Reinforced Concrete Beam
Reinforced Concrete Beam
3
Limit State of Collapse -
Flexure (Theories and
Examples)
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Lesson
7
Numerical Problems on
Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beams
(Continued)
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Instructional Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
3.7.1 Introduction
This lesson explains the determination of moment of resistance of given
singly reinforced rectangular beam sections with the help of illustrative analysis
type of problem. The numerical problem is solved by (i) direct computation
method, (ii) using charts of SP-16 and (iii) using tables of SP-16. Step by step
solutions illustrate the procedure clearly.
3.7.2 Analysis Type of Problems
It may be required to estimate the moment of resistance and hence the
service load of a beam already designed earlier with specific dimensions of b, d
and D and amount of steel reinforcement Ast. The grades of concrete and steel
are also known. In such a situation, the designer has to find out first if the beam
is under-reinforced or over-reinforced. The following are the steps to be followed
for such problems.
3.7.2.2 xu
The depth of the neutral axis for the particular beam is determined from
Eq. 3.16 of Lesson 5 employing the known values of fy, fck, b and Ast.
3.7.2.3 Mu and service imposed loads
The moment of resistance Mu is calculated for the three different cases as
follows:
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(c) If xu > xu, max, the beam is over-reinforced for which xu is taken as xu,
max and then Mu is calculated from Eq. 3.24 of Lesson 5, using xu = xu,
max.
With the known value of Mu, which is the factored moment, the total
factored load can be obtained from the boundary condition of the beam. The total
service imposed loads is then determined dividing the total factored load by
partial safety factor for loads (= 1.5). The service imposed loads are then
obtained by subtracting the dead load of the beam from the total service loads.
3.7.3 Analysis Problems 3.2 and 3.3
Determine the service imposed loads of two simply supported beam of
same effective span of 8 m (Figs. 3.7.1 and 2) and same cross-sectional
dimensions, but having two different amounts of reinforcement. Both the beams
are made of M 20 and Fe 415.
3.7.4 Solution by Direct Computation Method - Problem 3.2
2
Given data: b = 300 mm, d = 550 mm, D = 600 mm, Ast = 1256 mm (4-20
T), Leff = 8 m and boundary condition = simply supported (Fig. 3.7.1).
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3.7.4.2 xu
0.87 f y Ast
xu =
0.36 b fck
(3.16)
0 . 87 ( 415) (1256 )
=
0.36 (300) (20)
Hence, the beam is under-reinforced.
3.7.4.3 Mu and service imposed loads
= 0.87 (415) (1256) {550 - 0.42(209.94385)}
= 209.4272 kNm
8 M 8 (209.4272)
Total factor load F = u =
d L 2 8 (8)
eff
= 26.1784 kN/m
Fd 26.1784
Total service load = = = 17.452266 kN/m
1.5 1.5
Dead load of the beam = 0.3 (0.6) (25) = 4.5 kN/m
Hence, service imposed loads = (17.452266 - 4.5) kN/m
= 12.952266 kN/m
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3.7.5 Solution by Direct Computation Method - Problem 3.3
2
Given data: b = 300 mm, d = 550 mm, D = 600 mm, Ast = 1658 mm (4-20 T
+ 2-16 T), Leff = 8 m and boundary conditions = simply supported (Fig. 3.7.2)
3.7.5.2 xu
0.87 f y Ast
xu =
0.36 b fck
(3.16)
0 . 87 ( 415) (1658 )
=
0.36 (300) (20)
Hence, the beam is over-reinforced.
3.7.5.3 Mu and service imposed loads
For xu > xu,max, we have
xu,max xu,max
M u = 0.36 (1 − 0.42 2
(3.24)
d d
) b d f ck
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= 0.36 (0.479) {1 - 0.42(0.479)} (300) (550) (550) (20) Nmm
= 250.01356 kNm
If we use Eq. 3.22 using xu = xu,max, for Mu
Then, (Mu)steel = 0.87 (415) (1658) {550 - 0.42 (263.45)} Nmm
= 263.00468 kNm > (Mu)concrete (= 250.01356 kNm)
The higher Mu as obtained from steel is not true because the entire amount of
2
steel (1658 mm ) cannot yield due to over-reinforcing. Prior to that, concrete fails
at 250.01356 kNm. However, we can get the same of Mu as obtained from Eq.
