Scribd
Upload
2K views6 pages

Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th Edition

This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of matter and measurement in chemistry. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and discusses the classification of matter into elements, compounds, and mixtures. The chapter also describes the physical and chemical properties of matter, as well as physical and chemical changes. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) for measurement and the metric units for mass, length, volume, and temperature. Finally, it discusses the concepts of uncertainty, significant figures, accuracy, and precision in scientific measurements.

Uploaded by

Zulqarnayn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views6 pages

Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th Edition

This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of matter and measurement in chemistry. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and discusses the classification of matter into elements, compounds, and mixtures. The chapter also describes the physical and chemical properties of matter, as well as physical and chemical changes. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) for measurement and the metric units for mass, length, volume, and temperature. Finally, it discusses the concepts of uncertainty, significant figures, accuracy, and precision in scientific measurements.

Uploaded by

Zulqarnayn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition

Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten


Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter and Measurement

Matter:
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements.

Classification of Matter
Mixtures and Compounds

Properties of Matter
• Physical Properties:
□ Can be observed without changing a substance into another substance.
• Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
• Chemical Properties:
□ Can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance.
• Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.

Properties of Matter
• Intensive Properties:
□ Independent of the amount of the substance that is present.
• Density, boiling point, color, etc.
• Extensive Properties:
□ Dependent upon the amount of the substance present.
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.

Changes of Matter
• Physical Changes:
□ Changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance.
• Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
• Chemical Changes:
□ Changes that result in new substances.
• Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances are converted to new
substances.

Compounds
Compounds can be broken down into more elemental particles

Separation of Mixtures

Distillation:
Separates homogeneous mixture on the basis of differences in boiling point.
Filtration:
Separates solid substances from liquids and solutions
Chromatography:
Separates substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent.

Units of Measurement
SI Units

• Système International d’Unités


• Uses a different base unit for each quantity
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being
measured.

• The most commonly used metric units for volume are the liter (L) and the
milliliter (mL).
□ A liter is a cube 1 dm long on each side.
□ A milliliter is a cube 1 cm long on each side.

Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of accuracy.

Temperature:
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample

• In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used.

• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.


□ 0°C is the freezing point of water.
□ 100°C is the boiling point of water.

• The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.


• It is based on the properties of gases.
• There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
• K = °C + 273.15

• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements.


• °F = 9/5(°C) + 32
• °C = 5/9(°F − 32)
• Physical property of a substance
•
• Density = mass/ volume

Uncertainty in Measurement

• The term significant figures refers to digits that were measured.


• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our answers.

• All nonzero digits are significant.


• Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant.
• Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant.
• Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the
number.

• When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the least


significant decimal place.

• When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the number


of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in any of the
numbers used in the calculation.

• Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity.


• Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy