Tutorial – 1

Lettering & Dimensioning Practice

1. Do the lettering practice for upper alphabets and numerals. Take the height of the letter as
10 mm. Do it two times.

2. Do the lettering practice for lower case letters. Take the height of the letter as 5 mm. Do it
two times.

3. Write the following sentence in vertical capitals of height 10 mm.

DRAWING IS THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF ENGINEERS

4. Read the dimensioned drawing shown in Fig.1. Redraw the same to full size using
drawing instruments and dimension it as per Indian Standards.
 Tutorial – II

Projections of points and straight lines (Simple Cases)

1. Draw the projections of the following points, keeping the distance between the projectors
as 30 mm on the common reference line.
i. Point A, 35 mm above HP and in the VP
ii. Point B, 40 mm behind VP and 25 mm above HP
iii. Point C, 25 mm above HP and 30 mm infront of VP
iv. Point D, on HP and 35 mm infront of VP
v. Point E, 25 mm below HP and 40 mm behind VP
vi. Point F, in the HP and 35 mm behind VP
vii. Point G, on VP and 40 mm below HP
viii. Point H, 30 mm below HP and 40 mm infront of VP
ix. Point I, is contained by both HP and VP

2. A line AB, 75 mm long is parallel to both HP and VP. The point A is 25 mm above HP
and point B is 40 mm infront of VP. Draw its projections.

3. A line CD, 60 mm long is contained by HP and 20 mm infront of VP. Draw its

Projections.

4. A line EF, 70 mm long is perpendicular to HP and parallel VP. One end of the line E is 15
mm above HP and 30 mm infont of VP. Draw its Projections.

5. A line GH, has one of its end G on HP and 15 mm infront of VP. The other end H is 65
mm above HP. Draw its projections, when the line is perpendicular to HP and parallel to
VP.

6. A line IJ, 75 mm long is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections,
when one of its end I, is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm infront VP.

7. A line MN, is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP. One end of the line is 20 mm above
HP, 25 mm infront of VP and other end is 75 mm infront of VP. Draw its projections and
determine its length.

8. A line PQ, 65 mm long in inclined at 40° to HP and parallel to VP. The end P is 25 mm
above HP and 20 mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of the line PQ.

9. One end R of a lines RS, is 20 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of VP. The other end S
is 60 mm above HP. Draw its projections when the top view of the line measures 60 mm.
Also determine the true length of the line and the angle of inclination of the line with HP.

10. A line AB, 55 mm long is parallel to HP and inclined at 35° to the VP. The end A is 20
mm above HP and infront of VP. Draw its Projections.

11. A line AB, 60 mm long lies in HP and has its end A in both HP and VP. Draw its
Projections when the line is inclined at 40° to VP and parallel to HP.
 Tutorial – III

Projections of points and straight lines (Special Cases)

1. A line AB, 75 mm long has its end A, 25 mm above HP and 20 mm infront of VP. The
line inclined at 50° to HP and 30° to VP. Draw the projections of the line.

2. A line CD, 70 mm long has one of its end C on HP and 25 mm infront of VP. Draw the
projections of the line CD if it makes 30° to HP and 40° to VP

3. One end S of a line SR, 70 mm long is in both HP and VP. The line is inclined at 40° to
the HP and 35° to the VP. Draw its projections.

4. A line PQ has one of its extremities 15 mm above HP and 10 mm infront of VP. The end
Q is 55 mm above HP and line is inclined at 30° to HP. The distance between the end
projectors of the line when measured parallel to the line of intersection of HP and VO is
50 mm. Draw the Projections of the line and find its true length and true inclination with
VP.

5. A line AB measuring 70 mm has its end A 15 mm infront of VP and 20 mm above HP

and the other end B is 60 mm infront of VP and 50 mm above HP. Draw the projections
of the line and find the inclinations of the line with both the reference planes of
projections.

6. The front view of line AB, 90 mm long measures 65 mm and is inclined at 45° to HP. Its
one end A is 15 mm above HP and on VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its
inclinations with HP and VP.

7. The end P of a line PQ 70 mm long is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm infront of the VP.

The end Q is 40 mm above HP and the top view of the line inclined at 45° to the
VP.Draw the projections of the line and find its inclinations with HP and VP.

