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A Proximity Sensor Isa Able To Detect The Presence of Nearby Objects Without Any Physical Contact

There are four main types of proximity sensors: inductive, capacitive, photoelectric, and ultrasonic. Inductive proximity sensors detect metal targets using magnetic fields, while capacitive sensors can detect any object by sensing changes in capacitance between plates. Photoelectric sensors use a light beam and detect when an object breaks the beam. Ultrasonic proximity sensors measure distance by transmitting sound waves and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return. Each type of sensor has different characteristics in terms of detection capabilities and speed.

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58 views4 pages

A Proximity Sensor Isa Able To Detect The Presence of Nearby Objects Without Any Physical Contact

There are four main types of proximity sensors: inductive, capacitive, photoelectric, and ultrasonic. Inductive proximity sensors detect metal targets using magnetic fields, while capacitive sensors can detect any object by sensing changes in capacitance between plates. Photoelectric sensors use a light beam and detect when an object breaks the beam. Ultrasonic proximity sensors measure distance by transmitting sound waves and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return. Each type of sensor has different characteristics in terms of detection capabilities and speed.

Uploaded by

Gokul Raj
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROXIMITY SENSORS

PROXIMITY SENSORS > WIKIPEDIA (PROXIMITY SENSORS)


> How many Types of Proximity Sensors? >
Proximity Sensors compared (INDUCTIVE
CAPACITIVE, PHOTOELECTRIC, ULTRASONIC

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence


of nearby objects without any physical contact.
A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam
of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in
the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the
proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different
sensors. For example, a capacitive proximity sensor or photoelectric sensor might be
suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal
target.
COMMON TYPES:- (1) INDUCTIVE, (2) CAPACITIVE, (3) PHOTOELECTRIC
(4) ULTRASONIC
(1) INDUCTIVE:-

The oscillator creates a symmetrical, oscillating magnetic field that


radiates from the ferrite core and coil array at the sensing face. When
a ferrous target enters this magnetic field, small independent electrical
currents called eddy currents are induced on the metal’s surface.
This changes the reluctance (natural frequency) of the magnetic
circuit, which in turn reduces the oscillation amplitude. As more metal
enters the sensing field the oscillation amplitude shrinks, and
eventually collapses.
Reluctance = OPPOSITION TO THE CREATED MAGNETIC
FILED
Sensor has a normally open configuration, its output is an on signal
when the target enters the sensing zone
Inductive sensors are typically rated by frequency, or on/off
cycles per second. Their speeds range from 10 to 20 Hz in ac,
or 500 Hz to 5 kHz in dc.
REF Schmitt Trigger :- Internet >Show just basic video on what it does
5.59MINS
Ref: WORKING OF INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR VIDEO > CHOOSE 2 ND
VIDEO OF 4.26MINS

(2) CAPACITIVE :- Capacitance depends on very few things. The capacitance value


increases as the area of plates increase, decreases as the distance between them
increases, increases with the permittivity of the dielectrics material used between the
plates.

In capacitive sensors, the two conduction plates (at different


potentials) are housed in the sensing head and positioned to operate
like an open capacitor. Air acts as an insulator; at rest there is little
capacitance between the two plates. Like inductive sensors, these
plates are linked to an oscillator, a Schmitt trigger, and an output
amplifier. As a target enters the sensing zone the capacitance
of the two plates increases, causing oscillator amplitude change,
in turn changing the Schmitt trigger state, and creating an output
signal.
Note the difference between the inductive and capacitive
sensors: inductive sensors oscillate until the target is
present & stop oscillating the moment a target is
detected. A capacitive sensor begins to oscillate
when the target is present and stops when the target
moves away. Also, an Inductive Proximity sensor
detects only metal objects, whereas Capacitive
Proximity sensor, can detect any object.
Because capacitive sensing involves charging plates, it is somewhat
slower than inductive sensing ... ranging from 10 to 50 Hz
Working of Capacitive Proximity Sensor Video > Choose 2 nd video
“Youtube 2.42 Mins

(3) PHOTOELECTRIC:-
The emitter, sometimes called the sender, transmits a beam of either
visible or infrared light to the detecting receiver. Basically, when
object cuts the beam detection is made, so it can be BEAM ON or
BEAM OFF.

(4) ULTRASONIC: D = t x So (the speed of sound in air is about 343 metres


2 per second)
Ultrasonic proximity sensors are used in many automated production
processes. Soundwaves are transmitted & target interepts it.
WORKING PRINCIPLE : The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle
of SONAR and RADAR system which is used to determine the
distance to an object. An ultrasonic sensor generates the high-
frequency sound (ultrasound) waves.
When an electrical pulse of high voltage is applied to the ultrasonic
sensor it vibrates across a specific spectrum of frequencies and
generates a burst of sound waves. Whenever any obstacle comes
ahead of the ultrasonic sensor the sound waves will reflect back in the
form of echo and generates an electric pulse.

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