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CH3 Atoms and Elements

The document discusses atoms, elements, isotopes, radioactivity, electron configuration, and properties of metals and non-metals. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter and elements contain only one type of atom. There are over 30 artificial elements. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, and some isotopes are radioactive.

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Hazim AlJabr
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71 views3 pages

CH3 Atoms and Elements

The document discusses atoms, elements, isotopes, radioactivity, electron configuration, and properties of metals and non-metals. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter and elements contain only one type of atom. There are over 30 artificial elements. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, and some isotopes are radioactive.

Uploaded by

Hazim AlJabr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Atoms and elements

✓ Atoms: smallest particles of matter, that cannot be break down further by chemical means.
✓ Any element contains only one kind of atoms.
✓ There are 30 artificial elements, many of them are very unstable and last just a few seconds
before breaking down into other elements That is why they are not found in nature.
✓ Periodic Table consists of groups and periods

More about atoms


✓ Each atom consists of a:
1) cluster nucleus consists of nucleons (protons and neutrons).
2) cloud of electrons whizz around the nucleus.
✓ The mass of these particles is measured in atomic mass units because they are very light.

sub-atomic particles Symbol Site Mass Charge

proton P Center of atom 1 unit +

neutron n (nucleus) 1 unit none

electron e Around the nucleus 1/1840 ‐

✓ Atomic number: (proton number) can identify any atom. (p = e)


✓ Any atom has no overall charge because it has the same number of protons and electrons.
✓ Nucleon number: The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. (P + n)
Isotopes and radioactivity
✓ Isotopes: atoms of the same element (same protons), with different numbers of neutrons.
✓ Types of isotopes:
1) Non-radioactive.
2) Radioisotope (radioactive): its nucleus is unstable. so the atom breaks down naturally
or decays, giving out radiation in the form of rays and particles, plus a large amount
of energy.

Radiation types Alpha particles Beta particles Neutrons Gamma rays

Made up 2 protons + 2 neutrons electrons neutrons rays

Charge 2+ ‐ none none

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✓ half-life: how long it takes for half the radioisotopes in a sample to decay.
✓ Radiation can harm you because:
1) Kills body cells.
2) Small doses of radiation, over a long period, will cause cancer.
3) Large dose causes radiation sickness. Victims vomit a lot and die within weeks with
syndromes like:
a) Feel really tired.
b) Hair falls out
c) Gums bleed.
✓ Use of radiation:
1) Tracers: To check oil and gas pipes for leaks by adding radioisotopes to the oil or gas
and trace back radiation outside the pipe with Geiger counter.
2) Radiotherapy: Radioisotopes can cure cancer because the gamma rays in radiation
kill cancer cells more readily than healthy cells Cobalt-60 is usually used for this.
3) Sterilizing: Gamma rays kill germs and bacteria too. So, they are used to
a) Sterilize syringes and other disposable medical equipment.
b) Sterilize foods: vegetables, fruit, spices, and meat to prevent decay (low dose).
c) They also kill the bacteria that cause. So, in many countries,
4) Determine the age of ancient remains by measuring the radioactivity from them.
How electrons are arranged
✓ The first shell (closest to nucleus, lowest energy level) can hold up to 2eˉ.
✓ The second shell can hold up to 8eˉ.
✓ The third shell can hold up to 8eˉ or 18eˉ.
✓ The period number = number of shells.
✓ The group number = number of eˉ in outer shell (valency electrons).
✓ The valency electrons dictate how an element reacts. So, the elements in same group have
similar reactions.
✓ Group O (Nobel gases, Inert gases, unreactive elements): elements with a very stable
arrangement of electrons because they all have 8eˉ in the outer-shell, except for helium,
which has 2eˉ
 Electron arrangement (distribution or configuration) how the electrons are arranged in
shells

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The metals and non-metals
✓ Over 80% of the known elements are metals.
✓ general properties (physical and chemical) of metals and non-metals:

General properties Metals Non-metals


Conduct electricity and heat Good No
Melting and boiling points High (solids at r.t.p.) Low (many are gases at r.t.p.)
Hardness and strength yes, do not shatter if you No, break up easily, brittle
hammer them
Luster Shiny Dull
ringing noise when struck sonorous break up (no sound)
Density High low
Charge of the ion Positive Negative
Oxides properties Bases Acidic
✓ Some exceptions:
1) not all metals are hard solids:
a) You can cut sodium (Na) and potassium (K) with a knife.
b) Mercury (Hg) is a liquid at room temperature.
2) hydrogen (H) is a non-metal, but forms positive ions (H⁺) like metals do.
3) Carbon (C) is a non-metal, but:
a) one form of it (graphite) is a good conductor.
b) another form (diamond) is very hard, with a very high melting point.
✓ Making use of the metals:
1) Iron (Fe): the most-used metal in the world. It is used in buildings, bridges, cars, tin
cans (coated with tin), needles, and nails.
2) Copper (Cu): electrical wiring in homes because it’s good conductor.
3) Aluminum (Al): planes and space rockets because it’s strong but light.
✓ Non-metals are everywhere:
1) Air is a mixture of almost 80% nitrogen (N2), and about 20% oxygen (O2).
2) Water (H2O) is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.
3) Sand is mainly of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
4) Our bodies are mostly water, plus hundreds of carbon compounds. Many of these
contain atoms of other non-metals too, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and iodine.
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