M4 Sherman

Medium Tank, M4

An M4 (105) Sherman tank with spare track-

links welded on its front for additional armor
protection, preserved at the Langenberg
Liberation Memorial in Ede, Netherlands
Type Medium tank
Place of origin United States
Service history
In service 1942–1957 (United
States)
Used by United States, and many
others (see Foreign
variants and use)
Wars World War II
Indonesian National
Revolution
Greek Civil War
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Korean War
Cuban Revolution
Vietnam War
Revolución Libertadora
Suez Crisis
1958 Lebanon crisis
Nicaraguan Revolution
Indo-Pakistani War of
1965
Six-Day War
 Indo-Pakistani War of
1971
Yom Kippur War
Lebanese Civil War
Uganda–Tanzania War
Iran–Iraq War

Production history
Designer U.S. Army Ordnance
Department
Designed 1940
Manufacturer American Locomotive
Company
Baldwin Locomotive
Works
Detroit Tank Arsenal
Federal Machine and
Welder Company
Fisher Tank Arsenal
Ford Motor Company
Lima Locomotive Works
Pacific Car and Foundry
Company
Pressed Steel Car
Company
Pullman-Standard Car
Company
Unit cost $44,556–64,455 in 1945
dollars, depending upon
variant ($607,861-
879,336 in 2017 dollars)[1]
Produced September 1941
(prototype)
February 1942 – July
1945
No. built 49,234, excluding
prototype[2]
Variants See U.S. variants and
foreign variants
Specifications
Mass 66,800–84,000 lb (33.4-
42.0 short tons, 30.3–38.1
 tonnes) depending upon
variant[3]
Length 19 ft 2 in–20 ft 7 in (5.84–
6.27 m) depending upon
variant[3]
Width 8 ft 7 in–9 ft 10 in (2.62–
2.99 m) depending upon
variant[3]
Height 9 ft 0 in–9 ft 9 in (2.74–
2.97 m) depending upon
variant[3]
Crew 5 (commander, gunner,
loader, driver, assistant
driver/bow gunner)

Armor 12.7 mm (0.5 in) minimum

Up to a maximum of
177.8 mm (7.0 in)
depending upon variant[3]
Main 75 mm gun M3 (90–104
armament rounds)
or
76 mm gun M1A1,
M1A1C, or M1A2 (71
rounds)
or
105 mm howitzer M4 (66
rounds)[3]
Secondary .50 caliber Browning
armament M2HB machine gun (300–
600 rounds),
2×.30 caliber Browning
M1919A4 machine guns
(6,000–6,750 rounds)[3]
Engine M4 and M4A1 model:

Continental R975-C1
or -C4 9 cylinder radial
gasoline engine,
350 or 400 hp (261 or
298 kW) at 2,400
rpm[3]
M4A2 model: General
Motors 6046 twin inline
diesel engine; 375 hp
(280 kW) at 2,100
 rpm[3]
M4A3 model: Ford
GAA V8 gasoline
engine; 450 hp (336
kW) at 2,600 rpm[3]
M4A4 model: Chrysler
A57 30 cylinder
gasoline engine; 370
hp (276 kW) at 2,400
rpm[3]

M4A6 model: Caterpillar

D-200A (Wright RD-1820)
9 cylinder radial diesel
engine; 450 hp (336 kW)
at 2,400 rpm[3]
Power/weight 10.46–13.49 hp/short ton
(8.60–11.09 kW/t)
depending upon variant[3]
Transmission Spicer manual
synchromesh
transmission, 5 forward
and 1 reverse gears[4]
Suspension Vertical volute spring
suspension (VVSS) or
horizontal volute spring
suspension (HVSS)
Fuel capacity 138–175 U.S. gallons
(522–662 litres)
depending upon variant[3]
Operational 100–150 miles (161–241
range km) on road depending
upon variant[3]
Maximum 22–30 mph (35–48 km/h)
speed on road, depending upon
variant[5][3]

The M4 Sherman, officially Medium Tank, M4, was the most widely used medium tank by the United
States and Western Allies in World War II. The M4 Sherman proved to be reliable, relatively cheap to
produce, and available in great numbers. It was also the basis of several successful tank destroyers, such as
the M10, Achilles and M36. Tens of thousands were distributed through the Lend-Lease program to the
British Commonwealth and Soviet Union. The tank was named by the British for the American Civil War
general William Tecumseh Sherman.

The M4 Sherman evolved from the M3 Medium Tank,[N 1] which had its main armament in a side sponson
mount. The M4 retained much of the previous mechanical design, but moved the main 75 mm gun into a
fully traversing central turret. One feature, a one-axis gyrostabilizer, was not precise enough to allow firing
when moving but did help keep the reticle on target, so that when the tank did stop to fire, the gun would be
aimed in roughly the right direction.[6] The designers stressed mechanical reliability, ease of production and
maintenance, durability, standardization of parts and ammunition in a limited number of variants, and
moderate size and weight. These factors, combined with the Sherman's then-superior armor and armament,
outclassed German light and medium tanks fielded in 1939–42. The M4 went on to be produced in large
numbers, being the most produced tank in American history:[7] The Soviets' T-34 medium tank (total of
some 64,549 wartime-produced examples, split roughly 55%-45% between 76 mm and 85 mm gunned
examples) was the only tank design produced in larger numbers[8] during World War II. The Sherman
spearheaded many offensives by the Western Allies after 1942.

When the M4 tank went into combat in North Africa with the British Army at El Alamein in late 1942, it
increased the advantage of Allied armor over Axis armor and was superior to the lighter German[9] and
Italian tank designs. For this reason, the US Army believed that the M4 would be adequate to win the war,
and relatively little pressure was initially exerted for further tank development. Logistical and transport
restrictions, such as limitations imposed by roads, ports, and bridges, also complicated the introduction of a
more capable but heavier tank.[10][N 2] Tank destroyer battalions using vehicles built on the M4 hull and
chassis, but with open-topped turrets and more potent high-velocity guns, also entered widespread use in the
Allied armies. Even by 1944, most M4 Shermans kept their dual-purpose 75 mm gun.[11] By then, the M4
was inferior in firepower and armor to increasing numbers of German heavy tanks, but was able to fight on
with the help of considerable numerical superiority, greater mechanical reliability, better logistical support,
and support from growing numbers of fighter-bombers and artillery pieces.[12] Some Shermans were
produced with a more capable gun, the 76 mm gun M1, or refitted with a 76.2mm calibre Ordnance QF 17-
pounder gun by the British (the Sherman Firefly).

The relative ease of production allowed large numbers of the M4 to be manufactured, and significant
investment in tank recovery and repair units allowed disabled vehicles to be repaired and returned to service
quickly. These factors combined to give the Allies numerical superiority in most battles, and many infantry
divisions were provided with M4s and tank destroyers.[N 3][13]

After World War II, the Sherman, particularly the many improved and upgraded versions, continued to see
combat service in many conflicts around the world, including the UN forces in the Korean War, with Israel
in the Arab–Israeli wars, briefly with South Vietnam in the Vietnam War, and on both sides of the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1965.[14]

Contents
U.S. design prototype
Doctrine
U.S. production history
Service history
Allocation
First combat
Eastern Front
Pacific Theater
Post–World War II
Armament
Gun development
The tank destroyer doctrine
Variants
Armor
Turret
Hull
Effectiveness
Upgrades
M4A3E2
Mobility
U.S. variants
Foreign variants and use
Former operators
See also
Tanks of comparable role, performance and era
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links

U.S. design prototype

The U.S. Army Ordnance Department designed the M4 medium
tank as a replacement for the M3 medium tank. The M3 was an up-
gunned development of the M2 Medium Tank of 1939, in turn
derived from the M2 light tank of 1935. The M3 was developed as a
stopgap measure until a new turret mounting a 75 mm gun could be
devised. While it was a big improvement when tried by the British in
Africa against early German tanks, the placement of a 37 mm gun
turret on top gave it a very high profile, and the unusual side-
sponson mounted main gun, with limited traverse, could not be
aimed across the other side of the tank. Though reluctant to adopt Cutaway Sherman showing
British weapons into their arsenal, the American designers were transmission and driver's seat
prepared to accept proven British ideas. British ideas, as embodied
in a tank designed by the Canadian General Staff, also influenced the
development of the American Sherman tank. Before long American military agencies and designers had
accumulated sufficient experience to forge ahead on several points. In the field of tank armament the
American 75 mm and 76 mm dual-purpose tank guns won the acknowledgement of British tank experts.[15]
Detailed design characteristics for the M4 were submitted by the Ordnance Department on 31 August 1940,
but development of a prototype was delayed while the final production designs of the M3 were finished and
the M3 entered full-scale production. On 18 April 1941, the U.S. Armored Force Board chose the simplest
of five designs. Known as the T6, the design was a modified M3 hull and chassis, carrying a newly designed
turret mounting the M3's 75 mm gun. This would later become the Sherman.[3]

The Sherman's reliability resulted from many features developed for U.S. light tanks during the 1930s,
including vertical volute spring suspension, rubber-bushed tracks, and a rear-mounted radial engine with
drive sprockets in front. The goals were to produce a fast, dependable medium tank able to support infantry,
provide breakthrough striking capacity, and defeat any tank then in use by the Axis nations.
The T6 prototype was completed on 2 September 1941. The upper hull of the T6 was a single large casting.
It featured a single overhead hatch for the driver, and a hatch in the side of the hull. In the later M4A1
production model, this large casting was maintained, although the side hatch was eliminated and a second
overhead hatch was added for the assistant driver. The modified T6 was standardized as the M4, and
production began in February 1942.[16] The cast-hull models would later be re-standardized as M4A1, with
the first welded-hull models receiving the designation M4. In August, 1942, a variant of the M4 was put
forth by the Detroit Arsenal to have angled, rather than rounded hull and turret armor. The changes were
intended to improve the tank's protection without increasing weight or degrading other technical
characteristics.