8. A line RS, 65 mm long has its end R, 15 mm above the HP and 15 mm infront of VP. The
line is inclined at 55° to HP and 35° to the VP. Draw its projections.

9. A line EF, 85 mm long has its end E, 25 mm above HP and 20 mm infront of VP. The
plan and elevation of the line measures 55 mm and 70 mm respectively. Draw the
projections of the line and find its inclinations with HP and VP.

10. The top view of a line PQ makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal and has a length of
100 mm. The end Q is in the HP and P is in the VP and 65 mm above the HP. Draw the
projections of the line and find its the length and true inclinations with the reference
planes. Also show the traces.

11. The plan and elevation of a line AB are inclined at 35° and 50° to the XY line
respectively, one end of the line is touching both HP and VP. The other end is 50 mm
above HP. Find its true length and true inclinations with HP and VP.
12. The end P of a line PQ is 50 mm away from both the references planes and the other end
Q is 20 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of the line PQ and
find its true inclinations with HP and VP if the length of the line is 60 mm.

13. Draw the projections of a straight line AB, 100 mm long inclined at 45° to HP and 30° to
VP. The end A is in HP and the end B is in VP.

14. A line 100 mm long has its lower end in HP and the upper end in VP. Its plan and
elevation measure 80 mm and 70 mm respectively. Draw the projections of the line and
find its true inclinations with HP and VP.

15. The midpoint of line AB, 80 mm long is 80 mm above HP and 50 mm infront of VP. The
line is inclined at 30° to HP and 45° to VP. Draw its projections.

16. End A of the line AB of 75 mm long is 50 mm infront of VP and 15 mm above the HP.
End B is 15 mm infront of VP and above HP. The top view of the line is measured to be
50 mm long. Determine the length of its elevation and the true inclination of the line.

17. The distance between the end projectors through the VT and the HT of a line PQ is 70
mm and that between the projectors through the ends is 40 mm. The VT is 45 mm above
the HP and the HT is 30 mm infront of the VP. P is 15 mm above HP. Draw the front and
top view of the line. Also find the true length and the true inclinations of the line the HP
and VP.

18. The distance between the end projectors of a line CD is 70 mm. Its ends C and D are
infront of the VP at 60 mm and 30 mm respectively from the VP. The HT of the line is 15
mm infront of the VP. The line is inclined at 35° to the HP. Draw the projections of the
line and find its inclinations with the VP. Also locate its VT.

19. A line PQ has its ends 10 mm and 45 mm above the HP and the length of its front view is
70 mm. The line is inclined at 25° to the HP. The HT of the line is 15 mm infront of the
VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length and true inclination with the
VP. Also show its VT.
 Tutorial – IV

Projections of Planes

1. A square lamina of side 40 mm has its surface parallel to and 20 mm above HP. draw its
projections when one of its sides is inclined at 30° to the VP.

2. A hexagonal plate of 30 mm side has its surface parallel to the VP and 20 mm infront of it.
Draw the projections when one of its sides is perpendicular to HP.

3. A pentagonal plane of side 30 mm is parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP. draw its

projections when one of its corners is on HP and the side containing the resting corner is
inclined at 25° to HP.

4. A hexagonal plate with 30 mm side has its surface perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45°
to HP. draw its projections when one of its sides is on HP and the corner nearer to VP is
20 mm infront of it.

5. A circular plane of 60 mm diameter has its plane vertical and inclined at 40° to VP. Its
centre is 40 mm above HP and 35 mm infront of VP. Draw its projections.

6. A 60° set square has its shortest edge of length 40 mm kept perpendicular to the VP so
that the projections of the set square and find the inclination of the set square with the HP.

7. A triangular plate PQR has sides PQ= 50 mm, QR=70 mm and RP = 40 mm. The side PQ
rests on HP and is inclined at 30° to the VP. The surface of the plate is inclined at 40° to
the HP. draw the projections of the triangular plate.

8. A rectangular plate 70 * 40 mm has one of its shorter edges in the VP inclined at 40° to
the HP. draw its top view if its front view is a square of side 40 mm.

