar is stretched by axial forces P, d = 10 mm
P P
its diameter decreases by 0.016 mm.
Find the magnitude of the load P. (Obtain the material properties 7075-T6
from Appendix H.)

Solution 1.6-2 Aluminum bar in tension

d 10 mm d 0.016 mm AXIAL STRESS
(Decrease in diameter) ␴ E (72 GPa)(0.004848)
7075-T6 349.1 MPa (Tension)
From Table H-2: E 72 GPa v 0.33 Because ␴ ␴Y, Hooke’s law is valid.
From Table H-3: Yield stress ␴Y 480 MPa LOAD P (TENSILE FORCE)
␲
LATERAL STRAIN P ␴A (349.1 MPa)a b(10 mm)2
4
¢d 0.016 mm
¿
d 10 mm
0.0016 27.4 kN  ; 
AXIAL STRAIN
¿ 0.0016
v 0.33
0.004848 (Elongation)
18 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear SECTION 1.5 Linear Elasticity, Hooke’s Law, and Poisson’s Ratio 18

Problem 1.6-3 A polyethylene bar having diameter d1 70 mm is placed inside Steel

a steel tube having inner diameter d2 70.2 mm (see figure). The polyethylene bar tube
is then compressed by an axial force P.
At what value of the force P will the space between the polyethylene bar and d1 d2
the steel tube be closed? (For polyethylene, assume E 1.4 GPa and 0.4.)
Polyethylene
bar

Solution 1.6-3
NUMERICAL DATA NORMAL STRAIN
d1 70 mm d2 70.2 mm E 1.4 GPa ¿ 6.25 * 10 3
1 1
0.4 ¢d1 d2 d1
␲ 2 ␲ 2 AXIAL STRESS
A1 d A2 d
4 1 4 2 ␴1 E ␴1 8.75 * 106 Pa
1
A1 3.848 * 10 m
3 2

COMPRESSION FORCE
A2 3.87 * 10 3
m2
P EA1 1

LATERAL STRAIN P 33.7 kN  ; 

¢d1 0.01 œ
¿ ¿ 2.5 * 10 3
d1 4

Shear Stress and Strain

Problem 1.7-1 An angle bracket having thickness t 19 mm is attached to the flange of a column by two 16 mm
diameter bolts (see figure). A uniformly distributed load from a floor joist acts on the top face of the bracket with a pressure
p 1.9 MPa. The top face of the bracket has length L 200 mm and width b 75 mm.
Determine the average bearing pressure b between the angle bracket and the bolts and the average shear stress aver in
the bolts. (Disregard friction between the bracket and the column.)

p Distributed pressure on angle bracket

b
Floor slab

Floor joist
L

Angle bracket
Angle bracket

t
 SECTION 1.7 Shear Stress and Strain 19

Solution 1.7-1
NUMERICAL DATA BEARING STRESS
t 19 mm L 200 mm ␴b
F
2Ab
␴b 
46.9 MPa  ;
b 75 mm p 1.9 MPa d 16 mm
SHEAR STRESS
BEARING FORCE
F pbL F 2.85 * 104 N ␶ave
F
2AS
␶ave 
70.9 MPa  ;
SHEAR AND BEARING AREAS
␲ 2
AS d AS 2.011 * 10 4
m2
4
Ab dt Ab 3.04 * 10 4
m2

Roof structure
Problem 1.7-2 Truss members supporting a roof are con-
nected to a 26-mm-thick gusset plate by a 22-mm diameter
pin as shown in the figure and photo. The two end plates on Truss
the truss members are each 14 mm thick. member
(a) If the load P 80 kN, what is the largest bearing
stress acting on the pin?
(b) If the ultimate shear stress for the pin is 190 MPa, what
force Pult is required to cause the pin to fail in shear? P
End P
(Disregard friction between the plates.) plates
Pin t = 14 mm
Gusset
plate 26 mm

Solution 1.7-2
NUMERICAL DATA (b) ULTIMATE FORCE IN SHEAR
tep 14 mm Cross-sectional area of pin:
tgp 26 mm ␲ d2p
Ap
P 80 kN 4
dp 22 mm
Ap 380.133 mm2
␶ult 190 MPa