Doctrine

As the United States approached entry into World War II, armored
employment was doctrinally governed by Field Manual 100–5,
Operations (published May 1941, the month following selection of
the M4 tank's final design). That field manual stated:

The armored division is organized primarily to perform

missions that require great mobility and firepower. It is
given decisive missions. It is capable of engaging in all
forms of combat, but its primary role is in offensive
operations against hostile rear areas.[17]

A Sherman DD amphibious tank of

The M4 was, therefore, not originally intended primarily as an 13th/18th Royal Hussars in action
infantry support tank. It placed tanks in the "striking echelon" of the against German troops using
armored division, and placed the infantry in the "support echelon", crashed Horsa gliders as cover near
without directing that tanks should only seek to attack other tanks, Ranville, Normandy, 10 June 1944
thus leaving target selection up to the field commander based on
what types of units were available to him to attack. A field manual
covering the use of the Sherman (FM 17–33, "The Tank Battalion, Light and Medium" of September 1942)
described fighting enemy tanks when necessary as one of the many roles of the Sherman, but devoted only
one page of text and four diagrams to tank-versus-tank action, out of 142 pages.[18] This early armored
doctrine was heavily influenced by the sweeping early war successes of German blitzkrieg tactics. By the
time M4s reached combat in significant numbers, battlefield demands for infantry support and tank versus
tank action far outnumbered the occasional opportunities of rear-echelon exploitation.

United States doctrine held that the most critical anti-tank work (stopping massed enemy tank attacks) was
primarily to be done by towed and self-propelled anti-tank guns, both of which were referred to as "tank
destroyers", with friendly tanks being used in support if possible.[19] Speed was essential in order to bring
the tank destroyers from the rear to destroy incoming tanks. This doctrine was rarely followed in combat, as
it was found to be impractical. Commanders were reluctant to leave tank destroyers in reserve; if they were,
it was also easier for an opposing armored force to achieve a breakthrough against an American tank
battalion, which would not have all of its anti-tank weapons at the front during the beginning of any
attack.[20]

U.S. production history

The first production of the Sherman took place at the Lima
Locomotive Works, with many early vehicles reserved for British
use under Lend-Lease; the first production Sherman was given to the
U.S. Army for evaluation, and the second tank of the British order
went to London. Nicknamed Michael, probably after Michael
Dewar, head of the British tank mission in the U.S., the tank was
displayed in London and is now an exhibit at The Tank Museum,
Bovington, UK.[21][22]

In World War II, the U.S. Army ultimately fielded 16 armored

divisions, along with 70 separate tank battalions, while the U.S. The second production Sherman,
Marine Corps fielded six tank battalions. A third of all Army tank Michael, displayed at The Tank
battalions, and all six Marine tank battalions, were deployed to the Museum, Bovington, England (2010)
Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO).[23] Prior to September 1942,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt had announced a production
program calling for 120,000 tanks for the Allied war effort.
Although the American industrial complex was not affected by
enemy aerial bombing or submarine warfare as was Japan, Germany
and, to a lesser degree, Great Britain, an enormous amount of steel
for tank production was diverted to the construction of warships and
other naval vessels.[24] Steel used in naval construction amounted to
the equivalent of approximately 67,000 tanks; and consequently only
about 53,500 tanks were produced during 1942 and 1943.[25]

The Army had seven main sub-designations for M4 variants during M4 and M4A1 (shown), the first
production: M4, M4A1, M4A2, M4A3, M4A4, M4A5, and M4A6. Shermans, share the inverted U
These designations did not necessarily indicate linear improvement; backplate and inherited their engine
in that "M4A4" did not indicate it was better than "M4A3". These and exhaust system from the earlier
sub-types indicated standardized production variations, which were M3 Medium Tank
in fact often manufactured concurrently at different locations. The
sub-types differed mainly in engines, although the M4A1 differed
from the other variants by its fully cast upper hull, with a distinctive
rounded appearance. The M4A4 had a longer engine that required a
longer hull and more track blocks, and thus the most distinguishing
feature of the M4A4 was the wider longitudinal spacing between the
bogies. "M4A5" was an administrative placeholder designation for
Canadian production. The M4A6 had a radial diesel engine as well
as the elongated chassis of the M4A4, but only 75 of these were ever
produced.

Most Sherman sub-types ran on gasoline. The air-cooled

Continental-produced Wright R975 Whirlwind 9 cylinder radial This M4A4 has extra armor plates in
gasoline engine in the M4 and M4A1 produced 350 or 400 front of crew hatches
horsepower (260 or 300 kW). The M4A3 used the liquid-cooled
450 hp (340 kW) Ford GAA V8 gasoline engine, and the M4A4
used the liquid cooled 370 hp (280 kW) 30 cylinder Chrysler A57 multibank gasoline engine. There were
also two diesel engined variants. The M4A2 was powered by a pair of liquid cooled GMC 6–71 two-stroke
inline engines,[26] that produced a total of 375 hp (280 kW), while the M4A6 used an RD-1820 (a
redesigned Caterpillar D-200A air cooled radial diesel engine, adapted from Wright Aeronautical's Cyclone
9 nine cylinder radial aircraft engine.[27]) that produced 450 hp (340 kW). A 24-volt electrical system was
used in the M4.[4] The M4A2 and M4A4 were mostly supplied to other Allied countries under Lend-
Lease.[28] The term "M4" can refer specifically to the initial sub-type with its Continental radial engine, or
generically, to the entire family of seven Sherman sub-types, depending on context. Many details of
production, shape, strength, and performance improved while in production, without a change to the tank's
basic model number. These included stronger suspension units, safer "wet" (W) ammunition stowage, and
stronger or more effective armor arrangements, such as the M4 "Composite", which had a cheaper to
produce cast front hull section mated to a regular welded rear hull. British nomenclature regarding Sherman
variants differed from that employed by the U.S.

M4 Sherman: comparison of key production features of selected models

Designation Main Armament Hull Engine
M4 75 mm welded gasoline Continental R975 radial
M4(105) 105 mm howitzer welded gasoline Continental R975 radial
M4 Composite 75 mm cast front, welded sides gasoline Continental R975 radial
M4A1 75 mm cast gasoline Continental R975 radial
M4A1(76)W 76 mm cast gasoline Continental R975 radial
GM 6046 diesel (conjoined 6-
M4A2 75 mm welded
71s)
GM 6046 diesel (conjoined 6-
M4A2(76)W 76 mm welded
71s)
M4A3(75)W 75 mm welded gasoline Ford GAA V8
M4A3E2 75 mm (some
welded gasoline Ford GAA V8
"Jumbo" 76 mm)
M4A3(76)W 76 mm welded gasoline Ford GAA V8
M4A4 75 mm welded; lengthened gasoline Chrysler A57 multibank
cast front, welded sides;
M4A6 75 mm diesel Caterpillar D200A radial
lengthened
W = ammunition stowage system

Early Shermans mounted a 75 mm medium-velocity general-purpose

gun. Although Ordnance began work on the T20 medium tank series
as Sherman replacements, ultimately the Army decided to minimize
production disruption by incorporating elements of the design into
the Sherman. Later M4A1, M4A2, and M4A3 models received a
larger turret with a high-velocity 76 mm gun from the T23 tank. The
first standard-production 76 mm gun-armed Sherman was an M4A1,
accepted in January 1944, which first saw combat in July 1944
during Operation Cobra. Variants of the M4 and M4A3 were
factory-produced with a 105 mm howitzer and a distinctive rounded A 76 mm M4A2-equipped Easy Eight
mantlet, which surrounded the main gun, on the turret. The first Sherman
Sherman variant to be armed with the 105 mm howitzer was the M4,
first accepted in February 1944.

From May to July 1944, the Army accepted a limited run of 254 M4A3E2 Jumbo Shermans, which had very
thick hull armor and the 75 mm gun in a new, better- protected T23-style turret, in order to assault
fortifications. The M4A3 model was the first to be factory-produced with the horizontal volute spring
suspension (HVSS) system with wider tracks to distribute weight, beginning in August 1944. With the
smooth ride of the HVSS, it gained the nickname "Easy Eight" from its experimental "E8" designation. The
M4 and M4A3 105 mm-armed tanks, as well as the M4A1 and M4A2 76 mm-armed tanks, were also
eventually equipped with HVSS. Both the Americans and the British developed a wide array of special
attachments for the Sherman, although few saw combat, remaining experimental. Those that saw action
included a bulldozer blade, the Duplex Drive system, flamethrowers for Zippo flame tanks, and various
rocket launchers such as the T34 Calliope. British variants (DDs and mine flails) formed part of the group of
specialized vehicles collectively known as "Hobart's Funnies" (after Percy Hobart, commander of the 79th
Armoured Division).

The M4 Sherman's basic chassis was used for all the sundry roles of a modern mechanized force. These
included the M10 and M36 tank destroyers; M7B1, M12, M40, and M43 self-propelled artillery; the M32
and M74 "tow truck"-style recovery tanks with winches, booms, and an 81 mm mortar for smoke screens;
and the M34 (from M32B1) and M35 (from M10A1) artillery prime movers.