9. A pentagonal plate of side 25 mm has one of its side on VP inclined at 45° to the HP.
draw its projections when the plate surface in inclined at 30° to VP.

10. A hexagonal plate of side 20 mm rests on the HP on one its sides inclined at 45° to the
VP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30° with HP. Draw its front and top
views.

11. A circular plate of diameter 80 mm has the end P of the diameter PQ in the HP and the
plate is inclined at 45° to HP. draw the Projections when

a. The diameter PQ appears to be inclined at 45° to VP in TV.

b. The diameter PQ makes 45° with VP.

12. A regular hexagonal plate of 35mm side has one corner touching VP and another
oppositecorner touching HP. The plate is inclined at 55˚ to HP and 35˚ to VP. Draw the
projections of the plane.
13. A circular lamina of diameter 60mm has one end of its diameter in HP and other end of
the diameter in VP. The lamina is inclined at 30˚ to HP and 60˚ to VP. Draw the
projections of the lamina.

14. A pentagon of side 30mm rests on the ground on one of its corners with the sides
containing the corner being equally inclined to the ground. The side opposite to the corner
on which it rests, is inclined at 30˚ to VP and is parallel to HP. The surface of the
pentagon makes 50˚ with the ground. Draw the top and front views of the pentagon.

15. A square lamina PQRS of side 40mm rests on ground on its corner P, in such a way that
the diagonal PR is inclined at 45˚ to the HP and apparently inclined at 30˚ to the VP.
Draw its projections.

Additional Problems

1. A rectangular plate 70 x 40 mm has one of its shorter edges in the HP inclined at 40˚ to
the VP. Draw its front view if its top view is a square of side 40 mm.

2. A triangular plate PQR has sides PQ=50 mm, QR = 70mm and RP = 40 mm. The side PQ
rests on VP and is inclined at 30˚ to the HP. The surface of the plate is inclined at 40˚ to
the VP. Draw the projections of the triangular plate.

3. A pentagonal plate of side 25 mm has one of its sides on HP inclined at 45˚ to the VP.
Draw its projections when the plane surface is inclined at 30˚ to HP.

4. A hexagonal plate of side 20 mm rests on the VP on one of its sides inclined at 45˚ to the
HP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30˚ with the VP. Draw its front and top
views.

5. A hexagonal plate of side 30 mm rests on the ground on one of its corners with the sides
containing the corner being equally inclined to the ground. A diagonal passing through
the resting corner is inclined at 40˚ to the VP. The surface of the plate makes 50˚ with the
ground. Draw the top and front views of the hexagonal plate.
 Tutorial: V

Projections of Solids (Axis perpendicular to one plane)

1. Draw the projections of the cube of side 40 mm resting on its base on the HP and one of
its vertical faces inclined at 35˚ to the VP.

2. A tetrahedron with a 60 mm edge is resting on HP on one of its faces, in such a way that
one of its face edges is inclined at 45˚ to the VP. Draw its projections.

3. A pentagonal prism of base side 35 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the HP with its
base, in such a way that one of its base edges is inclined at 30˚ to the VP. Draw its
projections.

4. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the HP on its
base. Draw its projections when one of the base edges is parallel to VP and the solid axis
is perpendicular to HP.

5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 55 mm rests on the HP on its
base, in such a way that one of its base edges is inclined at 30˚ to VP and the solid axis is
perpendicular to HP. Draw its projections.

6. A cube of side 40 mm is resting on the HP on one of its edges. Draw its projections when
one of its faces containing the resting edge is inclined at 30˚ to the HP and the solid axis
is perpendicular to VP.

7. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the HP on one
of its base corners, in such a way that one of the base edges containing the resting corner
makes 40˚ to the HP. Draw its projections when the axis is perpendicular to the VP and
the base is touching the VP.

8. A right circular cone of base diameter 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on the HP
on one of its base circumferential points and has its axis perpendicular to VP. Draw its
projections when its apex is nearer to VP.

9. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 55 mm lies on the ground on one
of its rectangular faces with its axis perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections when one
of its end faces is 15 mm in front of VP.

