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Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats

This document discusses different addressing modes used in instruction sets including immediate, direct, indirect, register, register indirect, displacement, and stack addressing modes. It provides examples of each addressing mode and describes their advantages and disadvantages. Key registers for addressing modes in x86 architecture are also outlined such as base, index, stack pointer and other general purpose registers.

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98 views13 pages

Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats

This document discusses different addressing modes used in instruction sets including immediate, direct, indirect, register, register indirect, displacement, and stack addressing modes. It provides examples of each addressing mode and describes their advantages and disadvantages. Key registers for addressing modes in x86 architecture are also outlined such as base, index, stack pointer and other general purpose registers.

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 13

18.

Instruction Sets: Addressing


Modes and Formats

Chapter 13, sections 13.1 and


13.2

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 1


x86 Real Mode
General Purpose Registers
 The primary accumulator register is called AX.
The return value from a function call is saved in
the AX register.
 Secondary accumulator registers are: BX, CX,
DX.
 BX is often used to hold the starting address of an array.
 CX is often used as a counter or index register for an
array or a loop.
 DX is a general purpose register.

 The BP register is the stack frame pointer. It is


used to facilitate calling and returning from
functions.
Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 2
x86 Real Mode
General Purpose Registers
 SI and DI are general purpose registers. A few instructions
use SI and DI as pointers to source and destination
addresses when copying a block of data (e.g. strings).
 The SP register is the stack pointer. It is a pointer to the
“top" of the stack.
 The EFLAGS register is a 32 bit register. Several
instructions either set or check individual bits in this
register. For example, the sign flag (bit 7) and the zero flag
(bit 6) are set by the compare (cmp) instruction and
checked by all the conditional branching instructions.
 The EIP register holds the instruction pointer or program
counter (pc), which points to the next instruction in the text
section of the currently running program.

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 3


Addressing Modes

 Addressing Modes specify how to calculate the


effective memory address of an operand by using
information held in registers and/or constants
contained within a machine instruction

 Effective address: actual address of the location


containing the referenced operand

 It provides the means & ways to access various


operands in an assembly language program, and
is completely architecture dependent
Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 4
Basic Operand Types

 Immediate
 Constant integer (8, 16, or 32 bits)
 Constant value is stored within the instruction

 Register
 Name of a register is specified
 Register number is encoded within the instruction

 Memory
 Reference to a location in memory
 Memory address is encoded within the instruction, or
 Register holds the address of a memory location

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 5


Addressing Modes

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 6


Immediate Addressing
OPERAND = A
 Example: ADD 5
Add 5 to contents of accumulator
 Advantage: no memory reference.

 Disadvantage: size of number is restricted to size


of address field.
 x86 Examples:
 MOV EAX,0x234 MOV CX,2
 MOV AL,0x34 ADD AL,3
 SUB CL,4 AND EAX,1

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 7


Direct Addressing
EA = A
 Example: ADD A
Add contents of cell A to accumulator
Look in memory at address A for operand
 Advantage: Single memory reference to access
data
 Disadvantage: Limited address space

 x86 Examples
 mov count, [var]

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 8


Indirect Addressing
EA = (A)
 Parentheses are to be interpreted as meaning
contents of.
 Example: ADD (A)
Add contents of cell pointed to by contents of A to
accumulator.
 Advantage: for a word length of N, an address space
of 2N is now available.
 Disadvantage: instruction execution requires two
memory references to fetch operand:
 One to get the address
 A second to get the value
 x86 examples - none

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 9


Register Addressing
EA = R
 Typically, an address field that references registers
will have from 3 to 5 bits, so that a total of from 8 to
32 general-purpose registers can be referenced.
 Advantage:
 Only a small address field is needed in instruction.
 No memory references are required.

 Disadvantage
 Address space is very limited.

 x86 Examples
MOV EAX,EBX MOV CX,DX

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 10


Register Indirect Addressing
EA = (R)
 Operand is in memory cell pointed to by contents of
register R.

 Advantages: basically same for indirect addressing.


Register indirect addressing has a large address space
(2N). Register indirect addressing uses one less
memory reference than indirect addressing.

 x86 Example
MOV AL,[BX] MOV AX,[EBX]
MOV [EDI],EAX MOV [EAX],EDX

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 11


Displacement Addressing
EA = A + (R)
 Address field holds two values:
A = base value
R = register that holds displacement

 x86 Example
MOV AX, NAME[SI]

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 12


Stack Addressing
EA = top of stack
 Stack pointer is maintained in a register

 Machine instructions need not include a memory


reference but implicitly operate on top of stack

 Example:ADD
Pop top two items from stack, add, place the
result on top of the stack

Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 13

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