M4A4 Cutaway: 1 – Lifting ring, 2 – Ventilator, 3 – Turret hatch, 4 – Periscope, 5 – Turret

hatch race, 6 – Turret seat, 7 – Gunner's seat, 8 – Turret seat, 9 – Turret, 10 – Air cleaner, 11
– Radiator filler cover, 12 – Air cleaner manifold, 13 – Power unit, 14 – Exhaust pipe, 15 –
Track idler, 16 – Single water pump, 17 – Radiator, 18 – Generator, 19 – Rear propeller shaft,
20 – Turret basket, 21 – Slip ring, 22 – Front propeller shaft, 23 – Suspension bogie, 24 –
Transmission, 25 – Main drive sprocket, 26 – Driver's seat, 27 – Machine gunner's seat, 28 –
75 mm gun, 29 – Drivers hatch, 30 – M1919A4 machine gun.
 M4 Sherman Production[29][3][30]
Designation Manufacturers Total Date
M4 Pressed Steel Car Company 6,748 July 1942 – January 1944
Baldwin Locomotive Works
American Locomotive Co.
Pullman-Standard Car Company
Detroit Tank Arsenal
M4(105) Detroit Tank Arsenal 800 February 1944 – September 1944
M4(105) HVSS Detroit Tank Arsenal 841 September 1944 – March 1945
M4A1 Lima Locomotive Works 6,281 February 1942 – December 1943
Pressed Steel Car Company
Pacific Car and Foundry Company
M4A1(76)W Pressed Steel Car Company 2,171 January 1944 – December 1944
M4A1(76)W HVSS Pressed Steel Car Company 1,255 January 1945 – July 1945
M4A2 Fisher Tank Arsenal[31] 8,053 April 1942 – May 1944

Pullman-Standard Car Company

American Locomotive Co.
Baldwin Locomotive Works
Federal Machine and Welder Co.

M4A2(76)W Fisher Tank Arsenal 1,594 May 1944 – December 1944

M4A2(76)W HVSS Fisher Tank Arsenal 1,321 January 1945 – May 1945
Pressed Steel Car Company
M4A3 Ford Motor Company 1,690 June 1942 – September 1943
M4A3(75)W Fisher Tank Arsenal 2,420 February 1944 – December 1944
M4A3(75)W HVSS Fisher Tank Arsenal 651 January 1945 – March 1945
M4A3E2 Fisher Tank Arsenal 254 May 1944 – July 1944
M4A3(76)W Fisher Tank Arsenal 1,925 March 1944 – December 1944
Detroit Tank Arsenal
M4A3(76)W HVSS Detroit Tank Arsenal 2,617 August 1944 – April 1945
M4A3(105) Detroit Tank Arsenal 500 May 1944 – September 1944
M4A3(105) HVSS Detroit Tank Arsenal 2,539 September 1944 – June 1945
M4A4 Detroit Tank Arsenal 7,499 July 1942 – November 1943
M4A6 Detroit Tank Arsenal 75 October 1943 – February 1944
Total 49,234

Service history

Allocation
During World War II, approximately 19,247 Shermans were issued
to the U.S. Army and about 1,114 to the U.S. Marine Corps.[32] The
U.S. also supplied 17,184 to Great Britain (some of which in turn
went to the Canadians and the Free Poles), while the Soviet Union
received 4,102[33] and an estimated 812 were transferred to
China.[34] These numbers were distributed further to the respective
countries' allied nations.

The U.S. Marine Corps used the diesel M4A2 and gasoline-powered
M4A3 in the Pacific. However, the Chief of the Army's Armored
Force, Lt. Gen. Jacob L. Devers, ordered that no diesel-engined The first Sherman in U.S. service, the
Shermans be used by the Army outside the Zone of Interior (the M4A1, appeared in the North Africa
continental U.S.). The Army used all types for either training or Campaign. Here one of the 7th Army
testing within the United States, but intended the M4A2 and M4A4 lands at Red Beach 2 on July 10,
(with the A57 Multibank engine) to be the primary Lend-Lease 1943 during the Allied invasion of
exports. Sicily

First combat

Shermans were being issued in small numbers for familiarization to

U.S. armored divisions when there was a turn of events in the
Western Desert campaign. Axis forces had taken Tobruk and were
advancing into Egypt and Britain's supply line through the Suez
Canal was threatened. The US considered collecting all Shermans
together so as to be able to send the 2nd Armored Division under
Patton to reinforce Egypt, but delivering the Shermans directly to the
British was quicker and over 300 – mostly M4A1s, but also M4A3(76)W HVSS participating in a
World War II victory parade
including M4A2s – had arrived there by September 1942.[21][35]

The Shermans were modified for desert warfare with sandshields

over the tracks and other stowage. The Sherman first saw combat at the Second Battle of El Alamein in
October 1942 with the British 8th Army. At the start of the offensive, there were 252 tanks fit for action.
These equipped the British 9th Armoured Brigade (with the New Zealand Division), 2nd Armoured Brigade
(1st Armoured Division) and 8th and 20th Armoured Brigades (10th Armoured Division). Their first
encounter with tanks was against German Panzer III and IV tanks with long 50 mm and 75 mm guns
engaging them at 2,000 yards (1,800 m). There were losses to both sides.[36]

The first U.S. Shermans in battle were M4s and M4A1s in Operation Torch the following month. On 6
December, near Tebourba, Tunisia, a platoon from the 2nd Battalion, 13th Armored Regiment was lost to
enemy tanks and anti-tank guns.[37]

Additional M4s and M4A1s replaced M3s in U.S. tank battalions over the course of the North African
campaign.

The M4 and M4A1 were the main types in U.S. units until the fall of 1944, when the Army began replacing
them with the preferred M4A3 with its more powerful 500 hp (370 kW) engine. Some M4s and M4A1s
continued in U.S. service for the rest of the war. The first Sherman to enter combat with the 76 mm gun in
July 1944 was the M4A1, closely followed by the M4A3. By the end of the war, roughly half the U.S. Army
Shermans in Europe had the 76 mm gun. The first HVSS-equipped Sherman to see combat was the
M4A3(76)W in December 1944.
Eastern Front

The M4A2s used by the Red Army were considered to be much less prone to catch fire due to ammunition
detonation than their T-34/76, but had a higher tendency to overturn in road accidents and collisions or
because of rough terrain due to their higher center of gravity.[38]

Under Lend-Lease, 4,102 M4A2 medium tanks were sent to the Soviet Union. Of these, 2,007 were
equipped with the original 75 mm main gun, with 2,095 mounting the more-capable 76 mm gun. The total
number of Sherman tanks sent to the USSR under Lend-Lease represented 18.6% of all Lend-Lease
Shermans.[39]

The first 76 mm-armed M4A2 Shermans started to arrive in Soviet Union in the late summer of 1944.[40] By
1945, some Red Army armoured units were standardized to depend entirely on the Sherman Such units
include the 1st Guards Mechanized Corps, the 3rd Guards Mechanized Corps and the 9th Guards
Mechanized Corps, amongst others. The Sherman was largely held in good regard and viewed positively by
many Soviet tank crews, with compliments given to its reliability, ease of maintenance, generally good
firepower (referring especially to the 76 mm gun version) and decent armour protection,[41] as well as an
auxiliary-power unit (APU) to keep the tank's batteries charged without having to run the main engine for
the same purpose as the Soviets' own T-34 tank required.[42]

Pacific Theater

While combat in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) often

consisted of high-profile armored warfare, the mainly naval nature
of the Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO) relegated it to secondary
status for both the Allies and the Japanese. While the U.S. Army
fielded 16 armored divisions and 70 separate tank battalions during
the war, only a third of the battalions and none of the divisions were
Chinese M4A4 Sherman in the CBI deployed to the Pacific Theater.[43] The Imperial Japanese Army
Battlefield
(IJA) deployed only their 2nd Tank Division to the Pacific during
the war.[44] Armor from both sides mostly operated in jungle terrain
that was poorly suited to armored warfare. For this type of terrain,
the Japanese and the Allies found light tanks easier to transport and employ.[45]

During the early stages of combat in the Pacific, specifically the Guadalcanal Campaign, the U.S. Marine
Corps' M2A4 light tank fought against the equally-matched Type 95 Ha-Go light tank; both were armed
with a 37 mm main gun. However, the M2 (produced in 1940) was newer by five years.[46] By 1943, the IJA
still used the Type 95 and Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tanks, while Allied forces were quickly replacing their
light tanks with 75 mm-armed M4s.[47] The Chinese in India received 100 M4 Shermans and used them to
great effect in the subsequent 1944 and 1945 offensives in the CBI Battlefield.

To counter the Sherman,[48] the Japanese developed the Type 3 Chi-Nu and the heavier Type 4 Chi-To; both
tanks were armed with 75 mm guns, albeit of different type. Only 166 Type 3s and two Type 4s were built,
and none saw combat; they were saved for the defense of the Japanese home islands, leaving 1930s vintage
light and medium armor to do battle against 1940s built Allied light and medium armor.

