Experiment No:5

Aim: To demonstrate cut-out sections of the

single-phase transformer.
LO3: Illustrate the performance of asingle-phase
transformer.
The transformer is basically a voltage control device that is
used widely in the
distribution and transmission of alternating current power. The idea of a
transformer was first
discussed by Michael Faraday in the year 1831. However, the
general purpose of using
transformners was to maintain a balance between the electricity that was
generated at very
high voltages and consumption which was done at
very low voltages.
Generating station (11kV or 22 kV)

Slep-up translormer
11kV to (220 kV or 400 kV)

High-voltaçe transmission line

000000000 Receiving station

step-down transformer
stepping down the vollage to 11 kV
11 kV feeder 11 kV feeder

Distribution substation
11 kV to 440/230 V
Main d1str.butors

Low-voltage
sub-distributors
440 VI230 V

Fig: Power System

The transformer, in a simple way, can be described as a

device that steps up or steps
down voltage. In a step-up transformer, the output voltage is increased, and in a
step-down
transformer, the output voltage is decreased. The step-up transformer will decrease the output
current, and the step-down transformer will increase the output current to keep the input and
output power of the system equal.
 Pnmary Transformer Core Secondary Magnetic
Coil Coil Core
primary| secondary

VE V
Ne Ng Vs

Tran sforme
Transformer Construction Symbols

Fig: construction of single phase transformer.

Where:
V - isthe
Vs - is the
Primary Voltage
Np - is the Secondary Voltage.
Number of Primary Windings
Ns - is the
Number of Secondary Windings
(phi) is the Flux Linking the
The two coil Windings
A single-phase
windings are not electrically connected but are only linked magnetically.
transformer can operate to either increase or decrease the
the primary winding. When a voltage applied to
transformer is used to "increase" the voltage on its
Winding with respect to the primary, it is called a secondary
Step-up transformer. When it is used to
*decrease" the voltage on the secondary winding with
a Step-down transformer.
respect to the primary it is called

$Working Principle of a Transformer

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday's law of
and mutual induction.
electromagnetic induction
There are usually two coils - primary coil and secondary coil
on the transformer
core. The core laminations are joined in the form of strips. The two coils
have high mutual
inductance. When an alternating current passes through the primary coil, it creates a
varying
magnetic flux. As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, this change in magnetic
flux induces an EMF (electromotive force) in the secondary coil, which is linked to the çore
having a primary coil. This is mutual induction.
 Second (oil
First Coil

Flux
Alternating Source Induced Voltage

Fig: Generation of magnetic flux

Parts of aSingle-phase Transformer

1.Core
transformer. It also provides a low reluctance
The core acts as a support to the winding in the
wound on the core, as shown in the picture.
path to the flow of magnetic flux. The winding is
transformer. The
in order to reduce the losses ina
Itis made up of a laminated soft iron core
core
power, etc., decide core composition. The
factors, such as operating voltage, current,
and inversely proportional to iron losses.
diameter is directly proportional to copper losses
2. Windings wires are used
over the transformer core. Copper
Windings are the set of copper wires wound
due to the following:
when the
minimises the loss in a transformer because
The high conductivity of copper
flow decreases.
conductivity increases, resistance to current
of metals that allows it to be made into
The high ductility of copper is the property
very thin wires.
windings and secondary windings.
There are mainly two types of windings: primary
the supply current is fed.
Primary winding: The set of turns of windings to which
which output is taken.
Secondary winding: The set of turns of winding fromn
from each other using insulation coating
The primary and secondary windings are insulated
agents.
3. Insulation Agents
windings from each other and to avoid
Insulation is necessary for transformers to separate
have an influence on the
short circuits. This facilitates mutual induction, Insulation agents
durability and stability of a transformer.
The following are used as insulation mediums in a transformer:
 Insulating oil
Insulating tape
Insulating paper
Wood-based lamination

Types of Transformers:
1. Based on Voltage Levels
Commonly used transformer types, depending on the voltage, are classified as follows:
Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power generator and the power
grid. The secondary output voltage is higher than the input voltage.
Step-down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high-voltage
primary supply to low-voltage secondary output.
2. Based on the Medium of Core
Used
In transformer, we will find different types of cores
a
that are used.
Air Core Transformer: The flux linkage between primary and
secondary winding is
through the air. The coil or windings wound on the non-magnetic strip.
Iron Core Transformer: Windings are wound on
multiple iron plates stacked
together, which provides a perfect linkage path to generate flux.
3. Based on the Winding
Arrangement
Autotransformer: It willhave only one winding wound over a laminated core. The
primary and secondary share the same coil. Auto means "self" in the Greek language.
4. Based on Install Location
Power Transformer: It is used at power generation stations, as they are suitable for
high voltage application
Distribution Transformer: It is mostly used at distribution lanes for domestic
purposes. They are designed for carrying low voltages. It is very easy to install and
characterised by low magnetic losses.
Measurement Transformers: They are mainly used for measuring voltage, current
and power.
Protection Transformers: They are used for component protection purposes. In
circuits, some components must be protected from voltage fluctuation, etc. Protection
transformers ensure component protection.
5. Based on construction:
The transformers are broadly classified into
following two types.
Core Type Transfoner
ShellType Transformer
Core type transformer:
The magnetic circuit of the transformer consists of two sections namely two
vertical section
called limbs and two horizontal sections called yokes. The half of each
winding (primary and
secondary windings) is placed on each limb of the core, so that the leakage flux can be
minimized.
In the core type transformer, the low voltage winding is always placed next to the
core
and the high voltage winding is placed around the low voltage winding. It is because, the
placement of low voltage winding near to the core reduces the need of insulating material
required.
The major advantage of a core type transformer is that it is easier to dismantle for repair
and maintenance. Also, the natural cooling in acore type transformer is efficient. However,
the core type transformers need higher magnetizing current.
The core type transformers are mainly used in high voltage applications such as
distribution and power transformers.
Single Three
phase phase
Primary Secondary
Winding Winding

