Chapter No-6

Using Moles

By
Dr. Khurram Shezad
Mole
Mole

• Mole is a measure of the amount of substance.

• It is represented by “mol”.

• One mole of water H2O means 18 g

• One mole of Oxygen molecules O2, means 32 g.
• One mole of Oxygen atoms O, means 16 g.
Mole Triangle
Interconversion of Mass into Moles

• Calculate the mass of 0.2 moles of CaCO3.

• Mr of CaCO3 = 1 x 40 + 1 x 12 + 3 x 16
• = 40 + 12 + 48
• = 100
• 1 mol of CaCO3 weighs 100g.
• mass (g) = number of moles x mass of 1 mol
• = 0.2 x 100g
• = 20g
Interconversion of Mass into Moles

• Calculate the number of moles in 54 g of H2O.

• RFM of H2O = 2 x 1 + 1 x 16
• = 2 + 16
• = 18
• 1 mol of H2O weighs 18 g.
•
• number of moles = mass (g)/mass of 1 mol (g)
• = 54 / 18
• = 3 mol
Moles and the Avogadro Constant
Avogadro Constant

• One mole of any substance contains 6 x 1023 species

(atoms, formula units, molecules, ions).

• One mole of Mg (24 g) contains 6 x 1023 atoms.

• One mole of NaCl (58.5) contains 6 x 1023 formula units.
• One mole of H2O (18 g) contains 6 x 1023 molecules.
• One mole of O2- (16 g) contains 6 x 1023 ions.
Types of Formulae
Molecular Formula

• The chemical formula which shows the actual number of

atoms of each element present in the molecule, such
formula is known as molecular formula.

e.g. C2H6, C3H8, C2H6O, C3H7Br, C2H5Br

Empirical Formula

• The chemical formula which shows the simplest whole-

number ratio between atoms such formula is known as
empirical formula.

CH3 (C2H6) CH2 (C4H8)

NH2 (N2H4) HO (H2O2)

Using Moles to Find Formulae
 Formula for Magnesium Oxide

Mg O
Combining masses(g) 2.4 1.6
Number of moles 2.4/24 1.6/16
0.10 0.10
Ratio of moles 1 : 1

Simplest Formula MgO

 Formula for Copper Oxide

Cu O
Combining masses(g) 12.8 1.6
Number of moles 12.8/64 1.6/16
0.20 0.10
Ratio of moles 2:1

Simplest Formula Cu2O

Working Out Formulae using Percentage Composition
Calculation of Empirical Formula of Silicon (IV) Oxide
Calculation of Empirical Formula of Phosphorus Oxide
 Working Out Formulae using Percentage Composition

C H
Given percentages (%) 85.7 14.3
Combining masses(g) in 100 grams 85.7 14.3
Number of moles 85.7/12 14.3/1
7.14 14.3
Ratio of moles 1:2

Simplest Formula CH2

Conversion of Empirical Formulae to Molecular Formulae

Molecular Formula = n x Empirical Formula

n = Mr of Compound
Mr of Empirical Formula
Conversion of Empirical Formulae to Molecular Formulae

• Mr of Empirical Formula

Mr = 1 x 12 + 2 x 1

= 12 + 2

= 14
Conversion of Empirical Formulae to Molecular Formulae

n = Mr of Compound
Mr of Empirical Formula

n = 56/14

n = 4
Conversion of Empirical Formulae to Molecular Formulae

Molecular Formula = n x Empirical Formula

= 4 x (CH2)

= C4H8
Questions
Questions

One of the ores of copper is the mineral chalcopyrite. A

laboratory analysis of a sample showed that 15.15 g of
chalcopyrite had the following composition by mass:
copper 5.27 g and iron 4.61 g. Sulfur is the only other
element present. Use these figures to find the empirical
formula of chalcopyrite.
Questions
A sample of antifreeze has the composition by mass:
38.7% carbon, 9.7% hydrogen, 51.6% oxygen.

a) Calculate its empirical formula.

b) The relative molecular mass of the compound is 62.

What is its molecular formula?

c) This compound is a diol. The molecule contains two alcohol

(- OH) groups attached to different carbon atoms.
Mole and Chemical Equations
Mole and Chemical Equations

calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

CaCO3 → CaO + CO 2
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol

40 + 12 + (3 × 16) 40 + 16 12 + (2 × 16)
= 100 g = 56 g = 44 g

100 tonnes 56 tonnes 44 tonnes

Calculating Reacting Amounts – A Chemical
Footbridge

• What mass of aluminium oxide is produced when 9.2 g of

aluminium metal reacts completely with oxygen gas?

4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3

4 2

9.2 g mass = ?
Mole and Chemical Equations

• Step 1:
Convert 9.2 g of Al into moles:
number of moles = 9.2 g___ = 0.34 mol
27 g / mol

• Step 2:
Use the ratio from the equation to work out how many
moles of Al2O3 are produced:
Mole and Chemical Equations

• 4 mol of Al produce 2 mol of Al2O3

• 0.34 mol of Al produce 0.17 mol of Al2O3

• Step 3:
Work out the mass of this amount of aluminium oxide (the
relative formula mass of Al2O3 is 102):

0.17 mol = mass_____ = 0.17 × 102 g = 17.3 g

102 g / mol
Chemical Footbridge
Percent Purity of Product
 Yield

• Yield means amount of product in a chemical reaction.

• Theoretical Yield means amount of product predicted from a balanced

chemical equation.