(a) BEARING STRESS ON PIN

Pult 2␶ultAp Pult 144.4 kN  ; 
P
␴b gusset plate is thinner than
dptgp
(2tep) so gusset plate controls

␴b 139.9 MPa  ; 
20 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear SECTION 1.6 Shear Stress and Strain 20

b
Problem 1.7-3 An elastomeric bearing pad consisting of two steel
plates bonded to a chloroprene elastomer (an artificial rubber) is a
subjected to a shear force V during a static loading test (see figure). V
The pad has dimensions a 125 mm and b 240 mm, and the elas-
tomer has thickness t 50 mm. When the force V equals 12 kN, the
top plate is found to have displaced laterally 8.0 mm with respect to t
the bottom plate.
What is the shear modulus of elasticity G of the chloroprene?

Solution 1.7-3
d = 8.0 mm
NUMERICAL DATA
V
V 12 kN a 125 mm
b 240 mm t 50 mm d 8 mm g
t = 50 mm

AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

V b = 250 mm
␶ave ␶ave 0.4 MPa
ab ␶ave
SHEAR MODULUS G G
d ␥ave
AVERAGE SHEAR STRAIN ␥ave ␥ave 0.16
t G 2.5 MPa  ; 

y
Problem 1.7-4 A single steel strut AB with diameter h = 660 mm
ds 8 mm supports the vehicle engine hood of mass 20 kg,
which pivots about hinges at C and D [see figures (a) and (b)]. W hc = 490 mm
The strut is bent into a loop at its end and then attached to a
bolt at A with diameter db 10 mm. Strut AB lies in a vertical B C
plane.
(a) Find the strut force Fs and average normal stress ␴ in the
strut. 45
(b) Find the average shear stress ␶aver in the bolt at A. C
(c) Find the average bearing stress ␴b on the bolt at A. x
30 D
A

(a)

b = 254 mm c = 506 mm
y
a = 760 mm
d = 150 mm
B
Hood C
H = 1041 mm

h = 660 mm
W Fs
D
C z
Hinge Strut
ds = 8 mm
A

(b)
 SECTION 1.7 Shear Stress and Strain 21

Solution 1.7-4
NUMERICAL DATA c d
Fsz Fs
ds 8 mm db 10 mm m 20 kg 2H + (c 2
d)2
a 760 mm b 254 mm where
c 506 mm d 150 mm H
0.946
h 660 mm hc 490 mm 2H + (c
2
d)2
␲ ␲
h atana30 b + tan a45 bb
c d
H 0.324
180 180 2H + (c
2
d)2
H 1041 mm
(a) FIND THE STRUT FORCE FS AND AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS
W m (9.81 m/s2) W 196.2 N ␴ IN THE STRUT
a + b + c W hc
760 mm MlineDC 0 Fsy
2 h
VECTOR rAB Fsy 145.664
Fsy
rAB
0
H rAB
0
1.041 * 103
Fs
H
Fs 
153.9 N  ;
Pc dQ P Q
356 2H2 + (c d)2
UNIT VECTOR eAB ␲ 2
Astrut d Astrut 50.265 mm2
0 4 s
rAB
ƒ eAB ƒ Fs
eAB
rAB
eAB 0.946
P 0.324 Q
1
␴
Astrut
␴ 3.06 MPa   ;

(b) FIND THE AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS ␶ave IN THE

0 0 BOLT AT A
W W  W 196.2
P 0 Q P 0 Q db 10 mm
␲ 2
As d As 78.54 mm2
hc 490 4 b
rDC hc rDC 490
Fs
Pb + cQ P 760 Q ␶ave
As
␶ave 1.96 MPa  ; 
MD MD rDB Fs eAB W rDC (c) FIND THE BEARING STRESS ␴b ON THE BOLT AT A
Ab ds db Ab 80 mm2
(ignore force at hinge C since it will vanish with
moment about line DC) Fs
H
␴b
Ab
␴b 1.924 MPa  ; 
Fsx 0 Fsy Fs
2H 2 + (c d)2
22 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear SECTION 1.7 Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads 22

Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads

Problem 1.8-1 A bar of solid circular cross section is loaded in

tension by forces P (see figure). The bar has length L 380 mm
and diameter d 6 mm. The material is a magnesium alloy having
modulus of elasticity E 42.7 GPa. The allowable stress in tension
is allow 89.6 GPa, and the elongation of the bar must not exceed
0.08 mm.
What is the allowable value of the forces P?