Iron Core
Core type
Magnetic
Flux

Core Type Transformer

Fig: Core Type Transformer

Shell typetransformer
A shell type transformer consists of one central limb and two outer limbs as shown in

the figure of shell type transformer. In the shelltype transformer, both primary and secondary
windings are placed on the central limb. The function of the two outer limbs is to complete
the path of low reluctance for magnetic flux.
In the shell type transformer, each winding is divided into subsections, where the low
voltage winding and high voltage winding subsections are alternatively placed on the central
limb in the form ofa sandwich. For this reason, this winding is called sandwich or disc
winding.
 V
OH

The major advantage of the shell type transformer is that it gives better support
aganst the clectromagnetic forces between the current carrying conductors. Also, the shell
ype transfomer provides a shorter magnetic path, thus it requires smaller magnetizing
current. However, the major disadvantage of the shell type transformer is that it has poor
natural cooling. Consequently, the shell type transformers are prefered in low voltage
applications such low power circuits and electronic circuits

Magnetic Flux Path Shell,Iype Iransformer

Primary Winding

Input Voltage
(AC Sourco) Secondary Winding

Primary Leakage Output Voltage

Sngle phase
Flux
Secondary Leakoge
Flur

Shell Type Transformei Three phse

Fig:Shell type Transformer

Table 4.1 Comparison of core-type and shel-type transfomers

Core-typc transfomer Shell-type transformer
1. The windings
2. Average lengthenclose the wholc corc.
of the core is morc.
1. The core encloses the windings.
3. 2. Avcrage length of the core is less.
Magnetic Aux has only one continuous 3. Magnetic flux is distributcd into two
path.
4. Ih is more parts.
suitable for high-voltagc 4. It is more cconomical for low voltage
5. transformers.
lis casy to transfomers.
repair. 5. It is dificult to repair.

Core
Primary winding

Primary winding Secondary winding Secondary winding

(a) Core-type translormer (b) Shelt-typetranstormer
 EMF Equation of Transformer:

Om

T/4

Primary |Serondary
Figure -Electrical Transfomer

N,-Number of turns in the primary

N-Number of turns in the secondary
Dm-Maximum flux in the weber (Wb)
T-Time period. It is the time taken for 1 cycle.
The flux formed is a sinusoidal wave. It rises to a maximum value of D,, and decreases to a
negative maximum of m. So, flux reaches a maximum in one-quarter of a cycle. The time
taken is equal to T/4.
Average rate of change of flux = m/(T/4) =4fDm
Where, f= frequency
T= 1/f

Induced EMF per turn = Rate of change of flux per turn

Form factor = RMS value / average value
RMSvalue = 1.11 (4fO.) =4.44 fDm [form factor of asine wave is 1.11]
RMSvalue of EMF induced in winding =RMS value of EMF per turn xNo. of turns
Primary Winding
RMS value of inducedEMF = E, =4.44 fOm * N
Secondary Winding
RMS value of induced EMF = E, = 4.44 fDm * N2

E, E, = 4.44f Om
N, N,
This is the EMF equation of the transformer.
For an ideal transformer at no load condition,
E, = Supply voltage on the primary winding
Ez = Terminal voltage (theoretical or calculated) on the secondary winding
Voltage Transformation Ratio

E E= k
N N2
Kiscalled the voltage transformation ratio, which is a constant.

Case 1:1f N2» N, K>1, it is called astep-up transformer.

Case 2: IfNKN, K<1, it is called a step-down transformer.

$Applications of Transformer
The transformer transmits electrical energy through wires over long distances.
which reu
Transformers with multiple secondaries are used in radio and TV receivers,
ire several different voltages.
Transformers are used as voltage regulators.

Fig Cut section of 1 transformer

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TRANSFORMER
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RECTIFIER.HOUSE; MUMBAI-400 03t.
Fig
:Cut section of 2nd Transgormer

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Conshu cion
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Tronsfoomer f1+s
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by
In BEE Lab.