DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HYDRAULIC ESCALATOR

ABSTRACT

An escalator is a mechanics moving stair way common in place with a lot of

foot traffic or where a convention al staircase would be a very long and tiring to
climb. it can be seen malls shopping complex parking escalator are often installed
in pair with an up escalator and adown escalator adjacent to each other while single
escalator may be changed to go up and down according to the direction of heavier
traffic at different time and day. escalator is similar that of conveyor but can be
move inclined to move from one end of an escalator also include a handrail that
moves in conjunction with the stairs. These gears have chain that loop around the
gear and run down each side of the escalator. The handrail that rider use for
balance and safety on their ride up or down escalator are powered by the same
system that power the faster the shaft revolves the metal ball swung out by
centrifugal force a should the lift speed exceed a predetermined figure the governor
actuates a brake.
INTRODUCTION:

An escalator is a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a

building. It consists of a motor-driven chain of individually linked steps on a track
which cycle on a pair of tracks which keep them horizontal.

Escalators are used around the world in places where lifts would be impractical.
Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports, transit
systems (railway/railroad stations), convention
centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public buildings.

Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people. They can be placed
in the same physical space as a staircase. They have no waiting interval (except
during very heavy traffic). They can be used to guide people toward main exits or
special exhibits. They may be weatherproofed for outdoor use. A nonfunctional
escalator can function as a normal staircase, whereas many other methods of
transport become useless when they break down or lose power.

Escalators typically rise at an angle of about 30 degrees from the ground. They
move at 0.3–0.6 metres (1–2 ft) per second (like moving walkways) and may
traverse vertical distances in excess of 18 metres (60 ft). Most modern escalators
have single-piece aluminum or stainless steel steps that move on a system of tracks
in a continuous loop.

Escalators are typically configured in one of three ways: parallel (up and down
escalators adjacent or nearby, often seen in metro stations and multilevel movie
theaters), multiple parallel (banks of more than one escalator going in the same
direction parallel to banks going the other direction), or crisscross (escalators going
in one direction "stacked" with escalators going the opposite direction oriented
adjacent but perpendicular, frequently used in department stores or shopping
centers).

Most countries require escalators to have moving handrails that keep pace with the
movement of the steps as a safety measure. This helps riders steady themselves,
especially when stepping onto the moving stairs. Occasionally a handrail moves at
a slightly different speed from the steps, causing it to "creep" slowly forward or
backward relative to the steps; it is only slippage and normal wear that causes such
losses of synchronicity, and is not by design.

The direction of escalator movement (up or down) can be permanently set,

controlled manually depending on the predominant flow of the crowd, or
controlled automatically. In some setups, the direction is controlled by whoever
arrives first.

Design factors include physical requirements, location, traffic patterns, safety

considerations and aesthetics. Physical factors such as the distance to be spanned
determine the length and pitch of the escalator, while factors such as the
infrastructure's ability to provide support and power must be considered. How
upward and downward traffic is separated and load/unload areas are other
important considerations.

Temporal traffic patterns must be anticipated. Some escalators need only to move
people from one floor to another, but others may have specific requirements, such
as funneling visitors towards exits or exhibits. The visibility and accessibility of
the escalator to traffic is relevant. Designers need to account for the projected
traffic volumes. For example, a single-width escalator traveling at about 0.5 metres
(1.5 ft) per second can move about 2000 people per hour, assuming that passengers
ride single file. The carrying capacity of an escalator system is typically matched
to the expected peak traffic demand. For example, escalators at transit stations
must be designed to cater for the peak traffic flow discharged from a train, without
excessive bunching at the escalator entrance.

In this regard, escalators help manage the flow of people. For example, at many
airports an unpaired escalator delivers passengers to an exit, with no means for
anyone entering at the exit to access the concourse.

Escalators are often built next to or around staircases that allow alternative travel
between the same two floors. Elevators are necessary for disability access to floors
serviced by escalators.