During the later years of the war, general purpose high explosive ammunition was preferred for fighting
Japanese tanks because armor-piercing rounds, which had been designed for penetrating thicker steel, often
went through the thin armor of the Type 95 Ha-Go (the most commonly encountered Japanese tank) and out
the other side without stopping. Although the high-velocity guns of
tank destroyers were useful for penetrating fortifications, M4s armed
with flamethrowers were often deployed, as direct fire seldom
destroyed Japanese fortifications.[49][50]

Post–World War II

After World War II, the U.S. kept the M4A3E8 '"Easy Eight" in As part of Operation Dexterity, an
service, with either the 76 mm gun or a 105 mm M4 howitzer. The M4A1 (75 mm) advances through a
Sherman remained a common U.S. tank in the Korean War, where it tropical rain forest on New Britain, in
fought alongside the M26 Pershing and M46 Patton. The the South-West Pacific
M4A3(76)W HVSS Sherman and T-34-85 were comparable and
could destroy each other at normal combat ranges, although the use
of High Velocity Armor Piercing ammunition, advanced optics, and
better crew training gave the Sherman an advantage.[51] The
M4A3(76)W HVSS Sherman, using 76 mm HVAP ammunition,
destroyed 41 enemy tanks from July–November 1950. The lighter
M4A3(76)W HVSS tank became the preferred U.S. tank in the later
phases of the war in Korea, due to the mechanical reliability of the
M4, its ease of maintenance, and its driveability compared to the
M26 tank.[52]

The U.S. Army replaced the M4 in 1957. The U.S. continued to

Last type in US service: M4A3(76)W
transfer Shermans to its allies, which contributed to widespread HVSS Sherman used as artillery in
foreign use. firing position during the Korean War

The Israeli Defense Force used Shermans from its creation in 1948
until the 1980s, having first acquired a single M4A2 lacking main
armament from British forces as they withdrew from Israel.[53] The popularity of the tank (having now been
re-armed) compared to the outdated, 1934-origin French Renault R35 interwar light tanks with their 37 mm
short-barreled guns, which made up the bulk of the IDF's tank force, led to the purchase of 30 unarmed
M4(105mm)s from Italian scrapyards.[53] Three of these, plus the original M4A2, saw extensive service in
the 1948-9 war of independence. The remainder were then serviced and rearmed with 75 mm guns and
components whenever these became available, composing a large part of Israeli tank forces for the next
eight years. The 75 mm-armed Shermans were replaced by M4A1 (76 mm) Shermans imported from France
before the 1956 Suez Crisis, after it was realised that their armor penetration was insufficient for combat
against newer tanks such as the IDF Centurions as well as the T-34-85s being delivered to Egyptian
forces.[54] During further upgrades, the French military helped develop a conversion kit to upgrade about
300 Shermans to the long high-velocity 75 mm gun CN 75-50 used in the AMX-13. These were designated
Sherman M-50 by the Israelis. Before the Six-Day War in 1967, the Israeli Army upgraded about 180
M4A1(76)W HVSS Shermans with the French 105 mm Modèle F1 gun, re-engined them with Cummins
diesel engines and designated the upgraded tank Sherman M-51. The Sherman tanks, fighting alongside the
105 mm Centurion Sh'ot Kal and M48 Patton tanks, were able to defeat the T-34/85, T-54/55/62 series, and
IS-3 tanks used by the Egyptian and Syrian forces in the 1967 Six-Day War.[55]

M4A3s were also used by British forces in Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution until 1946,
when they were passed on to the KNIL, which used them until 1949 before they were passed on to the
Indonesian Army.[56]

Armament
Gun development

As the Sherman was being designed, provisions were made so that multiple types of main armament
(specified as a 75 mm gun, a 3-inch gun, or a 105 mm howitzer) could be mounted in the turret.[57] The
possibility of mounting the main gun of the M6 heavy tank, the 3-inch gun M7, in the turret of the M4
Sherman was explored first, but its size and weight (modified from a land-based antiaircraft gun) made it too
large to fit in the turret of the Sherman. Development on a new 76 mm gun better-suited to the Sherman
began in fall 1942.

In early 1942, tests began on the feasibility of mounting a 105 mm howitzer into the turret of the Sherman.
The basic 105 mm howitzer M2A1 was found to be ill-designed for mounting in a tank turret, so it was
completely redesigned and re-designated the 105 mm howitzer M4. After modifications to the turret
(concerning the balancing of the gun and the strength of the power traverse) and interior of the hull
(concerning the stowage of the 105 mm ammunition), the Ordnance Department expressed its approval of
the project, and production of M4 tanks armed with 105 mm howitzers began in February 1944.[58]

The Sherman would enter combat in 1942 equipped with the 75 mm gun M3, a 40-caliber gun that could
penetrate 88 mm (3.5 in) of unsloped rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) at 100 meters (110 yd) and 73 mm
(2.9 in) at 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) firing the usual M61 round.[59] Facing the early Panzer III and Panzer IV
in North Africa, the Sherman's gun could penetrate the frontal armor of these tanks at normal combat ranges,
within 1,000 yd (910 m). U.S. Army Intelligence discounted the arrival of the Tiger I in 1942 and the
Panther tank in 1943, predicting that the Panther would be a heavy tank like the Tiger I, and doubted that
many would be produced. There were also reports of British QF 6 pdr (57 mm) guns being able to destroy
the Tiger I. However, this only happened at very close ranges and against the thinner side armor. Due to
their misconceptions related to this, and also due to tests that seemed to prove that the 76 mm gun was able
to destroy both the Tiger and the Panther, the leadership of Army Ground Forces were not especially
concerned by the Tiger I. The tests of the 76 mm were later ruled inaccurate, with Eisenhower even
remarking that he was wrongly told by Ordnance that the 76 mm could knock out any German tank. The
Army also failed to anticipate that the Germans would attempt to make the Panther the standard tank of their
panzer divisions in 1944, supported by small numbers of Tiger I and IIs.[60]

When the newly-designed 76 mm gun, known as the T1, was first installed in the M4 in spring 1943, it was
found to unbalance the turret, and the gun barrel also protruded too far forward, making it more difficult to
transport and susceptible to hitting the ground when the tank traveled over undulating terrain. The barrel
length was reduced by 15 in (380 mm) (from 57 calibers to 52), resulting in the M1 variant. Mounting this
gun in the original M4 turret proved problematic, so the turret for the aborted T23 tank project was used
instead for the definitive production version of the 76 mm M4 Shermans,[61] along with a modified version
of the gun known as the M1A1.

Despite the Ordnance Department's development of new 76 mm and 90 mm anti-tank guns, the Army
Ground Forces rejected their deployment as unnecessary. An attempt to upgrade the M4 Sherman by
installing the 90 mm-armed turret from the T26 tank project on an M4 hull in April 1944 was halted after
realizing it could not go into production sooner than the T26 and would likely delay T26 development.[62]
Even in 1943, most German armored fighting vehicles (later models of the Panzer IV, StuG III, and Marder
III) mounted the 7.5 cm KwK 40. As a result, even weakly armored light German tank destroyers such as
the Marder III, which was meant to be a stop-gap measure to fight Soviet tanks in 1942, could destroy
Shermans from a distance. The disparity in firepower between the German armored fighting vehicles of
1943 and the 75 mm-armed M4 was the impetus to begin production of 76 mm-armed M4s in January
1944.[63] In testing prior to the invasion of Normandy, the 76 mm gun was found to have an undesirably
large muzzle blast that kicked up dust from the ground and obscured vision for further firing. The M1A1C
gun, which entered production lines in March 1944, was threaded for a muzzle brake, but as the brakes were
still in development, the threads were protected with a cap. The addition of a muzzle brake on the new
M1A2 gun (which also incorporated a faster rifling twist leading to a slight accuracy increase at longer
ranges) beginning in October 1944 finally solved this problem by directing the blast sideways.[64]

Army doctrine at the time emphasized the multirole ability of the tank, and the capability of the high
explosive shell was considered important. Being a dedicated anti-tank gun, the 76 mm had a much weaker
high explosive shell than the existing 75 mm, and was not initially accepted by various U.S. armored
division commanders, even though many had already been produced and were available. All of the U.S.
Army M4s deployed initially in Normandy in June 1944 had the 75 mm gun.[65] Tests against American
armor plate suggested that the new M1A1 gun would be adequate, but testing against captured Panther tanks
was never done. Fighting against Panther tanks in Normandy quickly demonstrated the need for better anti-
tank firepower, and the 76 mm M4s were deployed to First Army units in July 1944. Operation Cobra was
the combat debut of the 76 mm gun-armed Sherman, in the form of the M4A1(76)W.[66] General George S.
Patton's Third Army were initially issued 75 mm M4s and accepted 76 mm-armed M4s only after the Battle
of Arracourt against Panther tanks in late September 1944.[67]

The higher-velocity 76 mm gun gave Shermans anti-tank firepower

at least equal to most of the German vehicles they encountered,
particularly the Panzer IV and StuG III. The gun could penetrate
125 mm (4.9 in) of unsloped RHA at 100 meters (110 yd) and
106 mm (4.2 in) at 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) using the usual M62
round.[68] The M1 helped to equalize the Sherman and the Panzer IV
in terms of firepower; the 48-caliber 7.5 cm KwK 40 (75mm L/48)
of the Panzer IV could penetrate 135 mm (5.3 in) of unsloped RHA
at 100 meters (110 yd) and 109 mm (4.3 in) at 1,000 meters
(1,100 yd). The 76 mm gun was still inferior to the much more
British Firefly in Namur, 1944. This is
powerful 70-caliber 7.5 cm KwK 42 (75mm L/70) of the Panther,
an M4 composite, showing the late
which could penetrate 185 mm (7.3 in) of unsloped RHA at 100
cast hull front with large crew
meters (110 yd) and 149 mm (5.9 in) at 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) hatches
using the usual PzGr.39/42 round.[68] The 76 mm was capable of
knocking out a Panther at normal combat ranges from the flanks or
rear, but could not overcome the glacis plate. Due to its 55 degree slope, the Panther's 80 mm (3.1 in) glacis
had a line of sight thickness of 140 mm (5.5 in) with actual effectiveness being even greater. An M4 might
only knock out a Panther frontally from point-blank range by aiming for its turret front and transverse-
cylindrical shaped mantlet, the lower edge of which on most Panthers (especially the earlier Ausf. D and A
versions) constituted a vulnerable shot trap.[69] A 76 mm-armed Sherman could penetrate the upper frontal
hull superstructure of a Tiger I tank from normal combat ranges. Although the new gun lessened the gap
between the two tanks, the Tiger I was still capable of knocking an M4 out frontally from over 2,000 meters
(2,200 yd).[70]