10. A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 55 mm lies on the HP on one of
its longer/lateral edges with its axis parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections
when one of its rectangular faces containing the resting edge is inclined at 30˚ to the HP.

11. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm lies on the HP on one of
its corners of the base with its axis parallel to both HP and VP. One of the base edges
containing the resting corner is inclined at an angle of 30˚ to HP. Draw its plan and
elevation.
 Tutorial: VI

Projections of Solids (Axis inclined to one plane)

1. Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism of 25 mm side and axis length 50 mm resting
on the HP on one of its corners, in such a way that the two base edges passing through it
makes equal inclinations with HP. Draw its projections when the solid axis is inclined at
30˚to the ground and parallel to VP.

2. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 50 mm is resting on the HP on one
of its base edges. Draw its projections when the base containing the resting edge is
inclined at 60˚ to the HP and the solid axis is parallel to VP.

3. Draw the projections of a cube of side 40 mm when it rests on the ground on one of its
corners with the solid diagonal vertical.

4. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on the HP on a base

circumferential point, so that its axis is inclined at 45˚ to the HP and parallel to the VP.
Draw its plan and elevation.

5. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and altitude 70 mm rests on the HP on a base

circumferential point with its axis is inclined at 30˚ to the HP and parallel to the VP.
Draw its front and top views.

6. A pentagonal pyramid of base edge 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on one of its base
edges on the HP with its axis inclined at 30˚ to the HP and parallel to the VP. Draw its top
and front views.

7. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the HP on one
of its triangular faces with its axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

8. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 55 mm rests on the 9ground on
one of its lateral edges, such that the triangular faces containing the resting edge is
equally inclined to HP. Draw its projections when the solid axis is parallel to VP.

9. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and altitude 75 mm rests on the HP on one of

its base edges, such that the triangular face containing the resting edge is perpendicular to
both HP and the VP. Draw its projections.

10. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 50 mm is lying on the HP on one
of its rectangular faces with its axis inclined at 45˚ to the VP. Draw its projections.

11. A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 50 mm rests on the HP on one of its
base corners with a base side containing the resting corner makes an angle of 35˚ with the
HP. Draw its projection when the solid axis is inclined at 30˚ to the VP and the vertex is
away from the VP.
12. A tetrahedron of edges 50 mm rest on one of its edges on the VP. One of the faces
containing the resting edge is inclined at 30˚ to the VP. Draw its projections when the
resting edge is normal to the HP.

13. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the HP on one of its
generators. Draw its projections when the cylinder axis is inclined at 30˚to the VP and
parallel to HP.

14. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm has one of its generators on VP
with the solid axis parallel to and 40 mm above the HP. Draw its projections.

15. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and 60 mm height is suspended from a string
attached to one corner of the base of the pyramid. The string id held, such that the apex of
the pyramid is just touching HP. The axis if the pyramid is parallel to VP. Draw the
projections of the pyramid.

Additional Problems

1. Draw the projections of a hexagonal prism of 25 mm side and axis length 50 mm resting
on the HP on one of its corners, in such a way that the two base edges passing through it
makes equal inclinations with HP. Draw its projections when the solid axis is inclined at
30˚ to the ground and parallel to VP.

2. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 40 mm is resting on the HP on

one of its base edges. Draw its projections when the base containing the resting edge is
inclined at 60˚ to the HP and the solid axis is parallel to VP.

3. A pentagonal pyramid of base edge 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on one of its base
corners on the HP, in such a way that the two base edges containing the resting corner is
equally inclined to HP. Draw its projections with its solid axis inclined at 30˚ to the HP
and parallel to the VP. Draw its top and front views.

4. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the HP on one
of its slant edges, in such a way that the triangular face containing the resting edge is
equally inclined to HP and the solid axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 55 mm rests on the ground on
one of its lateral surfaces with its solid axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

6. A pentagosnal pyramid of base side 30 mm and altitude 75 mm rests on the HP on one of

its base edges, such that the triangular face containing the resting edge is perpendicular to
both HP and VP. Draw its projections.
7. A square pyramid of base side 40 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the HP on one of its
slant edges, in such a way that the triangular face containing the resting edge is equally
inclined to HP and the solid axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

8. A square pyramid of base side 40 mm and axis length 55 mm rests on the ground on one
of its triangular surfaces with its solid axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

9. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm has one of its generators on HP
with the solid axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

10. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm has one of its slant
edges on VP, in such a way that the triangular face containing the resting edge is equally
inclined to VP and the solid axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.

11. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the VP on one
of its triangular faces with its axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.

12. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 55 mm rests on the VP on one
of its lateral surfaces with its solid axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.

13. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm has one of its slant
edges on VP, in such a way that the triangular face containing the resting edge is equally
inclined to VP and the solid axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.

14. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and altitude 75 mm rests on the VP on one of
its base edges, such that the triangular face containing the resting edge is perpendicular to
both HP and VP. Draw its projections.

15. A square pyramid of base side 40 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the VP on one of its
slant edges, in such a way that the triangular face containing the resting edge is equally
inclined to VP and the solid axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.

16. A square pyramid of base side 40 mm and axis length 55 mm rests on the VP on one of its
triangular surfaces with its solid axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.
 Tutorial: VII

Sections of Solids

1. A cube of side 40mm rests with one of its square faces on HP such that one of its vertical
square faces is inclined at 30o to VP. A section plane, paralled to VP and perpendicular to
HP passes through the solid at a distance of 10mm away from its vertical axis and infront
of it. Draw its top view, sectional front view.

2. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm rests on the HP on its base
such that one of its base edges is parallel to VP and the solid axis is perpendicular to VP.
A cutting plane parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP cuts the solid at a distance of
15mm away from the axis. Draw its top view, section front view.

3. A pentagonal prism of base side 25mm and axis length 55mm rests on the HP on its base
such that one of its base edges is perpendicular to VP and the solid axis is perpendicular
to HP. A section plane parallel to base and perpendicular to VP cuts the solid axis at a
distance of 15mm away from the top face. Draw its front view and sectional top view.

4. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm rests on the HP on its
base in such a way that one of its base edges is parallel to VP and the solid axis
perpendicular to HP. A section plane parallel to the ground and perpendicular to VP cuts
the solid axis at a distance of 20mm away from the vertex. Draw its front view and
sectional top view.

5.A pentagonal prism of base side 40mm and axis length 75mm rests on the HP on one of its
ends with a rectangular face parallel to the VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 30o to the HP and meeting the solid axis at 25mm from the top face. Draw
the front, sectional top view and true shape of the section.

6. A cone of base diameter 40mm and altitude 50mm rests on its base on HP. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 80 o to HP, passing through the apex.
Draw the front view, sectional top view and true shape of the section.

7. A cone of base diameter 50mm and altitude 60mm rests on its base on the HP. It is cut by
a plane perpendicular to the VP and parallel to one of the extreme generators, 10mm
away from it. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section

8. A cone of base diameter 40mm and height 50mm rests on its base on the HP. It is cut by a
plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 40o to the HP. The cutting plane meets the
axis at 20mm from the vertex. Draw the sectional top view and the true shape of the
section.

9. A Hexagonal pyramid of base side 25mm and axis 55mm rests on HP on its base with two
edges parallel to VP. It is cut by a vertical plane inclined at 30 o to VP and cutting the
pyramid at a distance of 6mm away from the plan of the axis. Draw the top view
sectional front view and true shape of the section.
10. A cylinder of diameter 50mm and height 65mm rests on its base on the HP. It is cut by a
plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 60o to the HP. The cutting plane meets the
axis at a distance of 40mm above the base. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of
the section.

11. A cube of side 50mm is placed and cut by a plane in such a way that the true shape of the
section is regular hexagon. Draw the front and top views of the cube and find the
inclination of the cutting plane with the HP

12. A tetrahedron of edge 60mm rests on the HP on one of its face such that one of the edges
of the resting face is perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined to the HP in such a way that the true shape of the section is an isosceles triangle
of base 40mm and altitude 30mm. Find the inclination of the cutting plane with the HP.
Also draw the front view, sectional top view and true shape of the section.