Solution 1.8-1 Magnesium bar in tension

MAXIMUM STRESS BASED UPON ELONGATION
␴max E max (44,850 MPa)(0.00200)
89.7 MPa
MAXIMUM STRESS BASED UPON ELONGATION
L 380 mm d 6 mm ␴allow 89.6 MPa

E 42.7 GPa ELONGATION GOVERNS

␲
(89.7 MPa)a b (6 mm)2
␴allow 89.6 MPa ␦ max 0.8 mm
Pallow ␴maxA
4
␦max 0.8 mm
max
L 380 mm
0.002 
2.53 kN  ;

Problem 1.8-2 A torque T0 is transmitted between two flanged T0

shafts by means of ten 20-mm bolts (see figure and photo). The d
diameter of the bolt circle is d 250 mm.
If the allowable shear stress in the bolts is 90 MPa, what is the
maximum permissible torque? (Disregard friction between the T0
flanges.)

T0
 SECTION 1.8 Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads 23

Solution 1.8-2 Shafts with flanges

NUMERICAL DATA MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TORQUE

␶a As a r b
r 10 d 250 mm d
Tmax
^ bolts ^ flange 2
As ␲r 2 Tmax 3.338 * 107 N # mm
As 314.159 m2 Tmax 33.4 kN # m  ;
␶a 85 MPa

Problem 1.8-3 A tie-down on the deck of a sailboat consists of a bent bar bolted
at both ends, as shown in the figure. The diameter dB of the bar is 6 mm, the
diameter dW of the washers is 22 mm, and the thickness t of the fiberglass deck P
is 10 mm.
If the allowable shear stress in the fiberglass is 2.1 MPa, and the allowable
bearing pressure between the washer and the fiberglass is 3.8 MPa, what is the
allowable load Pallow on the tie-down?

dB dB

t
dW dW

Solution 1.8-3 Bolts through fiberglass

dB 6 mm P1 2(1451 N)
dW 22 mm P1 2902 N
t 10 mm ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON BEARING PRESSURE
␴b 3.8 MPa
␲ 2
Bearing area Ab 1d dB22
4 W
␲
(3.8 MPa)a b [(22 mm)2
ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS P2
IN FIBERGLASS
␴bAb (6 mm)2]
2 4
␶allow 2.1 MPa 1337 N
Shear area As ␲dWt P2 2(1337 N)
P1 P2 2674 N
␶allow As ␶allow(␲dWt)
2 ALLOWABLE LOAD
(2.1 MPa)(␲)(22 mm)(10 mm)
Bearing pressure governs.
1451 N
Pallow 2.67 kN  ; 
24 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear SECTION 1.7 Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads 24

Problem 1.8-4 A solid bar of circular cross section

(diameter d) has a hole of diameter d/5 drilled laterally through d d/5
P P d/5
the center of the bar (see figure). The allowable average tensile
stress on the net cross section of the bar is allow.
d
(a) Obtain a formula for the allowable load Pallow that the bar
can carry in tension.
(b) Calculate the value of Pallow if the bar is made of brass
with diameter d 45 mm and allow 83 MPa.
(Hint: Use the formulas of Case 15, Appendix D.)

Solution 1.8-4
NUMERICAL DATA
␴a c d a arccosa b 16b d
1 2 1 2
Pa
d 45 mm ␴a 83 MPa 2 5 25

arccosa b
(a) FORMULA FOR Pallow IN TENSION 1 2
16
5 25
From Case 15, Appendix D: 0.587
2
2r2 aa b 
ab d d
A r a Pa ␴a(0.587d 2)  ;
r2 2 10

arccosa b r
a (b) EVALUATE NUMERICAL RESULT
␣ 0.023 m a 4.5 * 10 3
m
r
d 0.045 m ␴a 83 MPa
␣ 78.463
Pa 98.7 kN  ;
b 2r2 a2