In late summer 1944, after breaking out of the bocage and moving into open country, U.S. tank units that
engaged German defensive positions at longer ranges sometimes took 50% casualties before spotting where
the fire was coming from.[71] The average combat range noted by the Americans for tank versus tank action
was 800 to 900 meters (870 to 980 yd). Sherman crews also had concerns about firing from longer ranges,
as the Sherman's high-flash powder made their shots easier to spot. This, and the U.S. Army's usual
offensive tactical situation, often contributed to losses suffered by the U.S. Army in Europe.[72] Even though
the various gunsights fitted to the Sherman had fewer magnification settings than those fitted to German
tanks, their gunners were able to use a secondary periscope that featured a far larger field of view than their
German counterparts.
T4 High-Velocity Armor Piercing (HVAP) ammunition became available in August 1944 for the 76 mm
gun. The projectile contained a tungsten penetrator surrounded by a lightweight aluminum body and ballistic
windshield, which gave it a higher velocity and more penetrating power. The increased penetration of HVAP
allowed the 76 mm gun to match the Panther's 7.5 cm KwK 42 APCR shot.[73] However, its performance
was heavily degraded by sloped armor such as the Panther's glacis. Because of tungsten shortages, HVAP
rounds were constantly in short supply. Priority was given to U.S. tank destroyer units and over half of the
18,000 projectiles received were not compatible with the 76 mm gun M1, being fitted into the cartridge case
of the M10 tank destroyer's 3-inch gun M7.[74] Most Shermans carried only a few rounds at any one time,
and some units never received any.[75]

The British anticipated future developments in German armor and

began development of a 3-inch (76 mm) antitank gun even before its
57 mm predecessor entered service. Out of expediency and also
driven by delays in their new tank designs, they mounted the
powerful 3 in (76 mm) Ordnance QF 17-pounder gun in a standard
75 mm M4 Sherman turret. This conversion became the Sherman
Firefly. Like the U.S. M1 gun, the 17 pdr was also a 76 mm gun, but M4A2(76) HVSS with T23 turret and
the British piece used a more voluminous cartridge case containing a later 76 mm gun's muzzle brake; it
much bigger propellant charge. This allowed it to penetrate 174 mm also sports fenders, usually omitted
(6.9 in) of unsloped RHA at 100 meters (110 yd) and 150 mm on U.S. vehicles to ease
(5.9 in) at 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) using APCBC ammunition.[68] maintenance
The 17-pounder still could not penetrate the steeply sloped glacis
plate of the Panther but it was expected to be able to pierce its gun
mantlet at over 2,500 yards (2,300 m);[76] moreover it was estimated it would defeat the Tiger I's frontal
armor from 1,900 yards (1,700 m).[77] However, British Army test results conducted with two Fireflys
against a Panther turret-sized target demonstrated relatively poor accuracy at long range; a hit probability of
25.4% at 1,500 yards (1,400 m) with APCBC, and only 7.4% with APDS.[78] In late 1943, the British
offered the 17-pounder to the U.S. Army for use in their M4 tanks. General Devers insisted on comparison
tests between the 17-pounder and the U.S. 90 mm gun. The tests were finally done on March 25 and May
23, 1944; they seemed to show the 90 mm gun was equal to or better than the 17-pounder. By then,
production of the 76 mm-armed M4 and the 90 mm-armed M36 were both underway and U.S. Army interest
in the 17-pounder waned. Late in 1944, the British began to produce tungsten sabot rounds for the 17-
pounder, which could readily breach the armor of even the Tiger II; these were not as accurate as standard
rounds and not generally available.

After the heavy tank losses of the Battle of the Bulge, in January 1945, General Eisenhower asked that no
more 75 mm M4s be sent to Europe: only 76 mm M4s were wanted.[79] Interest in mounting the British 17-
pounder in U.S. Shermans flared anew. In February 1945, the U.S. Army began sending 75 mm M4s to
England for conversion to the 17-pounder. Approximately 100 conversions were completed by the
beginning of May. By then, the end of the war in Europe was clearly in sight, and the U.S. Army decided the
logistical difficulties of adding a new ammunition caliber to the supply train was not warranted. None of the
converted 17-pounder M4s were deployed in combat by the U.S., and it is unclear what happened to most of
them, although some were given to the British as part of Lend-Lease post-war.[80]

The tank destroyer doctrine

General Lesley J. McNair was head of the Army Ground Forces from 1942 to 1944. McNair, a former
artilleryman, advocated for the role of the tank destroyer (TD) within the U.S. Army. In McNair's opinion,
tanks were to exploit breakthroughs and support infantry, while masses of attacking hostile tanks were to be
engaged by tank destroyer units, which were composed of a mix of self-propelled and towed anti-tank guns.
Self-propelled tank destroyers, called "gun motor carriages" (as were any U.S. Army self-propelled armored
vehicles mounting an artillery piece of heavy caliber) were similar to tanks, but were lightly armored with
open-topped turrets. The tank destroyers were supposed to be faster and carry a more powerful anti-tank gun
than tanks (although in reality tanks often received more powerful guns before tank destroyers did) and
armor was sacrificed for speed.[81] Armored Force and Tank Destroyer Force doctrine were developed
separately, and it was not against Armored Force doctrine for friendly tanks to engage hostile tanks that
appeared while attacking or defending.[82]; tank destroyers were to engage numbers of enemy tanks that
broke through friendly lines.

McNair approved the 76 mm upgrade to the M4 Sherman and production of the 90 mm gun-armed M36
tank destroyer, but he at first staunchly opposed mass production of the T20 medium tank series and its
descendants, the T25 and T26 (which would eventually become the M26 Pershing) during the crucial period
of 1943 because they did not meet the two criteria of the Army Ground Forces for accepting new equipment;
they were not "battle worthy," and he saw no "battle need" for them. In fall 1943, Lieutenant General
Devers, commander of U.S. forces in the European Theater of Operations (ETO), asked for 250 T26 tanks
for use in the invasion of France; McNair refused, citing the fact that he believed the M4 was adequate.
Devers appealed all the way to the War Department, and Major General Russell L. Maxwell, the Assistant
Chief of Staff G-4 of the War Department General Staff, ordered the 250 tanks built in December 1943.
McNair finally relented in his opposition, but still opposed mass production; his Army Ground Forces even
asked for the tanks to be "down-gunned" from 90 mm to 75 or 76 mm in April 1944, believing the 76 mm
gun was capable of performing satisfactorily. Marshall then summarily ordered the tanks to be provided to
the ETO as soon as possible. Soon after the Normandy invasion in June 1944, General Dwight D.
Eisenhower urgently requested heavy tanks, but McNair's continued opposition to mass production due to
persistent serious mechanical problems with the vehicles delayed their procurement. That same month, the
War Department reversed course and completely overruled the Army Ground Forces when making their
tank production plan for 1945. 7,800 tanks were to be built, of which 2,060 were to be T26s armed with
90 mm guns, 2,728 were to be T26s armed with 105 mm howitzers, and 3,000 were to be M4A3 Sherman
tanks armed with 105 mm howitzers. As a part of the plan, the British requested 750 90 mm-armed T26s
and 200 105 mm-armed T26s.[83] General McNair was killed in a botched air support mission in July 1944,
and the path to production for the T26 tank became somewhat clearer. General Marshall intervened again
and the tanks were eventually brought into full production. However, only a few T26 tanks (by then
designated M26) saw combat beginning in February 1945, too late to have any effect on the battlefield.[84]

Variants

The Sherman, like its M3 predecessor, was one of the first tanks to
feature a gyroscopically stabilized gun and sight. The stabilization
was only in the vertical plane, as the mechanism could not slew the
turret. The stabilizer was sufficient to keep the gun's elevation
setting within 1/8th of a degree, or 2 mils, while crossing moderately
rough terrain at 15 miles per hour (24 km/h). This gave a hit
probability of 70% on enemy tanks at ranges of 300 yards (270 m) to
1,200 yards (1,100 m).[85] The utility of the stabilization is
debatable, with some saying it was useful for its intended purpose,
others only for using the sights for stabilized viewing on the A USMC M4A3 uses its flame
move.[86] Some operators disabled the stabilizer. thrower during the Battle of Iwo Jima

The 75 mm gun also had an effective canister round that functioned

like a large shotgun. In the close fighting of the French bocage, the U.S. Army's 2nd Armored Division
tanks used Culin Hedgerow Cutters fitted to their tanks to push three tanks together through a hedgerow.
The flank tanks would clear the back of the hedgerow on their side with canister rounds while the center
tank would engage and suppress known or suspected enemy positions on the next hedgerow. This approach
permitted surprisingly fast progress through the very tough and well-defended hedgerows in Normandy.
Over 500 sets of these were fitted to US armored vehicles, and many fitted to various British tanks (where
they were called "prongs").

The 75 mm gun had a white phosphorus shell originally intended for use as an artillery marker to help with
targeting. M4 tank crews discovered that the shell could also be used against the Tiger and Panther—when
the burning white phosphorus adhered to the German tanks, their excellent optics would be blinded and the
acrid smoke would get sucked inside the vehicle, making it difficult or impossible for the crew to breathe.
This, and the fear of fire starting or spreading inside the tank, would sometimes cause the crew to abandon
the tank.[87] There were several recorded instances where white phosphorus shells defeated German tanks in
this fashion.[88]

A variant of the M4 Sherman was armed with the 105 mm M4 howitzer, which provided even more
powerful high explosive armament. This variant was employed in three-vehicle "assault gun" platoons in
tank battalions[89] to provide close fire support and smoke. Armored infantry battalions were also eventually
issued three of these Shermans.[90] The 105 mm-armed variants were of limited use against enemy tanks due
to the poor anti-armor performance of the howitzer, which was not intended to fight other tanks, though a
high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) round for the 105 mm howitzer was available for self-defense.

Armor

Turret

The turret armor of the 75 mm and 105 mm-armed M4 ranged from

25.4 mm (1.00 in) to 76.2 mm (3.00 in) thick.[91] The turret front
armor was 76.2 mm thick, angled at 30 degrees from the vertical,
giving an effective thickness of 87.9 mm (3.46 in). The opening in
the front of the M4's turret for the main gun was covered by a This early 75 mm gun turret shows
rounded 50.8 mm (2.00 in) thick rotor shield. Early Shermans that the single hatch; the additional
had a periscopic sight for the main gun mounted in the turret roof rectangular external (welded on)
possessed a small 76.2 mm (3.00 in) thick mantlet that only covered appliqué armor patch reinforces the
the hole where the main gun barrel protruded; the exposed barrel of ammunition bin protection on the hull
the coaxial machine gun was vulnerable to bullet splash or shrapnel side
and a small armored cover was manufactured to protect it. When the
Sherman was later fitted with a telescopic sight next to the main gun,
a larger 76.2 mm (3.00 in) thick gun mantlet that covered the entire rotor shield including the sight and
coaxial machine gun barrel was produced.[91][92] 105 mm-armed Sherman tanks did not have a rotor shield,
possessing only the mantlet to cover the opening in the turret front. The turret side armor was 50.8 mm
(2.00 in) thick at a 5 degree angle from the vertical.[92] The turret rear armor was 50.8 mm (2.00 in) thick
and vertical, while the turret roof armor was 25.4 mm (1.00 in) thick, and flat.[93]

Later models of the M4A1, M4A2 and M4A3 Sherman tanks were equipped with the T23 turret and the new
76 mm gun. This turret's armor was 63.5 mm (2.50 in) thick on the sides and rear, angled from 0 to 13
degrees from the vertical. It had a 25.4 mm (1.00 in) thick roof, which sat at 0 to 45 degrees from the
vertical.[3] The front of the T23 turret, which like the 105 mm-armed Sherman's turret, did not have a rotor
shield, was protected by an unsloped 88.9 mm (3.50 in) thick cast gun mantlet. Combat experience indicated
that the single hatch in the three-man 75 mm gun turret was inadequate for timely evacuation, so Ordnance
added a loader's hatch beside the commander's beginning in late 1943. All 76 mm gun turrets had two roof
hatches.
Hull

The Sherman's glacis plate was originally 50.8 mm (2.00 in)

thick.[91][93] and angled at 56 degrees from the vertical, providing an
effective thickness of 90.8 mm (3.57 in). The M4, M4A1, early
production M4A2 and early production M4A3 possessed protruding
cast "hatchway" structures that allowed the driver and assistant
driver's hatches to fit in front of the turret ring. In these areas, the
effect of the glacis plate's slope was greatly reduced. Later Shermans
had an upgraded glacis plate that was uniformly 63.5 mm (2.50 in)
thick and sloped at 47 degrees from the vertical, providing an
The 1943 improvement program effective thickness of 93.1 mm (3.67 in) over the entire plate. The
added patches of appliqué armor to new design improved overall ballistic protection by eliminating the
the sides of the turret and hull. This "hatchways", while also allowing for larger hatches for the driver
Sherman also sports a Culin and bow gunner. The cast hull M4A1 for the most part retained its
hedgerow cutter, a 1944 field previous glacis shape even after the larger hatches were introduced;
improvisation for breaking through the casting, irrespective of the larger hatches, sat 37 to 55 degrees
the thick hedgerows of the Normandy from the vertical, with the large majority of the piece sitting closer to
bocage a 55 degree angle.[3]

The transmission housing was rounded, made of three cast sections

bolted together or cast as one piece. It ranged from 50.8–108 millimetres (2–41⁄4 in) thick[93] The upper and
lower hull sides were 38 mm (1.5 in) thick,[92][94] and vertical,[93] while the upper hull rear was also 38 mm
(1.5 in) thick, vertical or sloped at 10 degrees from the vertical. The lower hull rear, which protected the
engine, was 38 mm (1.5 in) thick, sloped at 0 to 22 degrees from the vertical depending upon the variant.[3]
The hull roof was 25.4 mm (1.00 in).[93] The hull floor ranged from 25.4 mm (1.00 in) thick under the driver
and assistant driver's positions to 12.7 mm (0.50 in) thick at the rear. The M4 had a hatch on the hull bottom
to dispose of spent shell casings and to provide an emergency escape route. In the Pacific, Marines often
used this Sherman feature in reverse to recover wounded infantry under fire.

Effectiveness

The armor of the M4 was effective against most early war tank and anti-tank weapons,[91] but needed a
compound angle to resist later German tank and anti-tank guns. The distinctive protruding "hatchways" of
the early Sherman compromised the 56 degree-angled glacis plate, making them weak points where the
effect of the glacis plate's slope was greatly reduced. In 1943, to make the thickness of these areas equal
with the rest of the glacis plate, 1-inch thick (25 mm) appliqué armor plates were fitted in front of them.

A Waffenamt-Prüfwesen 1 report estimated[95] that with the M4 angled 30 degrees sidewards, the Sherman's
glacis plate was invulnerable to shots from the Tiger's 8.8 cm KwK 36 L/56[96] and that the Panther, with its
7.5 cm KwK 42 L/70, would have to close in to 100 meters (110 yd) to achieve a penetration in the same
situation.[97] Although the later-model German medium and heavy tanks were greatly feared, Buckley
opined "The vast majority of German tanks encountered in Normandy were either inferior or merely equal to
the Sherman."[98]

Research for tank casualties in Normandy from 6 June to 10 July 1944 conducted by the British No. 2
Operational Research concluded that, from a sample of 40 Sherman tanks, 33 tanks burned (82 percent) and
7 tanks remained unburned following an average of 1.89 penetrations. In comparison, from a sample of 5
Panzer IV's, 4 tanks burned (80 percent) and 1 tank remained unburned, following an average of 1.5
penetrations. The Panther tank burned 14 times (63 percent) from a sample of 22 tanks and following 3.24
penetrations, while the Tiger burned 4 times (80 percent) out of a sample of 5 tanks following 3.25
penetrations.[99] John Buckley, using a case study of the British 8th and 29th Armoured Brigades, found that
of their 166 Shermans knocked out in combat during the Normandy campaign, 94 (56.6 percent) burned out.
Buckley also notes that an American survey carried out concluded that 65% of tanks burned out after being
penetrated.[100] United States Army research proved that the major reason for this was the stowage of main
gun ammunition in the vulnerable sponsons above the tracks. A U.S. Army study in 1945 concluded that
only 10–15 percent of wet stowage Shermans burned when penetrated, compared to 60–80 percent of the
older dry-stowage Shermans.[101]

At first, a partial remedy to ammunition fires in the M4 was found in 1943 by welding 1-inch thick (25 mm)
appliqué armor plates to the sponson sides over the ammunition stowage bins, though there was doubt that
these had any effect. Later models moved ammunition stowage to the hull floor, with water jackets
surrounding each stowage bin. The practice, known as wet stowage, reduced the chance of fire after a hit to
about 15 percent.[102] The Sherman gained grim nicknames like "Zippo" (after the cigarette lighter),
"Ronson" (because "it lights the first time, every time").[7] The latter story has been challenged on the
grounds that Ronson did not begin using the slogan until the 1950s. [103] and "Tommycooker" (by the
Germans, who referred to British soldiers as "Tommies"; a tommy cooker was a World War I-era trench
stove). Fuel fires occasionally occurred, but such fires were far less common and less deadly than
ammunition fires.[101] In many cases, the fuel tank of the Sherman was found intact after a fire. Tankers
described "fierce, blinding jets of flame", which is inconsistent with gasoline-related fires.[100]

Upgrades

Upgrades included the rectangular armor patches protecting ammunition stowage mentioned above, and
smaller armor patches in front of each of the protruding hatchway structures in the glacis in an attempt to
mitigate their ballistic weakness. Field improvisations included placing sandbags, spare track links,
concrete, wire mesh, or even wood for increased protection against shaped-charge rounds. While mounting
sandbags around a tank had little effect against high-velocity anti-tank gunfire it was thought to provide
standoff protection against HEAT weapons, primarily the German Panzerfaust anti-tank grenade launcher
and the bazooka-derived Panzerschreck 88 mm calibre anti-tank rocket launcher. In the only study known to
have been done to test the use of sandbags, on March 9, 1945, officers of the 1st Armored Group tested
standard Panzerfaust 60s against sandbagged M4s; shots against the side blew away the sandbags and still
penetrated the side armor, whereas shots fired at an angle against the front plate blew away some of the
sandbags but failed to penetrate the armor. Earlier, in the summer of 1944, General Patton, informed by his
ordnance officers that sandbags were useless and that the machines' chassis suffered from the extra weight,
had forbidden the use of sandbags. Following the clamor for better armor and firepower after the losses of
the Battle of the Bulge, Patton ordered extra armor plates salvaged from knocked-out American and German
tanks welded to the turrets and hulls of tanks of his command. Approximately 36 of these up-armored M4s
were supplied to each of the three armored divisions of the Third Army in the spring of 1945.[104]

