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EXPERIMENT NO.-1
Exp no 1.-To verify the law of force polygon

Q1) what is parallelogram law of forces?

ANS- If two vectors acting simultaneously on a particle are represented
in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram
drawn from a point, then their resultant is completely represented in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of that parallelogram drawn
from that point.
Q2) Explain triangle law of forces?
ANS-Triangle law of forces states that, If two forces acting at a point are
represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
triangle taken in order, then the closing side of the triangle taken in the
reversed order represents the resultant of the forces in magnitude and
direction.
Q3) what are the condition for equilibrium of a body under various
concurrent and non concurrent forces ?
ANS- Condition for equilibrium of a body under various concurrent and
non-concurrent forces :-

Q4) what do you mean by concurrent forces?

ANS- In physics, concurrent forces are defined as forces that pass
through a common point. In other words, a concurrent force system is a
set of two or more forces whose lines of action intersect at a point.
 EXPERIMENT N0.-2
Exp no. 2- To verify the law of moments using parallel force apparatus.
Q1) What are the reasons for the deviation in theotretical value
and experimental value?
ANS- Zero error of the compression balances must be check.
Weights should not be put on the beam with a jerk which may cause
error in the readings
Q2) why in general beam is supported by one hinge and one roller
supports?
ANS-This beam representation covers both the above disadvantages i.e.
it provides room for thermal expansion as well as it constraints the beam
in horizontal direction at one side to handle the inclined load.
Q3) Define various types of supports and which type of support is used
in this experiment?
ANS-
Various types of supports and reactions developed are listed below:
Simple Support: If the beam rests simply on a support it is
called a simple support. In such case the reaction at the support is at right angles to
the support and the beam is free to move in the direction of its axis and also it is
free to rotate about the support .

Roller Support: In this case, beam end is supported on rollers. In such cases,
reaction is normal to the support since rollers can be treated as frictionless. Many
mechanical components are having roller supports which roll between guides. In
such cases, reaction will be normal to the guides, in both the direction . At roller
support beam is free to move along the support. It can rotate about the support also.

Hinged Support: At a hinged end, a beam cannot move in any direction.

However, it can rotate about the support . Hence the support will not develop any
resisting moment, but it can develop reaction in any direction to keep the end
stationary. The reaction R can be split into its
horizontal and vertical components for the purpose of analysis.

Fixed Support: At such supports, the beam end is not free to translate or
rotate. Translation is prevented by developing support reaction in any
required direction.
Q4) Sketch various types of beams sections.
ANS-Simply Supported Beam: When both end of a beam are
simply supported it is called simply supported beam . Such a beam can
support load in the direction normal to
its axis.

Beam with One End Hinged and the Other on

Rollers: If one end of a beam is hinged and other end is on
rollers, the beam can resist load in any direction (see Fig.
9.6).
Over-hanging Beam: If a beam is projecting beyond
the support. It is called an over-hanging beam (Fig. 9.7). The
overhang may be only on one side as in Fig. 9.7(a) or may
be on both sides as in Fig. 9.7(b).
Cantilever Beam: If a beam is fixed at one end and
is free at the other end, it is called cantilever beam (Fig. 9.8).

Propped Cantilever: It is a beam with one end fixed and the other end
simply supported (Fig. 9.9).

Both Ends Hinged: In these beams both ends will be

having hinged supports (Fig. 9.10).
Continuous Beam: A beam is said to be continuous, if
it is supported at more than two points (Fig. 9.11).
 EXPERIMNET NO.-3
Exp no. 3- . To determine the co-efficient of friction between wood and
various surface (like Leather, Wood, Aluminum) on an inclined plane.
Q1) what is limiting friction?
ANS- The maximum value of frictional force, which comes into play when
the motion is impending is known as Limiting Friction.
Q2) Define angle of repose, angle of friction and laws of friction?
ANS- ANGLE OF REPOSE-
The angle of repose is the maximum angle that a surface can be tilted
from the horizontal, such that an object on it is just able to stay on the
surface without it sliding down.
EXPRESSION FOR ANGLE OF REPOSE:-

ANGLE OF FRICTION-
Angle of friction is defined as the angle made between the normal
reaction force and the resultant force of normal reaction force and
friction. Let us first explore this definition and attempt to express the
angle of friction in terms of a formula. Angle of repose has same value as
angle of friction.
LAWS OF FRICTION-
(i) The frictional force always acts in a direction opposite to that in which
the body tends to move.
(ii) Till the limiting value is reached, the magnitude of frictional force is
exactly equal to the tangential force which tends to move the body.
(iii) The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the
normal reaction between the two contacting surfaces.
(iv) The force of friction depends upon the roughness/smoothness of
the surfaces.
(v) The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between
the two surfaces.
(vi) After the body starts moving, the dynamic friction comes into play,
the magnitude of which is less than that of limiting friction and it bears a
constant ratio to the normal force. This ratio is called coefficient of
dynamic friction.
Q3) define cone of friction.
ANS- This inverted cone with semicentral angle, equal to limiting
frictional angle , is called cone of friction.

