Riphah College of Engineering & Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Assignment 2
4th Semester: Spring-2020 B.Sc. Electrical Engineering Technology
ET-204: Electrical Machine I Maximum Marks:
10
Issue Date: 20th May, 2020 Due Date: 3rd June, 2020
Student Name: Muhammad Awais Akbar Roll No: 11186
Note: Student must submit assignment with assignment number, his roll number and name. For example this
assignment number is 2, if a student roll number is 13294 and name Muhammad Arshad he will submit it as
“A2 13294 Muhammad Arshad”

Q.1 Part a) 05
C2 Define Transformer? Explain different parts of Power Transformer in
CLO2 detail?
PLO1
Ans )
Transformer:
A static electrical machine that transform A.C electrical energy/power at
one voltage level to another voltage level through the action of electromagnetic induction at
same frequency.

 Parts of Power transformer:

These are the basic components of a transformer.
1. Laminated core
2. Windings
3. Insulating materials
4. Transformer oil
5. Tap changer
6. Oil Conservator
7. Breather
8. Cooling tubes

 All Parts detail of Power transformer:

1. Laminated Core:
The core acts as support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides a
low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made of laminated soft iron core in
order to reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss. The composition of a transformer core
depends on such as factors voltage, current, and frequency.
2. Windings:
Transformers have two windings, being the primary winding and the
secondary winding. The primary winding is the coil that draws power from the source.
The secondary winding is the coil that delivers the energy at the transformed or changed
voltage to the load.
3. Insulating Material:
The solid insulation materials widely used in the transformer are paper,
pressboard, and transformer board, which are formed from the cellulose found in plants.
The main concern with using dry paper as an insulating material is that it is very
hygroscopic.

4. Transformer Oil:
Transformer oil or insulating oil that is stable at high temperatures and has
excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers, some types of
high-voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts (North America only), and some types of
high-voltage switches and circuit breakers.
5. Tap Changer:
The purpose of a tap changer is to regulate the output voltage of a
transformer. It does this by altering the number of turns in one winding and thereby
changing the turn’s ratio of the transformer.
6. OIL COSERVATOR:
The Conservator tank is a tank fitted above the level of top cover
Oil Filled transformer to allow for expansion and compression of the Oil in question.
7. Breather:
The breather controls the moisture level in the transformer. Moisture can arise
when temperature variations cause expansion and contraction of the insulating oil, which
then causes the pressure to change inside the conservator. Pressure changes are balanced by a
flow of atmospheric air in and out of the conservator, which is how moisture can enter the
system.

8. Cooling tubes:
Cooling tubes are used to cool the transformer oil. The transformer oil is
circulated through the cooling tubes. The circulation of the oil may either be natural or
forced. In natural circulation, when the temperature of the oil raises the hot oil naturally rises
to the top and the cold oil sinks downward. Thus the oil naturally circulates through the
tubes. In forced circulation, an external pump is used to circulate the oil.

05
Part b)
Enlist different types of transformer with respect to construction, voltage
level & function? Explain each of them in depth?
Ans )
 Type of transformer with respect to construction:

The two most common and basic designs

of transformer construction are the Closed-core Transformer and the Shell-core Transformer.
In the “closed-core” type (core form) transformer, the primary and secondary windings are
wound outside and surround the core ring.

1. Core type Transformer:

The magnetic core of the transformer is made up of laminations to

form a rectangular frame. The laminations are cut in the form of L-shape strips shown in the
figure below. For avoiding the high reluctance at the joints where laminations are butted
against each other, the alternate layer is stacked differently to eliminate continues joints.

The primary and secondary windings are interleaved to reduce the leakage flux. Half of each
winding is placed side by side or concentrically on the leg of the core as shown in the figure
below. For simplicity, the primary and secondary winding is located on the separate limbs of
the core.

2. Shell Type Transformer:

The laminations are cut in the form of a long strip of E’s, and I’s as
shown in the figure below. To reduce the high reluctance at the joints where the laminations
are butted against each other, the alternate layers are stacked differently to eliminate
continuous joint.
The shell type transformer has three limbs or legs. The central limb carries the whole of the
flux, and the side limb carries the half of the flux. Hence the width of the central limb is
about to double to that of the outer limbs.

 Type of transformer with respect to voltage level:

These are the most commonly used

transformer types for all the applications. Depends upon the voltage ratios from primary to
secondary windings, the transformers are classified as step-up and step-down transformers.

1. Step-Up Transformer:

As the name states that, the secondary voltage is stepped up with a ratio
compared to the primary voltage. This can be achieved by increasing the number of windings
in the secondary than the primary windings as shown in the figure. In a power plant, this
transformer is used as a connecting transformer of the generator to the grid.

2. Step-Down Transformer:

It used to step down the voltage level from lower to higher

level at the secondary side as shown below so that it is called a step-down transformer. The
winding turns more on the primary side than the secondary side. In distribution networks, the
step-down transformer is commonly used to convert the high grid voltage to low voltage that
can be used for home appliances

 Type of transformer with respect to function:

According to the necessity, these are

classified as the power transformer, distribution transformer measuring transformer, and
protection transformer.

1. Power Transformer:

The power transformers are big in size. They are suitable for high voltage (greater than
33KV) power transfer applications. It used in power generation stations and Transmission
substations. It has a high insulation level.
 2. Distribution Transformer:

In order to distribute the power generated from the power

generation plant to remote locations, these transformers are used. Basically, it is used for the
distribution of electrical energy at low voltage is less than 33KV in industrial purpose and
440v-220v for domestic purpose.

 It works at low efficiency at 50-70%

 Small size
 Easy installation
 Low magnetic losses
 It is not always fully loaded
3. Measurement Transformer:
It is used to measure the electrical quantity like the voltage, current, power. These are
classified as potential transformers, current transformers, etc.

4. Protection Transformers:
This type of transformers is used in component protection purposes.
The major difference between measuring transformers and protection transformers is
accuracy that means that the protection transformers should be accurate as compared to
measuring transformers.