13. A sphere of diameter 80mm is cut by a VP inclined at 40 o to VP. The cutting plane is
located at a minimum distance of 20mm from the center of the sphere. Draw its top view,
sectional front view and true shape of the section.
 Tutorial: VIII

Development of Surfaces

1. A rectangular prism of cross section 45*30mm and height 55mm rests on the ground on
one of its ends with one of its longer edges of the base inclined at 30 o to the VP. It is cut
by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 30 o to the HP. The cutting plane meets the
axis at a point 45mm above the base. Draw the development of the surface of the lower
part of the prism.

2. A hexagonal prism of side 30mm and axis length 60mm is resting on HP on its base with
two of its vertical faces perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 50 o to HP and
perpendicular to VP and meets the axis of prism at a distance of 10mm from the top end.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism.

3. A Pentagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm is resting on HP on its base
with a side of base parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 35 o to HP and
perpendicular to VP and meets the axis at a distance of 35mm from the base. Draw the
development of the lower portion of the prism.

4. A cylinder of base diameter 50mm and axis length 65mm resting on HP on its base is cut
by a plane inclined at 60o to HP and perpendicular to VP. The cutting plane passes
through a point on the axis at a distance of 25mm from the top end. Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the right portion of the cylinder.

5. A right circular cone of base diameter 60mm and height 70mm is resting on its base on the
ground. It is cut by a plane inclined at 30 o to HP and perpendicular to VP. The cutting
plane bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the
truncated cone.

6. A Hexagonal pyramid of base side 25mm and altitude 50mm is resting vertically on its
base on the ground with two of the side of the base perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 40o to the HP. The cutting plane bisects the
axis of the pyramid. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of the pyramid.

7. A regular pentagonal pyramid of side 40mm and altitude 75mm has its base on HP with a
side of base perpendicular to VP. The pyramid is cut by a section plane perpendicular to
VP and inclined at 30o to HP. The cutting plane meets the axis of the pyramid at a point
30mm below the vertex. Obtain the development of the remaining part of the pyramid.

8. A square pyramid of base side 35mm and axis 60mm rests on its base on the HP with one
of the sides of the base inclined at 30 o to the VP. A string is wound round the surfaces of
the pyramid starting from left extreme point on the base and ending at the same point.
Find the shortest length of the string required. Also trace the path of the string in the
front and top views.
9. A cone of base diameter 60mm and height 70mm is resting on its base on the ground. It is
cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and parallel to HP at a distance of 20mm from the
vertex. It is also cut by a plane inclined at 40 o to the base and meeting the axis at a point
20mm above the base. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone.

10. A pentagonal prism of base side 25mm and height 60mm stands on one of its ends on the
HP with a rectangular face parallel to the VP. A hole of diameter 30mm is drilled
centrally through the prism in such a way that the axis of the hole bisects the axis of the
prism at right angles. The axis of the hole is perpendicular to the VP. Draw the
development of the lateral surfaces of the prism.

11. A cone of base diameter 60mm and height 70mm rests vertically on its base on the
ground. A string is wound round the curved surface of the cone starting from the left
extreme point on the base and ending at the same point. Find the shortest length of the
string required. Also, trace the path of the string in the front and top views.

12. A funnel tapers from a circular opening of diameter 70mm to circular opening of diameter
20mm over an axial length of 50mm and extends axially to a further distance of 40mm.
There is a cylindrical portion of height 15mm above the tapering portion. Develop the
funnel.
 Tutorial: IX

Isometric Projection

1. Draw the isometric view of (a)hexagonal prism (b) pentagonal prism of base side 25mm
and axis height 50mm when it rests on one of its ends on the HP with one of its base sides
parallel to VP.

2. Draw the isometric view of (a) Cylinder (b)Cone of base diameter 60mm and axis length
70mm when it is resting on its base on HP

3. Draw the isometric projection of (a)hexagonal pyramid (b)pentagonal pyramid of base side
30mm and axis length 60mm when its rests on its base side perpendicular to VP.

4. A hexagonal prism of base edge 25mm and height 50mm rests on the HP on its base with
two of its rectangular face perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 30 o to
HP and perpendicular to VP at a distance of 40mm from its base. Draw the isometric
view of the truncated prism.