Q4) Differentiate between static and dyanamic friction.

ANS- when the applied tangential force is less than the limiting friction,
the body remains at rest and such friction is called Static Friction, which
will have any value between zero and limiting friction. If the value of
applied tangential force exceeds the limiting friction, the body starts
moving over another body and the frictional resistance experienced while
moving is known as Dynamic Friction. The magnitude of dynamic friction
is found to be less than limiting friction. Dynamic friction may be further
classified into two groups:
(i)Sliding Friction: It is the friction experienced by a body when it slides
over the other body.
(ii) Rolling Friction: It is the friction experienced by a body when it rolls
over another body.

Q5) Explain the theory of dry friction.

AnS- . The principles constitute the laws of dry friction and may be
called as Coulomb’s laws of dry friction. These laws are listed below:
(i) The frictional force always acts in a direction opposite to that in
which the body tends to move.
(ii) Till the limiting value is reached, the magnitude of frictional
force is exactly equal to the tangential force which tends to
move the body.
 (iii) The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to
the normal reaction between the two contacting surfaces.
(iv) The force of friction depends upon the roughness/smoothness
of the surfaces.
(v) The force of friction is independent of the area of contact
between the two surfaces.
(vi) After the body starts moving, the dynamic friction comes into
play, the magnitude of which is less than that of limiting friction
and it bears a constant ratio to the normal force. This ratio is
called coefficient of dynamic friction.

Q6)does force of friction depends on area of contact surfaces?

ANS- The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between
the two surfaces.
 EXPERIMNET NO.-4

AIM- To find the forces in the members of Jib Crane.

Q1) Define the principle on which this experiment is based.

ANS- The principle on which this experiment is based is triangle law of
forces.
Q2) Explain the practical use of this experiment.
ANS- the practical use of this experiment is in JIB crane which are used
in construction.
Q3)define triangle law of forces.
ANS) Triangle law of forces states that, If two forces acting at a point
are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides
of a triangle taken in order, then the closing side of the triangle taken in
the reversed order represents the resultant of the forces in magnitude
and direction.
Q4)If three co planar, collinear and like forces act on a body will it be
stable.
ANS- NO, it will depend upon the resulting vector,
 EXPERIMENT NO. -5
AIM- To determine the mechanical advantage, Velocity ratio
and efficiency of a screw jack.

Q1)List the practical application of this experiment?

ANS- A jackscrew is a type of jack that is operated by turning a leadscrew.
In the form of a screw jack it is commonly used to lift moderately heavy
weights, such as vehicles. More commonly it is used as an adjustable
support for heavy loads, such as the foundations of houses, or large
vehicles.

Q2)Define machine, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and

efficiency?
ANS- MACHINE-
A machine is a thing that is created by human to make work easier.
Some machines have many parts that move. Examples
are bicycles and clocks.
Some machines do not have parts that move. Examples
are computers and telephones.
Often a machine will change one form of energy to another form
of energy. Simple machines increase or change the direction of
a force.
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE-
Mechanical advantage is defined as the ratio of load lifted to the effort
applied to lift the weight.
VELOCITY RATIO-
Velocity ratio is the ratio of distance moved by the effort and distance
moved by the load.
EFFCIENCY-
The efficiency of a machine defined as the ratio of useful work done by
the machine to the actual work put into the machine.

Q3)What is self locking and state its mathematical condition.

ANS- An advantage of jackscrews over some other types of jack is that

they are self-locking, which means when the rotational force on the
screw is removed, it will remain motionless where it was left and will
not rotate backwards, regardless of how much load it is supporting. This
makes them inherently safer than hydraulic jacks, for example, which
will move backwards under load if the force on the hydraulic actuator is
accidentally released.
Mathematical condition-

Where, P= effort applied

D= distance moved by effort

d= distance moved by load

w=load lifted
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To determine the mechanical advantage, Velocity

EXP 6
ratio and Mechanical efficiency of the Wheel and
Axle
1) Where is the flywheel most commonly used? And what are
its primary uses?

Ans- Common uses of a flywheel include:

• Providing continuous energy when the energy source is
discontinuous. For example, flywheels are used in reciprocating
enginesbecause the energy source, torque from the engine, is
intermittent.