M4A3E2

The M4A3E2 Sherman "Jumbo" assault tank variant, based upon a standard M4A3(75)W hull, had an
additional 38 mm (1.5 in) plate welded to the glacis, giving a total thickness of 101.6 mm (4.0 in), which
resulted in a glacis of 148.97 mm (5.9 in) line-of-sight thickness, and over 180 mm (7.1 in) effective
thickness.[105] The sponson sides had 38 mm (1.5 in) thick plates welded on, to make them 76 mm (3.0 in)
thick. The transmission cover was significantly thicker, and a new, more massive T23-style turret with
177.8 mm (7.0 in) of armor on the sides and rear and a 25.4 mm (1 in) thick flat roof, and a gun mantlet with
an additional 88.9 mm (3.5 in) of armor welded on, which resulted in a thickness of 177.8 mm, was fitted. It
was originally to be armed with the 76 mm gun, but the 75 mm was preferred for infantry support and was
used. The higher weight required reducing maximum speed to 22 mph, and crews were warned not to let the
suspension "bottom" too violently. 254 were built at the Fisher Tank Arsenal from May to July 1944, and
arrived in Europe in the fall of 1944, being employed throughout the
remainder of the fighting in various roles. They were considered
"highly successful".[106]

M4A3E2 Sherman Jumbo. Many

units replaced the original 75 mm
gun with a 76 mm gun

Mobility
In its initial specifications for a replacement for the M3 medium
tank, the U.S. Army restricted the Sherman's height, width, and
weight so that it could be transported via typical bridges, roads,
railroads and landing craft without special accommodation. This
greatly aided the strategic, logistical, and tactical flexibility and
mobility of all Allied armored forces using the Sherman. A long-
distance service trial conducted in Britain in 1943 compared diesel
and gasoline Shermans to Cromwell tanks (Rolls-Royce Meteor
engine) and Centaur (Liberty L-12). The British officer commanding
the trial concluded "They are utterly reliable.....I do not think they Vertical volute springs of Stuart tank
are quite as good as the Cromwell across country when they are with similar suspension system
running on rather worn rubber tracks and the going is greasy, neither
does one get as smooth a ride, but they appear so infinitely superior
in every other way particularly in reliability with a minimum of maintenance that this cross-country
consideration is completely overweighed."[107]

The Sherman had good speed both on and off-road. Off-road performance varied. In the desert, the
Sherman's rubber-block tracks performed well, while in the confined, hilly terrain of Italy, the smaller, more
nimble Sherman could often cross terrain that some heavy German tanks could not.

Albert Speer recounted in his autobiography Inside the Third Reich:

On the southwestern front (Italy) reports on the cross country mobility of the Sherman have
been very favorable. The Sherman climbs mountains our tank experts consider inaccessible to
tanks. One great advantage is that the Sherman has a very powerful motor in proportion to its
weight. Its cross-country mobility on level ground is, as the 26th Panzer Division reports,
definitely superior to that of our tanks.[108]

However, while this may have held true compared with the first generation German tanks, such as the
Panzer III and Panzer IV, comparative testing with the second generation wide-tracked German tanks
(Panther and Tiger) conducted by the Germans at their Kummersdorf testing facility, as well as by the U.S.
2nd Armored Division, proved otherwise; partly from their use of the characteristic Schachtellaufwerk
interleaved and overlapped roadwheels (as used on pre-war origin German halftrack vehicles), especially
 over muddy or other unfavorable terrain. Lieutenant Colonel Wilson M.
Hawkins of the 2nd Armored Division wrote the following comparing the
U.S. M4 Sherman and German Panther in a report to Allied headquarters:

It has been claimed that our tank is the more maneuverable. In

recent tests we put a captured German Mark V [Panther]
against all models of our own. The German tank was the faster,
both across country and on the highway and could make
sharper turns. It was also the better hill climber.[109]

This was backed up in an interview with Technical Sergeant Willard D. May

of the 2nd Armored Division who commented: "I have taken instructions on
the Mark V [Panther] and have found, first, it is easily as maneuverable as
The Schachtellaufwerk track the Sherman; second the flotation exceeds that of the Sherman."[109]
suspension systems of
some Sd.Kfz. 11 half-tracks,
Staff Sergeant and tank platoon sergeant Charles A. Carden completes the
precursor of the Tiger I's comparison in his report:
similar suspension

The Mark V [Panther] and VI [Tiger] in my opinion have more

maneuverability and certainly more flotation. I have seen in
many cases where the Mark V and VI tanks could maneuver
nicely over ground where the M4 would bog down. On one
occasion I saw at least 10 Royal Tigers [Tiger II] make a
counterattack against us over ground that for us was nearly
impassable.[109]

U.S. crews found that on soft ground, such as mud or snow, the
narrow tracks gave poor (i.e., high) ground pressure compared to the
Panther and Tiger. The U.S. Army issued extended end connectors
("duckbills") to add width to the standard tracks as a stopgap
solution. Duckbills began to reach front-line tank battalions in fall
1944, but were original factory equipment for the heavy M4A3E2
Jumbo to compensate for the extra weight of armor. The
M4A3(76)W HVSS Shermans and other late models with wider-
tracked suspensions corrected these problems, but formed only a
small proportion of the tanks in service even in 1945.

U.S. variants
A Sherman with track widening
"duckbill" extended end connectors
Vehicles that used the M4 chassis or hull:

3in Gun Motor Carriage M10 also known as Wolverine –

tank destroyer
90 mm Gun Motor Carriage M36 – tank destroyer
105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M7B1 also known as Priest – self-propelled artillery
155 mm Gun Motor Carriage M12 – self-propelled gun, paired in service with the Cargo Carrier
M30 (also derived from the Sherman)
 155/203/250 mm Motor Carriages – 155 mm self-propelled artillery (armed with the Long Tom
artillery piece), 8-inch (203 mm) HMC M43, 250-millimetre (9.8 in) MMC T94, and Cargo
Carrier T30
Sexton 88mm (25 Pndr) self-propelled gun and variants
Flame Tank Sherman – M4A3R3 Zippo, M4 Crocodile, and other flame-throwing Shermans
Rocket Artillery Sherman – T34 Calliope, T40 Whizbang, and other Sherman rocket launchers
Amphibious tanks – Duplex Drive (DD) swimming Sherman. A British variant used by U.S.
forces.
Engineer tanks – D-8, M1, and M1A1 dozers, M4 Doozit, Mobile Assault Bridge, and T1E3
Aunt Jemima mine roller and other mine-clearers
Recovery tanks – M32 and M74 Tank Recovery Vehicles
Artillery tractors – M34 and M35 prime movers

Foreign variants and use

The Sherman was extensively supplied through by Lend-Lease to
Britain, the Soviet Union, and Free France. Britain received 17,181
in various models, mostly M4А2s and M4A4s (5,041 Sherman III
and 7,167 V, respectively). The Soviet Union was shipped 4,065 M4
(M4A2s - 1,990 with 75mm- and 2,073 with 76mm-armed versions,
2 M4A4s).,[110] or 4,102 M4 (2,007 with 75mm- and 2,095 with
76mm-armed versions).[111] Еnrolled 3,664.[112] The Free French
were the third largest recipient, being given 755[111] during 1943 and
1944. At least 57 (or 157) Shermans were also delivered to other M4A2(76)W in Brno, April 1945
U.S. allies.[113][111]

A similar vehicle was developed in Canada from January 1941,

known as the Ram tank. Like the Sherman, this developed from the
M3 Lee's chassis and its powertrain, but like the Sherman, was based
with a fully rotating turret.[114] One improvement was the use of all-
steel 'CDP' (Canadian Dry Pin) tracks, which although an inch
narrower than the early M4 steel and rubber pad tracks, were
cheaper to produce and gave better traction. Suspension units and
roadwheels remained the M3 vertical volute pattern, with the idler
above the mounting bracket, rather than the M4 development with
the idler moved behind the mounting bracket to give more room for
An Israeli Army Sherman tank during
suspension travel. The Ram had a distinctive turret with a bolted
Operation Horev, 1948
flat-faced mantlet and the UK 6 pdr gun, with the hull machine
gunner housed in a rotating turret based on the M3 'Lee' cupola,
rather than the simpler ball-mount that was becoming universal for tank hull guns. Production facilities for
the Ram were constructed at the Montreal Locomotive Works, with the aid of Alco, but the large armor
castings for turret and hull were supplied by General Steel Castings in the US. Greater Sherman production
and availability meant that the Ram was never used in action as a gun tank, being either used for training or
converted to Kangaroo armoured personnel carriers.[114]

A later Canadian medium tank, produced from late 1943, was the Grizzly, an adaption of the Sherman
M4A1. This differed only in details, such as the CDP tracks, British radio equipment and the British 2"
smoke mortar in the turret roof. 188 were produced.[115]

After World War II, Shermans were supplied to some NATO armies; Shermans were used by U.S. and allied
forces in the Korean War.
Shermans also went to Israel.[116] The Israeli up-gunned 75 mm M-50 and 105 mm armed M-51 Super
Shermans are remarkable examples of how a long obsolete design can be upgraded for front-line use.[117]
They saw combat in the 1967 Six-Day War, fighting Soviet World War II-era armor like the T34/85, and
also in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, proving effective even against newer, heavier Soviet tanks like the T-54
and T-55.