5. A pentagonal prism of base side 35mm and axis length 70mm rests on the ground with its
two adjacent rectangular faces equally to VP and nearer to the observer. A section plane
perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 45o to the HP passes through a point on the axis
50mm above the base of the prism. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated prism.

6. A Pentagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and axis length 65mm is resting on HP on its
base with a side of base perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 30 o to HP
and perpendicular to VP and passes through a point at a distance of 30mm from the apex.
Draw the isometric view of the remaining portion of the pyramid.

7. Draw the isometric view of a frustum of a Hexagonal pyramid when it is resting on its base
on the HP with two sides of the base parallel to the VP. The side of base is 30mm and top
face is 10mm. The height of the frustum is 55mm.

8. A cylinder of base diameter 60mm and height 70mm rests with its base on HP. A section
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45o to HP passes through the axis at a distance
of 50mm above its base. Draw the isometric view of the truncated cylinder showing the
cut surface.

9. A cone of base diameter 60mm and height 65mm rests with its base on HP. A cutting
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 300 to HP cuts the cone such that it passes
through a point on the axis at a distance of 30mm above the base of the cone. Draw the
isometric view of the truncated cone showing the cut surfaces.

10. A combination of the solids is formed as follows: A frustum of a cone 25mm top
diameter, 50mm bottom diameter and 50mm height is placed vertically on a cylindrical
blocks of 75mm diameter and 25mm thick such that both the solids have the common
axis. Draw the isometric view of the combination of the solids.
11. Three square rods of 30mm X 30mm cross section and lengths 100mm, 100mm and
60mm are so nailed together that they form the letter ‘H’. Draw the isometric view of the
letter ‘H’.

12. A dust bin is in the form of a frustum of a hollow square pyramid with the base
dimensions of 20mm sides and the top open surface of 45mm sides. Draw the isometric
view of the hollow dust bin, if its height is 50mm and the wall thickness is negligible.

13. A cylinder of base diameter 30mm and axis 50mm is placed on its base centrally on the
top of a square slab of side 50mm and thickness 20mm. Draw the isometric projection of
the combination of solids.

14. A hemispherical vessel of diameter 90mm is placed centrally over a cylinder of diameter
60mm and height 75mm which in turn is kept centrally over a square prism of base side
80mm and height 20mm. Draw the isometric projection of the position of solids.
 TUTORIAL X
Perspective Projection

1. A square prism of base 25 X 25 mm and height 40 mm rests on the GP with the edges of
the base making 450 with the PP. The vertical edge nearer to the PP is 25mm to the right
of the section point and 25mm behind the PP. the station point is 55mm above GP and
&0mm in front of PP. Draw the Perspective view of the solid.

2. A rectangle prism 40 X 30 X 15 mm rests o the ground on one its ends with one of the
longest edges touching the PP and shortest edged receding to the left at an angle of 40 0 to
the PP. The nearest vertical edge is 15mm to the left of the station point, which is at a
distance of 55 mm in front of the PP and 30mm above the ground. Draw the prospective
view of the solids.

3. A hexagonal prism of base 25mm and height 50mm is resting with its base on the GP
such that one of its rectangular faces is inclined at 300 to the PP and the vertical edge
nearer to PP is 15mm behind it. The station point is 45mm in front of the PP, 70 mm
above the GP and lies in a central plane, which is 15mm to the left of the vertical edge
nearer to the PP. Draw the perspective view of the solid.

4. A square pyramid of base 30mm and altitude 40mm rests on its base on the ground such
that one of its base sides is parallel to the picture plane and 10mm in front of it. The
station point is 50mm in front of the picture plane, 25mm to the left of the axis of the
pyramid and 55mm above the ground. Draw the perspective view of the pyramid.

5. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25mm and axis length 50mm is resting on the GP on
its base with a side of base inclined at 300 to PP. The nearest corner to the PP is 20mm
behind it. The station point is 60mm above the GP and 80mm in front of PP and lies in a
central plane, which is 50mm to the left of the axis of the pyramid.

6. A frustum of a square pyramid of base edge 26mm, top edge 20mm and height 35mm
rests on its base on the ground with base edges equally inclined to the PP. The axis of the
frustum is 30mm to the right of the eye. The eye is 45mm infront of the PP and 50mm
above the ground. The nearest base corner is 10mm behind the PP. Draw the perspective
view of the frustum.

