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Frequency Modulation (FM

The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) in telecommunications. FM conveys information by varying the frequency of a carrier wave based on the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM is commonly used for high-fidelity radio broadcasts of music and speech, as well as in amateur radio communications. It allows signals to be more robust against noise and interference compared to amplitude modulation. The document provides various examples of FM applications in radio and its advantages over other modulation techniques.

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جاسم محمد جاسم محمد
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42 views4 pages

Frequency Modulation (FM

The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) in telecommunications. FM conveys information by varying the frequency of a carrier wave based on the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM is commonly used for high-fidelity radio broadcasts of music and speech, as well as in amateur radio communications. It allows signals to be more robust against noise and interference compared to amplitude modulation. The document provides various examples of FM applications in radio and its advantages over other modulation techniques.

Uploaded by

جاسم محمد جاسم محمد
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫ جاسم محمد جاسم محمد‬: ‫االسم‬

‫ هندسة المعلومات واالتصاالت‬: ‫القسم‬

‫ الثانية \ صباحي‬: ‫المرحلة‬

FM MODULATION

Definition

Frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its

frequency which is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input (carried) signal.

Basics

In telecommunications, frequency modulation

(FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by

varying its frequency (contrast this with amplitude

modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is

varied while its frequency remains constant). In analog

applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is


An audio signal (top) may be
directly
carried by an AM or FM radio
proportional to the instantaneous value of the
wave.

input signal. Digital data can be sent by shifting the carrier's frequency among a set of discrete

values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying.

FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of


‫ جاسم محمد جاسم محمد‬: ‫االسم‬

‫ هندسة المعلومات واالتصاالت‬: ‫القسم‬

‫ الثانية \ صباحي‬: ‫المرحلة‬


music and speech. Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast using FM. A

narrowband form is used for voice communications in commercial and amateur

radio settings. The type of FM used in broadcast is generally called wide-FM, or

W-FM. In two-way radio, narrowband narrow-fm (N-FM) is used to conserve

bandwidth. In addition, it is used to send signals into space.

FM is also used at intermediate frequencies by most analog VCR systems,

including VHS, to record the luminance (black and white) portion of the video

signal. FM is the only feasible method of recording video to and retrieving video

from magnetic tape without extreme distortion, as video signals have a very large

range of frequency components — from a few hertz to several megahertz, too wide

for equalisers to work with due to electronic noise below -60 dB. FM also keeps

the tape at saturation level, and therefore acts as a form of audio noise reduction,

and a simple limiter can mask variations in the playback output, and the FM

capture effect removes print-through and pre-echo. A continuous pilot-tone, if

added to the signal — as was done on V2000 and many Hi-band formats — can

keep mechanical jitter under control and assist timebase correction.

FM is also used at audio frequencies to synthesize sound. This technique, known as

FM synthesis, was popularized by early digital synthesizers and became a standard

feature for several generations of personal computer sound cards.


‫ جاسم محمد جاسم محمد‬: ‫االسم‬

‫ هندسة المعلومات واالتصاالت‬: ‫القسم‬

‫ الثانية \ صباحي‬: ‫المرحلة‬


Applications in radio

Edwin Armstrong presented his paper: "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in

Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", which first described FM

radio, before the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers on

November 6, 1935. The paper was published in 1936.

Wideband FM (W-FM) requires a wider bandwidth than amplitude modulation by

an equivalent modulating signal, but this also makes the signal more robust against

noise and interference. Frequency modulation is also more robust against simple

signal amplitude fading phenomena. As a result, FM was chosen as the modulation

standard for high frequency, high fidelity radio transmission: hence the term "FM

radio" (although for many years the BBC called it "VHF radio", because

commercial FM broadcasting uses a well-known part of the VHF band; in certain

countries, expressions referencing the more familiar wavelength notion are still

used in place of the more abstract modulation technique name).

FM receivers employ a special detector for FM signals and exhibit a phenomenon

called capture effect, where the tuner is able to clearly receive the stronger of two

stations being broadcast on the same frequency. Problematically however,

frequency drift or lack of selectivity may cause one station or signal to be suddenly

overtaken by another on an adjacent channel.


‫ جاسم محمد جاسم محمد‬: ‫االسم‬

‫ هندسة المعلومات واالتصاالت‬: ‫القسم‬

‫ الثانية \ صباحي‬: ‫المرحلة‬


Frequency drift typically constituted a problem on very old or inexpensive

receivers, while inadequate selectivity may plague any tuner.

An FM signal can also be used to carry a stereo signal: see FM stereo. However,

this is done by using multiplexing and demultiplexing before and after the FM

process, and is not part of FM proper. The rest of this article ignores the stereo

multiplexing and demultiplexing process used in "stereo FM", and concentrates on

the FM modulation and demodulation process, which is identical in stereo and

mono processes.

A high-efficiency radio-frequency switching amplifier can be used to transmit FM

signals (and other constant-amplitude signals). For a given signal strength

(measured at the receiver antenna), switching amplifiers use less battery power and

typically cost less than a linear amplifier. This gives FM another advantage over

other modulation schemes that require linear amplifiers, such as AM and QAM.

In audio and music frequency modulation synthesis (or FM synthesis) is a form

of audio synthesis where the timbre of a simple waveform is changed by frequency

modulating it with a modulating frequency that is also in the audio range, resulting

in a more complex waveform and a different-sounding tone.

Refrence:
Source: http://www.juliantrubin.com/encyclopedia/electronics/fm.html

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