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Principles of Science Aurum Lecture Notes Outline

This document outlines key concepts and terms related to principles of science, including the scientific method. It discusses how science assumes the world can be understood through observation and testing of hypotheses, and how ideas in science are constantly being questioned and re-evaluated. Key parts of the scientific method like hypotheses, experiments, conclusions, and communicating results are defined. The document also covers sources of error and bias in scientific studies, such as through probability, natural experiments, blind and double-blind experimental design. Scientific fraud is eventually detected due to reproducibility and peer review. An example given is the fraudulent MMR vaccine and autism study, which had worldwide effects.

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Dowe Peraya
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429 views4 pages

Principles of Science Aurum Lecture Notes Outline

This document outlines key concepts and terms related to principles of science, including the scientific method. It discusses how science assumes the world can be understood through observation and testing of hypotheses, and how ideas in science are constantly being questioned and re-evaluated. Key parts of the scientific method like hypotheses, experiments, conclusions, and communicating results are defined. The document also covers sources of error and bias in scientific studies, such as through probability, natural experiments, blind and double-blind experimental design. Scientific fraud is eventually detected due to reproducibility and peer review. An example given is the fraudulent MMR vaccine and autism study, which had worldwide effects.

Uploaded by

Dowe Peraya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Environmental Science Notes Outline Unit 2: Principles of Science

Principles of Science
Science and Pseudoscience
1. Science assumes that the world can be ________________, given enough ___________

and _______________________.

2. All ideas in science are constantly being _______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________.

3. Define hypothesis -

4. Define theory -

5. Scientific discoveries must be reproducible. What does this mean?

6. Define pseudoscience –

7. Spontaneous generation is an example of pseudoscience. Give two reasons why.

8. What was the goal of alchemy? Why did the study of chemistry advance so little during this
time?

9. Why is the study of astrology not really considered scientific?

Scientific Method
10. All scientific studies follow the same sequence of steps, called the _________________

____________________.

aurumscience.com/environmental/2_science/lecture.html 1
Environmental Science Notes Outline Unit 2: Principles of Science

11. Fill in each of the parts of the scientific method from the diagram below.

12. In a controlled study, one ________________ is tested at a time.

13. Fill in the steps of the scientific method.

14. Define observation –

a. What observation did Dr. Jenner make when studying smallpox?

aurumscience.com/environmental/2_science/lecture.html 2
Environmental Science Notes Outline Unit 2: Principles of Science

15. Define hypothesis –

a. Can hypotheses be proven false?

b. What was Dr. Jenner’s hypothesis?

16. Define experiment –

a. A controlled experiment will attempt to test a _____________ ________________.

17. There are two groups in a controlled experiment. Define each:

a. Experimental Group:

b. Control Group:

18. Describe the control and experimental groups in Dr. Jenner’s experiment.

19. Define conclusion -

20. What is the purpose of communicating the results of an experiment?

a. What happened when Dr. Jenner communicated his results to the Royal Society?

aurumscience.com/environmental/2_science/lecture.html 3
Environmental Science Notes Outline Unit 2: Principles of Science

Error and Bias


21. Define probability -

a. How is the issue of probability countered?

b. What did Dr. Jenner do to answer his critics?

22. What does it mean to conduct a natural experiment?

a. Give an advantage of this kind of experiment.

b. Give a disadvantage of this kind of experiment.

23. Define bias -

24. Two types of experimental design exist to combat bias. Describe each one.

a. Blind:

b. Double-Blind:

25. Scientific fraud is always detected, eventually, due to the _______________________ and

____________________.

a. What damage is caused by scientific fraud?

26. The MMR Vaccine and Autism study published by Dr. Wakefield is considered an example
of scientific fraud. What effects were caused worldwide by it?

aurumscience.com/environmental/2_science/lecture.html 4

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