7. Draw the perspective view of a pentagonal prism of base side 20mm and height 40mm
when it rests base on the ground plane with one of the rectangular faces parallel to and
20mm behind the picture plane. The station point is 45mm infront of the PP and 60 mm
above the GP. The observer is 20mm top the left of the axis. Use top view and the end
view to draw the perspective by visual ray method.

8. A hexagonal prism of base side 25mm and axis length 50mm rests on the ground on one
of its rectangular faces with its axis inclined at 300 to the picture plane. A corner of the
base is touching the PP. The station point is 60mm infront of the PP and lies in a central
plane that bisects the axis. The station point is 40mm above the ground plane. Draw the
perspective view of the prism.
 Tutorial XI
Conics and Special Curves

1. Construct a conic section, when the distance of its focus its directrix is equal to 40mm
and its eccentricity as ¾. Name the curve and draw a tangent and a normal to the curve at
a point P, 60mm away from the directrix.

2. Draw the locus of a point which moves in such a manner, so that its distance from a fixe
point is equal to its distance from a fixed straight line. Take the distance between the
fixed point and the fixed line as 70mm. Name the curve and draw the tangent and normal
at any point on it.

3. The vertex and the focus of a hyperbola are at distances of 20mm and 50mm respectively
from a fixed straight line. Draw the hyperbola. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on
it.

4. Draw the locus of a point which moves in such a manner, so that its distance from a fixed
straight line is ¾ times the distance from the fixed point. Take the distance between the
fixed point and the fixed line as 70mm. Name the curve and draw the tangent and normal
at any point on it.

5. A circular wheel of a diameter 60mm rolls without slipping along a straight line. Draw
the curve traced by a point P on its rim for one revolution of the wheel. Draw the tangent
and normal to the curve at a point, located 35mm above the line.

6. A rolling circle of 50mm diameter rolls on affixed disc of 200mm diameter with external
contact. Draw the loci of path traced by a point on the circumference of the rolling circle
for one complete revolution. Draw the tangent and a normal to the curve at a point 125
mm from the center of base circle.

7. A circle of 50mm diameter rolls along the inside of another circle of 180mm diameter.
Draw the path described by a point on the circumference of the rolling circle for one
completer revolution. Draw a tangent and a normal a any point on the curve.

8. Draw the involution of a pentagon of side 35mm. draw a tangent and a normal at any
point on the curve.

9. Draw the turn of the involute of a circle 60mm in diameter. Draw a tangent and a normal
to the curve at appoint 80mm from the center of the circle.

TUTORIAL XII
 Construction of Scales

1. Construct a diagonal scale using a scale of 10 cm to 6 m to read meter, decimeter and

centimeter. Show a distance of 6.53 m on it.

2. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F =1/2 to show mm and cm to measure up to 35 cm.

Show on the scale a distance of 23.6 cm.

3. A distance of 30cm measured on a map amounts to 450 m. Draw a diagonal scale

showing divisions of 50 cm capable of measuring 300 m. Mark on it 255.5 m and 177.5
m.

4. Draw a diagonal scale R.F. 1/200000 to show kilometer and decimals of kilometer. Mark
on the scale a distance of 23.7 kilometer.

5. A rectangular plot of land of area 45 hectare is represented on a map by a similar

rectangle of 5 sq. cm. Calculate the R.F of the scale of the map. Also draw a diagonal
scale to read up to a maximum a single km from the map. The scale should be long
enough to measure up to 500 km.

6. Construct a vernier scale to read distances correct to decameter on a map in which the
actual distances are reduced in the ration of 1:40000. The scale should be long enough to
measure 6 km. Mark on the scale the lengths of 3.34 km and 0.57 km.
th
7. Construct a vernier scale to give readings of 1/10 of a mm up to 100mm and mark off
on it following: a) 81.3 mm. select a scale 1.51.

8. Construct a vernier scale having a least count of 0.005 cm and long enough to measure 5
cm. Show the following distances over the scale. A) 3.15 cm b) 1.95 cm. select a scale 0f
2:1.