3.24 of Lesson 5, if we can find out how much Ast is needed to have xu = 263.45
mm. From Eq. 3.16 of Lesson 5, we can write:
0.36 b f ck xu
( Ast )needed for xu = 263.45 =
0.87 f y
0 . 36 (300 ) ( 20 ) ( 263 . 45)
=
0.87 (415)
2
= 1576.1027 mm
If we use this value for Ast in Eq. 3.22 of Lesson 5, we get
(M u ) = 0.87 (415) (1576.1027){550 − 0.42 (263.45 )}
= 250.0135 (same as obtained from Eq. 3.24).
From the factored moment Mu = 250.01356 kNm, we have:
8 M u 8 (250.01356)
Total factored load = Fd = = = 31.251695
L2eff 8 (8)
kN/m
31 . 251695
Total service load = = 20.834463 kN/m
1.5
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Now, Dead load of the beam = 0.3 (0.6) (25) = 4.5 kN/m
Hence, service imposed loads = 20.834463 - 4.5 = 16.334463 kN/m
3.7.6 Solution by Design Chart - Problems 3.2 and 3.3
For the two problems with known b, d, D, Ast, grade of concrete and gr
ade
of steel, chart 14 of SP-16 is applicable. From the effective depth d a
nd
A 100
percentage of reinforcement pt (= st ) , the chart is used to find Mu per
metre
b d
width. Multiplying Mu per meter width with b, we get Mu for the beam. After t
hat,
the service imposed load is calculated using the relation
8 M u
Service imposed lo 2
- Dead load
(1.5) L
ad =
(3.27)
2
Prob- Ast (mm ) d, b Mu Mu 8Mu Dead Service Remarks
2
lem pt (%) (mm) (kNm/m) (kNm) 1.5 L load impose
(Chart (kN/m) (kN/m) d loads
14) (kN/m)
3.2 1256 550, 700 210 17.5 4.5 13 Mu per m of
0.7612 300 700 is well
within the
chart, hence
under-
reinforced.
3.3 1658 550, 820 246 20.5 4.5 16 Maximum
1.205818 300 Mu = 820, so
1 over-
reinforced.
The results of the two problems are furnished in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Results of Problems 3.2 and 3.3 (Chart of SP-16)
2
Prob- Ast (mm ) d, b fy Mu Mu 8Mu Dead Service Re
2 b d 2 2
lem pt (%) (mm) (N/mm 2
(kNm) 1.5 L load impose mar
) (N/mm (kN/ d loads ks
) m) (kN/m)
from
Table 2
3.2 1256 550, 415 2.3105 209.6778 17.47315 4.5 12.973 *
0.7612 300 4 5 155
3.3 1658 500, 415 2.76 250.47 20.8725 4.5 16.372 **
1.205818 300 5
1
3.7.7 Solution by Design Tables - Problems 3.2 and 3.3
Table 2 of SP-16 presents the value of reinforcement percentag
e for
2
different combinations of fy and (Mu/bd ) for M-20. Here, from the known v
alues 2
of p and fy, the corresponding values of Mu/bd are determined. These i
n turn
give Mu of the beam. Then the service imposed load can be obtained usin
g Eq.
3.27 as explained in the earlier section (sec. 3.7.6). The results of the
two
problems are presented in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8 Results of Problems 3.2 and 3.3 (Table of SP-16)
= 2.30 (2.32 − 2.30) = 2.3105
* Linear interpol
b d +
2
(0.765 − 0.757
ated )
** pt = 1.2058181 is not admissible, i.e. over-reinforced. So at pt = 0.955,
2
Mu/bd
=2.76.
3.7.8 Comparison of Results of Three Methods
The values of Mu and service imposed loads of the under-
reinforced and
over-reinforced problems (Problems 3.2 and 3.3), computed by three met
hods,
are presented in Table 3.9.
M u (0.7612 − 0.757)
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agpur
Mu (kNm) Service imposed loads (kN/m)
Proble
m Direct Chart of Table of Direct Chart of Table of
computatio SP-16 SP-16 computatio SP-16 SP-16
n n
3.2 209.4272 210 209.6778 12.9522 13 12.97315
4 5
Table 3.9 Comparison of results of Problems 3.2 and 3.3
3.7.9 Practice Questions and Problems with Answers
Q.1: Determine the moments of resistance Mu and service imposed loads on a
simply supported beam of effective span 10.0 m with b = 300mm, d = 500
mm, D = 550 mm and grades of concrete and steel are M20 and Fe500,
respectively for the two different cases employing (a) direct computation
method and (b) using charts and tables of SP-16: (i) when Ast is minimum
acceptable and (ii) when Ast is maximum acceptable (Fig. 3.7.3).