Escalators are used around the world in places where elevator would be
impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, stations),
convention centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums, and public buildings. Escalators have
the capacity to move a large number of people, and they can be placed in the same
physical space as a staircase. They have no waiting interval (except during very
heavy traffic), they can be used to guide people toward main exits or special
exhibits, And they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use. A nonfunctioning
escalator can function as a normal staircase, whereas many other conveyances
become useless when they break down.

Escalators, like moving walkways, move at constant speeds of around 0.3–0.6

metres (1–2 ft) per second. The typical angle of inclination of an escalator to the
horizontal is 30 degrees, and the total difference in height can be about 18 metres
(60 ft) or more. Modern escalators have singlepiece aluminum or stainless steel
steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.

Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel (up and down
escalators side by side or separated by a distance, seen often in metro stations and
multilevel motion picture theaters), crisscross (minimizes space requirements by
"stacking" escalators that go in one direction, frequently used in department stores
or shopping centers), and multiple parallel (two or more escalators together that
travel in one direction next to one or two escalators in the same bank that travel in
the other direction).

A number of factors affect escalator design. These include physical requirements,

location, traffic patterns, safety considerations, and aesthetic preferences.
Foremost, physical factors like the vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned
must be considered. These factors will determine the length and pitch of the
escalator. The building infrastructure must be able to support the heavy
components. The escalator should be located where it can be easily seen by the
general public. Furthermore, up and down escalator traffic should be physically
separated and should not lead into confined spaces. be designed to cater for the
peak traffic flow discharged from a train, without causing excessive bunching at
the escalator entrance. In this regard, escalators help in controlling the flow of
people. For example, if an exit can only be accessed by an escalator, one cannot
use it as an entrance unless one tries to use the escalator in the "wrong" direction.
This may reduce security concerns. Escalators are sometimes used as the exit from
an airport security checkpoint. Such an egress point would still generally be staffed
to prevent its use as an entrance during times of light pedestrian traffic. It is
preferred that there is a staircase next to the escalator if the escalator is the primary
means of transport between floors] It may also be necessary to provide an elevator
lift near the escalator for wheelchairs and disabled people. Finally, consideration
should be given to the aesthetics of the escalator.

Hocquardt received European patent rights for the Fahrtreppe in 1906. After the
Exposition, Halle continued to sell its escalator device in Europe but was
eventually eclipsed in sales by other major manufacturers. In the first half of the
twentieth century, several manufacturers developed their own escalator products,
though they had to market their devices under different names, due to Otis’ hold on
the trademark rights to the word “escalator.” New York-based Peelle Company
called their models the Motorstair, and Westinghouse called their model an
Electric Stairway. The Toledo-based Haughton Elevator company referred to their
product as simply Moving Stairs. This trademark is no longer in effect. Kone and
Schindler introduced their first escalator models several decades after the Otis
Elevator Co. but grew to dominance in the field over time. Today, they,
Mitsubishi, and ThyssenKrupp are Otis' primary rivals. Schindler now stands as the
largest maker of escalators and second largest maker of elevators in the world,
though their first escalator installation did not occur until 1936. In 1979, the
company entered the United States market by purchasing Haughton Elevator; a
decade later, Schindler assumed control of the North American escalator/elevator
operations of Westinghouse, forming Schindler's American division. Kone
expanded internationally by acquisition in the 1970s, buying out Swedish elevator
manufacturer Asea-Graham, and purchasing other minor French, German, and
Austrian elevator makers before assuming control of Westinghouse’s European
elevator business. As the last "big four" manufacturers held on to the escalator
market, KONE first acquired Montgomery Elevator company, then took control of
Germany’s Orenstein & Koppel Rolltreppen.