• Actual yield means actual amount of product formed after doing

chemical reaction.
% Yield = Actual Yield x 100
Theoretical Yield
Actual Yield
Actual Yield is always less than theoretical yield because;

• The reaction may not be totally complete.

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• Errors may be made in weighing the reactants or the
products.

• Material may be lost in carrying out the reaction, or in

transferring and separating the product.
Calculation of Percentage Yield

• Heating 12.4 g of copper(ii) carbonate in a crucible

produced only 7.0 g of copper(ii) oxide. What was the
percentage yield of copper(ii) oxide?

CuCO3 → CuO + CO2

1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
64 + 12 + 48 64 + 16
= 124 g = 80 g
Calculation of Percentage Yield

• Therefore heating 12.4 g of copper(ii) carbonate should

have produced 8.0 g of copper(ii) oxide. So

expected yield = 8.0 g

actual yield = 7.0 g

Calculation of Percentage Yield

percentage yield = actual yield x 100

expected yield

percentage yield = 7.0 × 100 = 87.5%

8.0
Calculation of Percentage Purity

• An initial crude sample of copper is prepared industrially

and then tested for purity. A sample of 10.15 g of the
crude copper is analysed by various methods and shown
to contain 9.95 g of copper, with the remaining mass
being made up of other metals.

% purity = mass of pure product × 100

mass of impure product
Calculation of Percentage Purity

% purity = 9.95 x 100 = 98.03 %

10.15
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law
• One mole of any gas occupies a volume of approximately 24
dm3 (24 litres/24000 cm3 ) at room temperature and
pressure
(r.t.p.).

• The molar volume of any gas therefore has the value 24

dm3/mol at r.t.p.

• 1 dm3 (1 litre) = 1000 cm3

Molar Volume

number of moles = volume

molar volume
Volume Triangle

• If 8 g of sulfur are burnt, what volume of SO2 is produced?

sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
32 g 24 dm3 24 dm3

moles of sulfur = 8 g____ = 0.25 mol

32 g/mol
Volume Triangle

From the equation:

1 mol of sulfur → 1 mol of SO2
Therefore:
0.25 mol of sulfur → 0.25 mol of SO2
• So, from the above rule:

0.25 mol = volume = 0.25 x 24 = 6 dm3

24 dm3/mol
Molar Mass and Molar Volume
Footbridge for Gases Calculations
Concentration of Solutions
Concentration of Solutions

• When a chemical substance (the solute) is dissolved in a

volume of solvent, we can measure the ‘quantity’ of
solute.

• We can measure its amount (in moles).

• The final volume of the solution is normally measured in

cubic decimetres, dm3 (1 dm3 = 1 litre or 1000 cm3).
Concentration of Solutions

• When 1 mol of a substance is dissolved in water and the

solution is made up to 1 dm3 (1000 cm3), a solution with a
concentration of 1 mol/dm3 is produced.

• The molar concentration of a solution is measured in

• moles per cubic decimetre (mol/dm3).
Concentration of Solutions

Concentration = no of moles___(mol)_
volume of solution (dm3)

Concentration = no of moles_x 1000___

volume of solution (cm3)
Preparation of CuSO4 Solutions of Different Concentration
 Calculations using Solution Concentrations

no of moles = molar concentration × volume of solution (in dm3)

Questions
Questions

Calculate the concentration (in mol/dm3) of the following

solutions.

a) 1.0 mol of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in distilled

water to make 500 cm3 of solution.

b) 0.2 mol of sodium chloride is dissolved in distilled water

to make 1000 cm3 of solution.
Questions

c) 0.1 mol of sodium nitrate is dissolved in distilled water to

make 100 cm3 of solution.

d) 0.8 g of solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in distilled

water to a final volume of 1 dm3.
 Calculations using Solution Concentrations

number of moles = concentration × volume of solution (in cm3)

in solution 1000
Calculation of Concentration

• How many moles of sugar are there in 500 cm3 of a 3.0

mol/dm3 sugar solution?

number of moles = 3.0 × 500 = 1.5 mol

1000
Calculation of Concentration

• Calculate the concentration of a solution of sodium

hydroxide, NaOH, that contains 10 g of NaOH in a final
volume of 250 cm3.

• Step 1:
Find out how many moles of NaOH are present:
relative formula mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40
 Calculation of Concentration

number of moles of NaOH = 10 = 0.25 mol

40

• Step 2:
Find the concentration:

0.25 = concentration × 250

1000
Calculation of Concentration

concentration = 0.25 x 1000

250

= 1 mol/dm3
Acid Base Titration Calculations
Apparatus for Titration
Summary of Titration Method
Acid Base Titration Calculations

• A solution of hydrochloric acid is titrated against a

standard sodium hydroxide solution. It is found that 20.0
cm3 of acid neutralise 25.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol/dm3 NaOH
solution. What is the concentration of the hydrochloric
acid solution?

• Step 1:
How many moles of alkali are in the flask?
 Acid Base Titration Calculations

number of moles = concentration_× volume of solution (in cm3)

1000

= 0.10 x 25 = 2.5 x 10-3

1000
Acid Base Titration Calculations

• Step 2:
Use the chemical equation. How many moles of acid are
used?
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
1 mol 1 mol
1 mol of NaOH neutralises 1 mol of HCl and so:
2.5 × 10–3 mol of NaOH neutralise 2.5 × 10–3 mol of HCl
Acid Base Titration Calculations

• Step 3:
Use the titration value. What is the concentration of the
acid?

2.5 x 10-3 = concentration x 20

1000

concentration = 2.5 x 10-3 x 1000 = 0.125 mol/dm3

20
Thank You