(a) Direct computation method:
Case (i) When Ast is minimum acceptable (Eq. 3.26 of Lesson 6)
0.85 b d
Minimum As =
f y
(3.26)
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0. 5 (300) (500) 2 2
So, As = mm = 255 mm . Providing 4-12T gives Ast = 452
500
2
mm .
Equation 3.16 of Lesson 5 gives the depth of the neutral axis xu:
Table 3.2 of Lesson 5 gives xu, max = 0.46(500) = 230 mm.
Equation 3.22 of Lesson 5 gives the Mu as follows:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast (d - 0.42 xu)
(3.22)
= 0.87(500) (452) {500 - 0.42(91.03)} Nmm
= 90.79 kNm
8 M u 8 (90.79)
Total factored load = = = 7.26 kN/m
L2eff 100
The dead load of the beam = 0.3 (0.55) (25) = 4.125 kN/m
So, the service imposed loads = {(Total factored load)/(Load factor)} - (Dead
load)
= 7.26/1.5 - 4.125 = 0.715 kN/m
This shows that the beam can carry maximum service imposed loads, 17 per
cent of its dead load only, when the acceptable minimum tensile reinforcement is
2
452 mm (4 bars of 12 mm diameter).
Case (ii) when Ast is maximum acceptable:
To ensure ductile failure, it is essential that the acceptable maximum
tensile reinforcement should be between 75 and 80 per cent of pt, lim and not as
given in clause 26.5.1.1.(b), i.e. 0.04 bD. Thus, here the maximum acceptable pt
should be between 0.57 and 0.61 per cent (as pt, lim = 0.76 from Table 3.1 of
Lesson 5). However, let us start with 0.76 per cent as the span is relatively large
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and keeping in mind that while selecting the bar diameter, it may get reduced to
some extent.
2
So, (Ast)max = 0.76 (300) (500)/100 = 1140 mm
2
Selecting 4-16 and 2-12 mm diameter bars, we get Ast = 1030 mm when pt
becomes 0.67 per cent. So, the maximum acceptable tensile reinforcement is
2
1030 mm .
Therefore, Mu is obtained from Eq. 3.22 of Lesson 5 as,
(3.22)
Mu =
0.87 fy
Ast (d - = 0.87(500) (1030) {500 - 0.42(207.43)} Nmm
0.42 xu
) = 184.99 kNm
8 M u 8 (184.99)
Total factored load = = = 14.8 kN/m
L2eff 100
With dead load = 4.125 kN/m (see Case (i) of this problem), we have:
Service imposed load = 14.8/1.5 - 4.125 = 5.74 kN/m
This beam, therefore, is in a position to carry service imposed loads of 5.74
kN/m, about 40% higher than its own dead load.
(b) Using chart and tables of SP-16:
Tables 3.10 and 3.11 present the results using charts and tables respectively
of SP-16. For the benefit of the reader the different steps are given below
separately for the use of chart and table respectively for the minimum acceptable
reinforcement.
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Step 1: With the given fck, fy and d, choose the particular chart. Here, for fck
= 2 2
20 N/mm , fy = 500 N/mm and d = 500 mm, the needed chart no. i
s
17.
2
Step 2: Chart 17 shows minimum pt = 0.13% which gives Ast = 195 mmm
Step 3: Provide bars of 4-12 mm diameter, which give pt = 0.301%
Step 5: The service imposed loads are calculated as follows:
8M
Service imposed loads 2 u − 4.125 = 0.675 kN/m, using
eff
=
the dead load of the beam as 4.125 kN/m (see case (i) of this problem).
Step 6: The capacity of the beam is to carry 0.675 kN/m which is (0.675/4.125)
100 = 16.36%. L (1.5)
Table 3.10 Results of Q.1 using chart of SP-16
Similar calculations are done for the maximum acceptable reinforcement. The
steps are given below:
2 2
Step 1: With the givenfck = 20 N/mm , fy = 500 N/mm , Table 2 of SP-16 is
selected.
2
Step 2: (pt)min = 0.07 from Table 2, which gives Ast = 105 mmm
Step 3: Provide bars of 4-12 mm diameter, which give pt = 0.301%
2
Step For (pt)provided, we get (Mu/bd ) from Table 2 of SP-16 by lin
4: ear
interpolation as follows:
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M (1.25 − 1.2) (0.301 − 0.2
= 1.20 = 1.204
u 98)
b + (0.312 − 0.298)
2
d
2
Hence, Mu = 1.204 (300) (500) = 90.3 kNm
Step 5: Same as Step 5 while using chart of SP-16.