• Delivering energy at rates beyond the ability of a continuous

energy source. This is achieved by collecting energy in the
flywheel over time and then releasing the energy quickly, at
rates that exceed the abilities of the energy source.

• Controlling the orientation of a mechanical system. In such

applications, the angular momentum of a flywheel is purposely
transferred as a torque to the attaching mechanical system
when energy is transferred to or from the flywheel, thereby
causing the attaching system to rotate into some desired positio
Primary use of a flywheel releases stored energy by applying
torque to a mechanical load, thereby decreasing the flywheel's
rotational speed.
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To determine the mechanical advantage, Velocity

EXP 6
ratio and Mechanical efficiency of the Wheel and
Axle
2) Define moment of inertia?

Ans- A quantity expressing a body's tendency to resist angular

acceleration, which is the sum of the products of the mass of
each particle in the body with the square of its distance from
the axis of rotation.

3) Whatis the formula for moment of inertia for hollow circular

lamina about its centroidal axis?

Ans- I= ½ m(r1 +r2 )

2 2
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EXP 7 To determine the MA, VR, n of Worm Wheel

1) Define mechanical advantage and velocity ratio?

Ans- The ratio of the force produced by a machine to the force

applied to it, used in assessing the performance of a machine is
called mechanical advantage.

Velocity ratio is also defined as the ratio of a distance through

which any part of a machine moves, to that which the driving
part moves during the same time. An object has a mechanical
advantage if it exerts a force higher than the velocity ratio.

2) For what purpose worm and worm wheel is used?

Ans. Worm Gears – Applications & Uses. A worm gear
(orworm drive) is a specific gear composition in which a screw
(worm) meshes with a gear/wheel similar to a spur gear. The
set-up allows the user to determine rotational speed and also
allows for higher torque to be transmitted.
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EXP 7 To determine the MA, VR, n of Worm Wheel

Applications of Worm Gears

Tuning Instruments
Elevators/Lifts
Torsen Differentials
Gates and Conveyor Belts

3) On what principle worm and worm wheel apparatus works?

Ans- An electric motor or engine applies rotational power via to

the worm. The worm rotates against the wheel, and the screw
face pushes on the teeth of the wheel. The wheel is pushed
against the load.
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EXP 8 Verification of force transmitted by members of

given truss.

1) What is the condition for perfect frame?

Ans- Necessary and sufficient condition of a perfect frame is that

it should retain its shape when load is applied at any joint in
any direction

2) What is a framed structure ?

Ans- Frame structures are the structures having the combination
of beam, column and slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads.

3)What is a truss?

Ans- A framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and

struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.

3) Differentiate between perfect and imperfect truss?

Ans- Perfect truss=structure made of sufficient members just to

keep it in equilibrium position when loaded without any
change of shape.
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EXP 8 Verification of force transmitted by members of

given truss.

N=2j-3 n= no. of members , j= no. of joints

Imperfect truss= structure made of members more or lesser
than the minimum no. necessary to keep it in equilibrium, when
loaded.

n≠2j-3
n>2j-3 redundant
n<2j-3 deficient

4) What do you understand by space truss and plane truss?

Ans- A space truss is a combination of prefabricated tetrahedral,
octahedral or skeleton pyramids or inverted pyramids having
triangular, square or hexagonal basis with top and bottom
members normally not lying in the same vertical plane.

Planar trusses: A Truss is a structure composed of slender

members (two-force members) joined together at their end
points.
Joints are modeled by smooth pin connections.

Members are either under tension or compression.

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EXP 9 To verify the law of moments using Bell crank

lever

1) Define moment of force?

Ans- MOMENT OF A FORCE

1. of a point : the product of the distance from the point to
the point of application of the force and the component of the
force perpendicular to the line of the distance
2. of a line : the product of the perpendicular distance from the
axis to the point of application of the force and the component
of the force perpendicular to the line of the distance and in a
plane perpendicular to the axis

2) Discuss varignon’s theorem?

Ans- The theorem states that the moment of a resultant of two
concurrent forces about any point is equal to the algebraic sum
of the moments of its components about the same point. In
other words, "If many coplanar forces are acting on a body, then
the algebraic sum of moments of all the forces about a point in
the plane of the forces is equal to the moment of their resultant
about the same point.
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EXP 9 To verify the law of moments using Bell crank

lever

3) What do you mean by principle of moment?

Ans- The principle of moments states that when in equilibrium

the total sum of the anti clockwise momentis equal to the total
sum of the clockwise moment. When a system is stable or
balance it is said to be in equilibrium as all the forces acting on
the system cancel each other out.