d 2 d 2
b ca b a b d
B 2 10

a d2 b
6 d
b b 16
B 25 5
Pa ␴a A

Problem 1.8-5 The piston in an engine is attached to a

connecting rod AB, which in turn is connected to a crank arm Cylinder Piston Connecting rod
BC (see figure). The piston slides without friction in a cylinder M
and is subjected to a force P (assumed to be constant) while A d C
P
moving to the right in the figure. The connecting rod, which has B
diameter d and length L, is attached at both ends by pins. The
L R
crank arm rotates about the axle at C with the pin at B moving
in a circle of radius R. The axle at C, which is supported by
bearings, exerts a resisting moment M against the crank arm.
(a) Obtain a formula for the maximum permissible force
Pallow based upon an allowable compressive stress c in
the connecting rod.
(b) Calculate the force Pallow for the following data:
␴c 160 MPa, d 9.00 mm, and R 0.28L.
 SECTION 1.8 Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads 25

Solution 1.8-5

The maximun allowable force P occurs when cos has its

smallest value, which means that has its largest value.
LARGEST VALUE OF

d diameter of rod AB
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF PISTON

The largest value of occurs when point B is the farthest

distance from line AC. The farthest distance is the radius R
of the crank arm.
Therefore,
—
BC R
—
Also, AC 2L2 R2
P applied force (constant)
2L2 R2 R 2
C compressive force in connecting rod cos ␣ 1 a b
L A L
RP resultant of reaction forces between cylinder
and piston (no friction) (a) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FORCE P

a Fhoriz 0: ; Pallow c Ac cos

␲d2 R 2
P C cos 0 ␴c a b 1 a b  ; 
4 A L
P C cos
(b) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE FORCE C IN CONNECTING ROD 160 MPa d 9.00 mm
c
Cmax cAc R 0.28L R/L 0.28
in which Ac area of connecting rod Pallow 9.77 kN  ; 
␲d2
Ac
4
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FORCE P
P Cmax cos
c Ac cos
26 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear SECTION 1.8 Desing Axial Loads an Direct Shear 26

Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear

Problem 1.9-1 An aluminum tube is d

required to transmit an axial tensile force
P 148 kN (see figure part a). The thickness P P
of the wall of the tube is to be 6 mm.
(a) What is the minimum required outer (a)
diameter dmin if the allowable tensile
stress is 84 MPa? Hole of diameter d/10 d
(b) Repeat part (a) if the tube will have a d/10
hole of diameter d/10 at mid-length P P d
(see figure parts b and c).
(b) (c)

Solution 1.9-1
NUMERICAL DATA (b) MIN. DIAMETER OF TUBE (WITH HOLES)
P 148 kN t 6 mm ␴a 84 MPa
C d 1d 2t22 D 2 a bt d
␲ 2
c
d
A1
(a) MIN. DIAMETER OF TUBE (NO HOLES) 4 10

C d 1d 2t22 D
␲ 2
d a␲t b
P t
A1 A2 A1 ␲t2
4 ␴a 5
A2 1.762 10 3m2 Equating A1 and A2 and solving for d:
P
Equating A1 and A2 and solving for d: + ␲ t2
␴a
d d 
106.2 mm  ;
d
P
␲␴at
+ t d 99.5 mm   ; ␲t
t
5

Problem 1.9-2 A copper alloy pipe having yield stress P d

t =—
␴Y 290 MPa is to carry an axial tensile load P 1500 kN 8
[see figure part (a)]. A factor of safety of 1.8 against yielding
is to be used.
(a) If the thickness t of the pipe is to be one-eighth of its d
outer diameter, what is the minimum required outer
diameter dmin?
(b) Repeat part (a) if the tube has a hole of diameter d/10
drilled through the entire tube as shown in the figure
[part (b)]. (a)

P Hole of diameter d/10 d

t =—
8

(b)
 SECTION 1.9 Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear 27

Solution 1.9-2
NUMERICAL DATA Equate A1 and A2 and solve for d:
␴Y 290 MPa P
2 7 ␴Y
P 1500 kN d
64␲ P
FSy Q
FSy 1.8