In most escalator models manufactured after 1950, both the riser and the tread of
each step is cleated (given a ribbed appearance) with comb-like protrusions that
mesh with the comb plates on the top and bottom platforms and the succeeding
steps in the chain. Seeberger- or "step-type" escalators (see below) featured flat
treads and smooth risers; other escalator models have cleated treads and smooth
risers.
The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. The
front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels. The rear
wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have
shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track. As described above, the position
of the tracks controls the orientation of the steps.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

When switch ON the three phase supply that time the pump will be sucked the oil
from reservoir. Initially required amount of hydraulics stored in a tank. it is sucked
by using hydraulic pump which is working by using electric power. The hydraulics
is apply on the turbine blades or hydraulic motor which is connected with shaft. the
shaft is rotated with respectively to applied hydraulic velocity. here the shaft is
connected with escalator which is to rotate and lift up or down people smoothly.
Then after oil goes through control valve. The escalator which having four control
valves. The first valve is used to sucked the oil from reservoir. The second valve
used to return the oil from pump. The third valve used to forward rotation of the
escalator step The fourth valve used to reverse rotation of the escalator step. The
control valve power pack is connected by two pipes, which used to recycling the
oil.

ESCALATOR

An escalator is a vertical transportation device in the form of a moving staircase a

conveyor which carries people between floors of a building. It consists of an
motor-driven chain of individually linked steps. These steps are guided on either
side by a pair of tracks which force them to remain horizontal.

LANDING PLATFORMS

These two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears
and motors that drive the stairs. The top platform contains the motor assembly and
the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets. These
sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. In addition, the platforms
contain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate provides a place for the
passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. This plate is flush with
the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow easy access to the
machinery below. The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate
and the moving step.
It is so named because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a
comb. These teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edges of the steps. This design
is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and the landing, which helps
prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.

TRUSS

The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is
composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom
and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom
landing platforms via steel or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight
track sections connecting the upper and lower sections.

BALUSTRADE

Either made of metal, sandwich panel, or glass it structures the handrails of the
escalator. It also provides additional protection for the handrail and passengers.
Some escalators have direction arrows on the ends of the balustrade. The button
that turns on and off an escalator is also located at the ends of the balustrade. Also,
moving walkways use balustrades in the same way.

TRACKS

The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously
pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop.
There are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps (called the step-
wheel track) and one for the back wheels of the steps (called the trailer-wheel
track). The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as
they move out from under the comb plate. Along the straight section of the truss
the tracks are at their maximum distance apart. This configuration forces the back
of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to the step behind it. This right angle
bends the steps into a shape resembling a staircase. At the top and bottom of the
escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are
almost in a straight line. This causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheetlike
arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travel around the bend in the
curved section of track. The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the
truss until they reach the bottom landing, where they pass through another curved
section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point the tracks separate
and the steps once again assume a staircase configuration. This cycle is repeated
continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom
again.

HANDRAIL

The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding
the escalator. In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is
connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys. It is constructed of four
distinct sections. At the center of the handrail is a "slider", also known as a "glider
ply", which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic textile. The purpose of the slider
layer is to allow the handrail to move smoothly along its track. The next layer,
known as the "tension member", consists of either steel cable or flat steel tape, and
provides the handrail with tensile strength and flexibility. On top of tension
member are the inner construction components, which are made of chemically
treated rubber designed to prevent the layers from separating. Finally, the outer
layer—the only part that passengers actually see—is the cover, which is a blend of
synthetic polymers and rubber. This cover is designed to resist degradation from
environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear, and vandalism. In the factory,
handrails are constructed by feeding rubber through a computer-controlled
extrusion machine to produce layers of the required size and type in order to match
specific orders. The component layers of fabric, rubber, and steel are shaped by
skilled workers before being fed into the presses, where they are fused together. In
the mid-twentieth century, some handrail designs consisted of a rubber bellows,
with rings of smooth metal cladding called "bracelets" placed between each coil.
This gave the handrail a rigid yet flexible feel. Additionally, each bellows section
was no more than a few feet long, so if part of the handrail was damaged, only the
bad segment needed to be replaced. These forms of handrail have largely been
replaced with conventional fabric-and-rubber railings.

ADVANTAGES

The process uses low cost.

No extra skill is required for operating this system.

Easier maintenance.

Continuous operation is possible without stopping.

More efficient.

Less loss in transmission.

APPLICATIONS

Shopping Mall

Cinema Theater

Departmental Store