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Pulse Width Modulation: Modulating (Analog) Signal: Carrier (Pulse Train) Signal

The document discusses pulse width modulation (PWM). PWM converts an analog signal into a discrete signal with variable pulse widths. The modulating signal has a fixed frequency of 50Hz and controllable amplitude, while the carrier signal has a fixed amplitude of 5.5Vp-p and frequency of 1.24KHz. The PWM signal generated contains pulses whose widths are proportional to the modulating signal amplitude. A PWM demodulator works as an integrator to calculate the area under each pulse and regenerate the original analog signal, though with some noise and phase shift. The procedure involves adjusting signals, connecting them, and observing the output at the demodulator while varying the modulating signal amplitude. Increasing the modulating amplitude decreases

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202 views3 pages

Pulse Width Modulation: Modulating (Analog) Signal: Carrier (Pulse Train) Signal

The document discusses pulse width modulation (PWM). PWM converts an analog signal into a discrete signal with variable pulse widths. The modulating signal has a fixed frequency of 50Hz and controllable amplitude, while the carrier signal has a fixed amplitude of 5.5Vp-p and frequency of 1.24KHz. The PWM signal generated contains pulses whose widths are proportional to the modulating signal amplitude. A PWM demodulator works as an integrator to calculate the area under each pulse and regenerate the original analog signal, though with some noise and phase shift. The procedure involves adjusting signals, connecting them, and observing the output at the demodulator while varying the modulating signal amplitude. Increasing the modulating amplitude decreases

Uploaded by

Mohamd barca
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pulse Width Modulation

The PWM modulator convert the analog signal to discrete signal with
variable pulse duration (it modulates the time parameter of the
modulating signal).

Modulating (Analog) signal: In our board, the analog signal has fixed
frequency (f=50Hz) and controllable amplitude (level). (See board fig)

Carrier (pulse train) signal: In the PWM board, the pulse train carrier
signal will be generated internally using the IC1-555 (See board fig),
which works as oscillator (because of the shorted 2&6 pins). This signal
has both fixed amplitude (5.5 Vp-p) and frequency (1.24 KHz).

Modulating signal (PWM): After both the pulse train and analog
signal enter the modulator, the PWM signal will be generated. The
modulated signal is a serial of pulses in which the width of the pulse is
proportional to amplitude of the modulating signal (simulator to the
frequency modulation).

Signal Figure

PW Modulator: the modulator is also a 555IC (IC2 in board fig) but in


this case, it doesn't work as oscillator (since pin 2&6 are not shorted).
The input to this modulator:
Carrier signal: which is connected to the trigger pin (pin 2), this signal
controls the leading edge to each PWM pulse.

|Page1
Analog signal: which is connected to a capacitor that in turn is
connected to the control voltage pin (pin 5), this signal controls the
trailing edge to each PWM pulse; when the analog signal reaches a
certain voltage the op-amp inside the 555 IC will change its state form 1
to 0 providing the OFF state.

PW Demodulator: The demodulator in the PWM is an op- amp circuit


(IC3 in board fig) that works as integrator, it calculate the area under
each pulse of the PWM and thus regenerate the original analog signal.
The regenerated signal contains some noise and phase shift from the
original one, to calculate the phase shift:
1. The modulating and the demodulating signals must connected to the
oscilloscope.
2. Calculating (𝜃)
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝜃=
360
3. 𝑝hase shift = 𝜃 ∗ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
The procedure:
1. Adjust the modulating signal to 12Vp.p, and draw the signal: (signal
figure)
2. Draw the carrier signal: (signal figure)
3. Connect the analog signal to pin 5 of the modulator and the carrier to
pin 2.
4. Draw the PWM vs the analog signal: (signal figure)
5. Connect the o/p of the modulator to the i/p of the demodulator and
draw the o/p signal vs the analog signal: (signal figure)
6. Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and see the result in
demodulating signal.
 Increasing the amplitude of the analog signal will cause decrease in
noise of the regenerated (modulated) signal.

Note: In the PWM, the noise interference is minimum while in the PAM
the noise interference is high (since the noise can affect the amp of the
signal more than the feq). In addition, the PWM circuit is easy to
implement while the PAM circuit is complex in design.

|Page2
Board Figure

|Page3

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