(a) MINIMUM DIAMETER (NO HOLES) 7 P

dmin
64␲ ␴Y
␲ 2 d 2
A1 c d ad b d R P FSy Q
4 4

A1
7
␲ d2
dmin 164.6 mm  ;
64
P
A2 A2 9.31 103 mm2
␴Y
FSy
(b) MINIMUM DIAMETER (WITH HOLES)
P
Redefine A1—subtract area for two holes—then ␴Y
equate to A2: P Q
FSy
␲ d 2 d2
c cd2 ad b d 2a b a b d
d d
a b
A1 7 1
4 4 10 8 ␲
64 40
7 1 2
A1 ␲d 2 d P
64 40 ␴Y
P Q
d2a b 
7 1 7 1 FSy
A1 ␲ ␲ 0.319 dmin dmin 170.9 mm   ;
64 40 64 40
a b
7 1
␲
c 64 40

Problem 1.9-3 A horizontal beam AB with cross-sectional 1.2 m 1.5 m

dimensions (b 19 mm) (h 200 mm) is supported by an B
inclined strut CD and carries a load P 12 kN at joint B (see figure A C
part a). The strut, which consists of two bars each of thickness 5b/8,
0.9 m
is connected to the beam by a bolt passing through the three bars P
meeting at joint C (see figure part b).
(a) If the allowable shear stress in the bolt is 90 MPa, what is
D
the minimum required diameter dmin of the bolt at C?
(b) If the allowable bearing stress in the bolt is 130 MPa, what is
the minimum required diameter dmin of the bolt at C?

(a)

b
Beam AB (b h)
h
— Bolt (dmin)
2

h
— 5b
2 —
8

Strut CD

(b)
28 CHAPTER 1 Tension, Compression, and Shear SECTION 1.8 Desing Axial Loads an Direct Shear 28

Problem 1.9-4 A pressurized circular cylinder has a sealed cover plate fastened Cover plate
with steel bolts (see figure). The pressure p of the gas in the cylinder is 1900 kPa,
the inside diameter D of the cylinder is 250 mm, and the diameter dB of the bolts
is 12 mm.
If the allowable tensile stress in the bolts is 70 MPa, find the number n of Steel bolt
bolts needed to fasten the cover. p
Cylinder

Solution 1.9-4 Pressurized cylinder

Cover plate F ␲pD2
P
n 4n
␲ 2
Ab area of one bolt db
Steel bolt 4
p P ␴allow Ab
Cylinder
P ␲pD2 pD2
␴allow
Ab (4n)(␲4 )d 2b nd 2b
D
pD2
n
p 1900 kPa D 250 mm db 12 mm d2b␴allow
␴allow 70 kPa n number of bolts
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
F total force acting on the cover plate from the
internal pressure (1900 kPa)(250 mm)2
n 11.8
␲D2 (12 mm)2(70 MPa)
F pa b
4
NUMBER OF BOLTS

Use 12 bolts.  ;

P tensile force in one bolt

Problem 1.9-5 A tubular post of outer diameter d2 is guyed by two cables

fitted with turnbuckles (see figure). The cables are tightened by rotating the Cable
turnbuckles, thus producing tension in the cables and compression in the post.
Both cables are tightened to a tensile force of 110 kN. Also, the angle between Turnbuckle
the cables and the ground is 60°, and the allowable compressive stress in the
post is ␴c 35 MPa.
If the wall thickness of the post is 15 mm, what is the minimum permissible
value of the outer diameter d2?
Post
d2
60 60
 SECTION 1.9 Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear 29

Solution 1.9-5 Tubular post with guy cables

AREA OF POST
d2 outer diameter
␲ 2 ␲ 2
d1 inner diameter A (d2 d12) [d (d2 2t)2 ]
4 4 2
t wall thickness
␲t (d2 t)
15 mm
T tensile force in a cable EQUATE AREAS AND SOLVE FOR d2:
110 kN 2Tcos 30
␲t (d2 t)
␴allow 35 MPa ␴allow
P compressive force in post
d2
2Tcos 30
␲t␴allow
+ t  ; 
2Tcos 30°

REQUIRED AREA OF POST SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:

P 2Tcos 30 (d2)min 131 mm  ; 

A
␴ allow ␴ allow