Step 6: Same as Step 6 while using chart of SP-16.
Table 3.11 Results of Q.1 using table of SP-16
3.7.10 References
th
1. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, 6 Edition, by Ashok K. J
ain,
Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 2002.
nd
2. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete, 2 Edition, by P.C.Varghe
se,
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.
3. Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, by P.C.Varghese, Prentice-Hall
of
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2001.
nd
4. Reinforced Concrete Design, 2 Edition, by S.Unnikrishna Pillai a
nd
Devdas Menon, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, N
ew
Delhi, 2003.
5. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, by P.Dayaratna
m,
Oxford & I.B.H. Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
st
6. Reinforced Concrete Design, 1 Revised Edition, by S.N.Sinha, T
ata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. New Delhi, 1990.
th
7. Reinforced Concrete, 6 Edition, by S.K.Mallick and A.P.Gupta, Oxford
&
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1996.
8. Behaviour, Analysis & Design of Reinforced Concrete Structural Elemen
ts,
by I.C.Syal and R.K.Ummat, A.H.Wheeler & Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1989.
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pur
rd
9. Reinforced Concrete Structures, 3 Edition, by I.C.Syal and A.K.Goel,
A.H.Wheeler & Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1992.
10. Textbook of R.C.C, by G.S.Birdie and J.S.Birdie, Wiley Eastern Limited,
New Delhi, 1993.
th
11. Design of Concrete Structures, 13 Edition, by Arthur H. Nilson, David
Darwin and Charles W. Dolan, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, New Delhi, 2004.
12. Concrete Technology, by A.M.Neville and J.J.Brooks, ELBS with
Longman, 1994.
th st
13. Properties of Concrete, 4 Edition, 1 Indian reprint, by A.M.Neville,
Longman, 2000.
th
14. Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook, 10 Edition, by C.E.Reynolds
and J.C.Steedman, E & FN SPON, London, 1997.
th
15. Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice (4
Revision), IS 456: 2000, BIS, New Delhi.
16. Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978, BIS, New Delhi.
3.7.11 Test 7 with Solutions
Maximum Marks = 50, Maximum Time = 30 minutes
TQ.1: Determine the moment of resistance for the beams shown in Figs. 3.7.4
and 3.7.5 using M 20 and Fe 250 by direct computation and using charts
and tables of SP-16.
A.TQ.1: Case A: TQ.1 A of Fig. 3.7.4
(i) Direct computation method
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2
Ast = 1963 mm (4-25 φ)
= 0.87(250) (1963) {450 - 0.42(197.66)}
= 156.68 kNm
(ii) Chart of SP-16
2
Ast = 1963 mm
From chart 11 of SP-16, when pt = 1.45, d = 450, we get
Mu per metre width = 522 kNm/m
Mu = 522 (0.3) = 156.6 kNm
(iii) Table of SP-16
Table 2 of SP-16 is for M-20 and Fe250. At pt = 1.451, we get
M u 2
2
= 2.58 N/mm
b d
-6
So, Mu = 2.58 (300) (450) (450) (10 ) kNm = 156.74 kNm
The three values of Mu are close to each other.
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A.TQ.1: Case B: TQ.1 B of Fig. 3.7.5
(i) Direct computation method
2
Ast = 1963 + 981 = 2944 mm (6-25 φ)
xu, max xu, max
M u = M u, lim = 0.36
2
(1 − 0.42
d d
(3.24)
2
= 0.36 (0.53) {1 - 0.42 (0.53)} (300) (450) (20) Nmm
= 180.22 kNm
(ii) Chart of SP-16
2944 (100 )
pt = = 2.18 . In chart 11 (for M 20 and Fe 250), maximum
300 (450)
admissible pt is 1.75 and for this pt when d = 450, Mu = 600 kNm/m.
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So, Mu = 600 (0.3) = 180 kNm
(iii) Table of SP-16
Table 2 (for M 20 and Fe 250) has the maximum pt = 1.76 and at that
2
value, (Mu/bd ) = 2.98. This gives
2 -6
Mu = 2.98 (300) (450) (10 ) = 181.03 kNm. Here also the three values of
Mu are close to each other.
) b d fck
3.7.12 Summary of this Lesson
This lesson explains the use of equations derived in Lesson 5 for the
analysis type of problems. The three methods (i) direct computation, (ii) use of
charts of SP-16 and (iii) use of tables of SP-16 are illustrated through the step by
step solutions of numerical problems. Their results are compared to show the
closeness of them.
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