Paraguay retired three Shermans from the Regimiento Escolta Presidencial (REP, Presidential Escort
Regiment) in 2018, which marked the end of service of the final Sherman tanks in use anywhere in the
world.[118]

Former operators
Argentina[119]
Bangladesh
Belgium (M4A3E4 Sherman was used)
Brazil[120] (80 M4, M4A1 Shermans received)
Canada
Chile
Cuba
Denmark (M4A3E4 Sherman suppled by USA)
Egypt
Ethiopia
Free France
France: 755
Greece
India
Iran
Israel
Italy (from post-WWII)
Indonesia (inherited from the Netherlands following independence in 1949)
Japan (from post-WWII; M4A3E8 Sherman supplied by the USA)
Lebanon
Mexico
Nazi Germany (as Beutepanzer,
captured vehicles)
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Pakistan (received M4A1E6 Shermans from USA)
Paraguay (retired in April 2018[121])
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal (M4A3E4 Shermans used)
People's Republic of China
Republic of China
 South Africa
South Korea
Soviet Union 3,664.[112]
Sweden (for testing purposes only)
Syria (one turretless M4A1 Sherman)
Uganda[122]
Turkey (34 delivered in January 1945)[123]
United Kingdom 17,181.[110]
United States (Retired in 1957)
Yugoslavia (599 M4A3E4 Shermans received during the Informbiro period)[124]

See also
SCR-508
Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant
List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces
Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV
Allied technological cooperation during World War II
G-numbers
M50 Super Sherman
Rhino tank

Tanks of comparable role, performance and era

British Cromwell
British Comet – Comparable to the "Easy Eight" variant
Canadian Grizzly I
German Panzer IV
German Panther – Comparable to the "Easy Eight" variant
Hungarian Turán III
Italian Carro Armato P 40
Japanese Type 3 Chi-Nu
Soviet T-34 – T-34-85 variant comparable to the "Easy Eight" variant
Swedish Stridsvagn m/42

References

Notes
1. Also known by the British service names "Grant" and "Lee".
2. An Army Ground Forces policy statement of November 1943 concluded thus: "The
recommendation of a limited proportion of tanks carrying a 90 mm gun is not concurred in for
the following reasons: The M4 tank has been hailed widely as the best tank of the battlefield
today ... There appears to be no fear on the part of our forces of the German Mark VI (Tiger)
 tank. There can be no basis for the T26 tank other than the conception of a tank-vs.-tank duel-
which is believed to be unsound and unnecessary."[10]
3. By 1944, a typical U.S. infantry division had attached for armor support an M4 Sherman
battalion, a tank destroyer battalion, or both.

Citations
1. Army Service Forces Catalog ORD 5-3-1, dated 9 August 1945
2. Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 57
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4sherman.html). Retrieved 9 January 2014.
4. Berndt, p. 195
5. Zaloga 1993, p. 19
6. Zaloga, Stephen J. Panther vs Sherman: Battle of the Bulge 1944. Osprey Publishing, 2009, p.
28.
7. Axe, David War Is Boring (April 30, 2019). "Armored Coffin: The M-4 Sherman Tank Was Hell
on Wheels" (https://www.yahoo.com/news/armored-coffin-m-4-sherman-120000452.html). The
National Interest. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
8. Walter S. Dunn, Jr (2007). Stalin's Keys to Victory: The Rebirth of the Red Army (https://books.
google.com/books?id=JE7Yd2sNBu4C&lpg=PA92&dq=%22T-34%22%20June%201941&pg=P
A34#v=onepage&q=%22T-34%22&f=false). Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-
0-8117-3423-3.
9. Luck, Hans (2013). Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck. Dell.
p. Paragraph 6.75.
10. AGF policy statement. Chief of staff AGF. November 1943. MHI
11. Zaloga, Steven (2008). Panther vs. Sherman: Battle of the Bulge 1944. Osprey Publishing Ltd.
p. 72. ISBN 9781846032929.
12. Doyle, Hilary; Zaloga, Steven. "Operation Think Tank Part 4" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
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13. "Tank Tactics: From Normandy to Lorraine" by Roman Jarymowycz
14. Hunnicutt 1978
15. British War Production by Michael Postan (1952) p. 245
16. Canavan, Michael J., Opening Salvo: M4A1 Sherman Tank (http://www.wizards.com/default.as
p?x=ah/article/ah20050729b), Avalon Hill / Wizards.com
17. War Department (22 May 1941). FM 100–5, Field Service Regulations, Operations (http://www.
ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/FM/FM100-5/index.html) (reprint). Washington, DC: GPO.
OCLC 49969146 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49969146). Retrieved 5 September 2013.
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19. FM 100-5, Paragraph 680 and 685, 1941
20. Tank Tactics: From Normandy to Lorraine by Roman Jarymowycz, Ch. 5 "Creating North
American Panzer Armies"
21. Fletcher p93
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23. Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 24, 301
24. Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) pp. 22, 24, 28
25. Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 24
26. Berndt, Thomas. Standard Catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles (Krause Publications, 1993), pp.
192–93.
27. Berndt, pp. 192–93.
28. Berndt, pp. 190, 192–93.
29. Siemers, Cary (2014). "United States' M4 medium tank production, Sherman" (https://web.arch
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m4-medium-tank-production.asp). wwiivehicles.com. Archived from the original (http://www.ww
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2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
30. http://the.shadock.free.fr/sherman_minutia/data/sherman_production.html}
31. Whitman, Jeremy (7 October 2015). "Fisher Body Tank Plant" (https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2
015/10/07/fisher-body-plant/). Military History of the Great Lakes. Michigan Technological
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need for tank production in the United states during World War II, it became one of the most
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32. Zaloga, Armored Thunderbolt, p. 332
33. Zaloga, Armored Thunderbolt, p. 57
34. Hunnicutt p. 166
35. Hunnicutt p174
36. Hunnicutt pp. 175—76
37. Hunnicutt p. 178
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39. Lend-Lease Shipments: World War II (https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/LL-Ship/LL-Shi
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1946, p. 8. (https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/LL-Ship/LL-Ship-3A.html)
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=sherman%20soviet&f=false). p. 37. ISBN 9781841765426.
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ember.ru/en/memoirs/tankers/dmitriy-loza/). IRemember.ru. Ministry of Telecom and Mass
Communications of the Russian Federation. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
"Dmitriy Fedorovich, on which American tanks did you fight?..."On Shermans. We called them
"Emchas", from M4 [in Russian, em chetyrye]. Initially they had the short main gun, and later
they began to arrive with the long gun and muzzle brake. On the front slope armor there was a
travel lock for securing the barrel during road marches. The main gun was quite long. Overall,
this was a good vehicle but, as with any tank, it had its pluses and minuses. When someone
says to me that this was a bad tank, I respond, "Excuse me!" One cannot say that this was a
bad tank. Bad as compared to what?""
42. Loza, Dimitri (21 September 2010). "IRemember.ru WW II Memoirs" (https://iremember.ru/en/
memoirs/tankers/dmitriy-loza/). iremember.ru/en. IRemember. Retrieved 13 June 2017. "Still
one great plus of the Sherman was in the charging of its batteries. On our T-34 it was
necessary to run the engine, all 500 horsepower of it, in order to charge batteries. In the crew
compartment of the Sherman was an auxiliary gasoline engine, small like a motorcycle's one.
Start it up and it charged the batteries. This was a big deal to us!"
43. Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 301
44. Zaloga (Japanese Tanks) p. 37
45. Zaloga, pp. 15, 33
46. Zaloga, p. 40
47. Zaloga, p. 34
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The Complete Illustrated History of British, American and Commonwealth Tanks, Gun Motor
Carriages and Special Purpose Vehicles, 1939–1945. New York: Arco. ISBN 0-668-01867-4.
Copp, Terry, ed. (2000). Montgomery's Scientists: Operational Research in Northwest Europe.
The work of No.2 Operational Research Section with 21 Army Group June 1944 to July 1945.
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 Green, Michael (2007). M4 Sherman at War. City: Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2784-5.
Hart, Stephen Ashley (2007). Sherman Firefly Vs Tiger: Normandy 1944 (Duel): Normandy
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Hunnicutt, R. (1978). Sherman. San Rafeal: Taurus Enterprises. ISBN 978-0-89141-080-5.
Jentz, Thomas (1997). Germany's Tiger Tanks Tiger I & II: Combat Tactics. Atglen, PA:
Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-0225-6.
Reid, Brian (2005). No Holding Back. Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-40-0.
Schneider, Wolfgang (2004). Tigers in Combat I. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books; 2nd
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ISBN 0-8117-3171-5.
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External links
The Sherman Tank Site (http://www.theshermantank.com/)
Interview with Soviet Tanker Dmitriy Loza detailing the comparative utility of Shermans in the
6th Guards Tank Army (https://web.archive.org/web/20130210153124/http://english.iremembe
r.ru/tankers/17-dmitriy-loza.html) at www.iremember.ru
Please don’t use the “5 M4s = 1 Panther” myth. (http://ftr.wot-news.com/2013/07/28/please-do
nt-use-the-5-m4s-1-panther-myth/)
U.S. 75mm M61 Tank Round – World War II (http://www.inert-ord.net/usa03a/usa5/75mm/inde
x.html)
M4 Sherman Photos and Walk Arounds on Prime Portal (http://www.primeportal.net/apc/m4_s
herman.htm)
Sherman Register (http://web.inter.nl.net/users/spoelstra/g104/)
OnWar (https://web.archive.org/web/20170810133124/https://www.onwar.com/weapons/afv/da
ta/fm4.htm)
AFV Database (http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/m4sherman.html)
World War II vehicles (https://web.archive.org/web/20080226192106/http://www.wwiivehicles.c
om/usa/tanks-medium/m4.asp)
israeli-weapons.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20060512130147/http://www.israeli-weapon
s.com/weapons/vehicles/tanks/sherman/Sherman.html)
About.com Military History (http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vehiclesarmor/p/M4Sherman.ht
m)
M4 Sherman (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fKrjMMQkLE)
M42B1 Sherman (http://www.memorialmuseum.org/displays/tanks/item/m42b1-sherman-flame
thrower-tank-2) at U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum

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