1. Draw a diagram for Internet structure from Tier 1to Tier 3.

Also explain the role of Tier 1 ISPs in

Solution:

Tier 1 ISP is the backbone in some of the regions under settlement free peering agreement as it
directly connects to the global internet. Under tier 1 ISP information flow between networks is
voluntarily exchanged.

Tier 1 providers exchanged with tier 1 ISP as it is an internet provider. Through strict agreements of
peering, ISPs exchanges traffic.

Tier 1 are the backbone internet’s backbone as it is an internet provider. These are called as a
backbone of internet. Atlantic internet sea cable’s infrastructures are built by these providers. As
they provide traffic to internet distributing partners not to the end user of internet.

Traffic of internet could not be exchanged through countries and continents, without tier 1 internet
providers.

Tier 1 Internet provider’s example:

1. Level 3 Communications
2. Hibernia Networks
3. Cogent Communication

Tier 1 are known to shakers and movers of the industry.

Through settlement-free peering, tier 1 network can reach any other network. Most of the physical
lines are covered by them to get more % of traffic to themselves. And negotiation with others is
made, in order to get free access to network of theirs.

A question may raise in your mind that why don’t they charge money from each other, the answer is
the average cost incurred by a specified provider is approximately equals to another provider. For
them exchanging the financial information is redundant. Some of the ISPs have network peering
policy which is listed under other desired qualification e.g. monetary stability and geographic reach.

Tier -1 Carriers includes-

1. Sprint
2. CenturyLink
3. Verizon
4. AT&T
5. Deutshe Telekom

2. Outline the steps taken by Network designer to design a Network for any business. (5 Marks)

Solution:

Design

Step 1

To improve capacity, network ports and performance requirement for your business should be
uncover. To understand the co-worker’s requirements for expansion of potential and their
application, you should meet them. A single location is supported by local area network such as-
building, office, to connect the ports with server switches are required, hardware storage, phones
and computers.

Step 2

Planning and designing the layout of cable. Cable is crucial in designing as a physical communication
path is provided for manufacturing company. In order to minimize the potential for equipment
interference you should consult a cable designer.

Step 3

A spreadsheet must be created to collect the details needed for designing. This information must
consist of user per location, speed of LAN ports, their roles also. Physical locations must be listed to
configure the spreadsheet. Total number of users per site and their type of classification like-
manufacturing, engineering and office should be listed.

Step 4

Current state network performance should be analysed. Network management software, analyser
of protocol and performance of analysis at different days of business. Like- uploading tough data of
engineering onto the internet, running month end financial process. To identify protocols running by
default on some nodes that can be turned off, the protocol analyser may help.

Step 5
In order to support the design of current state, logical network and existing physical diagram should
be collected. Identify LAN uplinks bandwidth, routers, equipment cabinets, switches, cooling and
power information and standard for copper and fibre cable plant.

Step 6

Identification of the ports of LAN switches that are projected and required over the next 24 months.
To each desk of employee, a copper network cable is provided by telecommunication closets. It also
server as installation location for access layer of LAN which provides ports of connection for wireless
points, printers and computers.

Step 7

Based on the requirement of growth which is projected for network ports and expectation for
network services which are wireless, video and voice integrated. This approach makes sure that the
need of the company meets the network hardware. As requirement of bandwidth will supported by
switch ports and uplinks of fibre.

Step 8

Introduction standards for each network layer by selecting routers and switches. Common switches
should be used in other areas. When standard for hardware is created, there is a reduction in ease
support and variations as staff members are familiar with the equipment.

Step 9

For selection of computer room switches. In order to support fibre connection, calculation of dual
switches should be done. To support servers a port density and speeds should be planned in
combined distribution of core layers. Identification of benefits and risk should be done by
management team.

Step 10

In order to meet growth requirements, a design of IP address should be developed. A routing

3. How the User Cantered Design (UCD) can decided the success and failure of any Design? Give an
example that how a poorly designed interface can lead a product towards failure. (5 Marks)

Answer:

For Success
1. Experience Design is user- centered

Experience configuration is a client focused procedure that intends to put the client at the core of
the structure procedure. Along these lines, experience configuration ought to be founded on a
strong comprehension of the clients' needs and existing experience. This comprehension can be
acquired through a client experience inquire about procedure. The aftereffects of this examination
help planners to assemble both the structure and capacity of the item to address clients' needs.
Clients are relied upon to have a consistent encounter when utilizing the item, and this can be
accomplished by following existing, regularly utilized plan designs that limit the exertion and learning
required to utilize the item.

Keep it simple

Simplicity should be valued by the experience design while product usage. The design should not be
very simple, rather it should be simple and it helps users to navigate easily. And users can reach all
the feature with an ease. As products of apple provides simplicity.

Experience Design is progressive

Most of the designers believes that, user should be expert in using their product before actually
using the product. Seamless user experience is the reason behind this experience. As it is a type of
progressive process.

Failures

1. No understanding of UX across the business or of what roles are needed

The UX and design debate is similar to the debate about digital transformation. Many businesses are
still confused about what good UX entails.

2. No involvement of UX or design professional

A natural abstain from numerous UX authorities and designers. The brief is passed down to them in
the wake of being made by somebody maybe outside of the advanced group and is thus not fit for
reason. The activity of UX authorities is then to make the best of a fudge.

3. UX and design teams are trying to work in an agile manner

Another issue for configuration raises its head in the distinctions in methods of working between
configuration groups and the remainder of the association. When UX and configuration groups are
attempting to embrace system so as to model, test and repeat, this puts them at chances with
advancement groups working with intensely nitty gritty briefs and cascade procedure.
References

https://datapath.io/resources/blog/what-is-an-internet-service-provider/

https://www.solarwindsmsp.com/blog/how-to-design-a-network

https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/list-steps-design-implement-new-network-small-manufacturing-
company-22713.html

https://uxplanet.org/user-centered-design-process-and-benefits-fd9e431eb5a9

https://producttribe.com/ux-design/user-centered-design-guide