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Summary of IS 456:2000
S.No. Topic Page No.
1. List of important codes
2. Salient features and introduction
3. Section 1: General
4. Section 2: Materials, Workmanship, Inspection and Testing
5. Section 3: General Design consideration
6. Section 4: Special Design requirements for structural members and systems
7. Section 5: Structural design (limit state method)
8. Annexure B: Structural design (working state method)
9. Annexure D: Slabs spanning in two directions
10. Annexure E: Effective lengths of columns
11. Annexure G: Moments of resistance for rectangular and T-sections

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LIST OF IMPOTANT CODES
IS Code No. - Title
456:2000 - Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
800:2007 - code of practice for general construction in steel
875:1987 - code of practice for design loads ( other than earthquake ) for
building and structure
875(Part-1):1987 - Dead load
875(Part-2):1987 - Imposed load
875(Part-3):1987 - Wind load
875(Part-4):1987 - Snow loads
875(Part-5):1987 - Special loads and combinations
1343:1980 - Code of Practice for Prestressed concrete
1893:2002 - Criteria for earthquake resistance design of structures
3370:1965 - Code of Practice for the storage of liquids
10262:2009 - Guideline for concrete mix proportioning
13920:1993 - Code of Practice for ductile detailing of reinforced Concrete
structure subjected to seismic forces
SP 6(1):1964 - Handbook for structural engineers (Structural Steel Section)
SP 16: 1980 - Design aid for reinforced concrete to
IS 456:1978
SP 23:1982 - Handbook on concrete mixes
SP 24:1983 - Explanatory handbook on IS 456:2978
SP 34:1987 - Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing
 SALIENT FEATURES
 Targeted readers are B.Tech students and students preparing for IES,GATE and
PUSs.
 No doubt, each word of IS codes are very important but for students ,all are not of
same importance. So effort has been made to consolidated the important clauses (for
students only) with explanations and pictorial representation.
 Objective questions that have been asked previously in IES and GATE ,placed just
after the relevant clause.
  On extreme left, clause numbers are given which is same as clause number of
original code.
 Figure number and Table number has been kept same as original code.

 INTRODUCTION
This code is used for design and analysis of plain and reinforced concrete structures. It
comprises five sections and eight annexure out of which 3 section and 3 annexure only are
important for competitive examinations.

 SECTION 1: GENERAL
Description of symbols are given which is used in case of any confusion between two
symbols.
SECTION 2: MATERIAL, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION & TESTING
MATERIALS
Cement
Types of recommended cement:
I. 33 grade ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
II. 43 grade ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
III. 53 grade ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
IV. Rapid hardening Portland cement
V. Portland slag cement
VI. Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based )(PPC)
VII. Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay based)
VIII. Hytrophobic cement
IX. Low heat portland cement
X. Sulphate resisting portland cement
5.3 Aggregates
Coarse aggregates of light weight with comparable strength is preferable
as it reduces dead load of structure. Aggregates (should not absorb more
then 10% of their own mass of water) and free form excessive sulphate in the
form of SO3 size of coarse aggregates is governed by following:
 I. Size of structural member - aggregates should go to each corner of member
and cover reinforcement completely.
II. Distance between two main bars - aggregates should be small enough so that it
can pass through distance between two main bars. Due to this reason ,it is
kept 5 mm less than distance between two main bars.
III. Minimum cover - If aggregates size is more than the minimum cover
provided for member, then there is possibility of exposure of reinforcement to
environment so it is kept 5 mm less to minimum nominal cover.
In general,20 mm nominal size coarse aggregates is used for most of the work but in
the case of massive concreting , like dam comstruction,40 mm and even higher
nominal size can used. for extremely thin slabs, like shelf ,10 mm nominal size
aggregate is used for better finish.
Water:

Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free form injurious amounts of oils,
acids, alkalies, salts, sugar, organic materials etc. Potable water is preferable. The pH value of
water shall be not less than 6. Sea water is not recommended because of presence of harmful
salts in se water. Water found satisfactory of mixing is also suitable for curing of concrete.
Admixture
Admixture should not impair durability of concrete nor combine with the constituent to form
harmful compounds nor increase the risk of corrosion of reinforcement. Chloride content of
admixtures shall be independently tested as it is harmful to concrete.
Broadly, admixtures are divided into two parts:
i. Mineral admixture
 Fly ash
 Silica fume
 Rice husk ash
ii. Chemical admixture
 Accelerating admixture – Calcium chloride, Fluosilicate, Triethanolamine
 Retarding admixture – Sodium tartrate, Tartaric acid
 Water reducing or plasticiser – Calcium lignosulphonate
 Air entraining admixture – Aluminium cowder, Neutralised vinsol resin.
Reinforcement
Modulus of elasticity of steel shall be taken as 2x105 MPa
Three grades of steel is covered in this code
1. fe250
2. fe415
3. fe500
Recent development:Fe550 TMT(Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars is also available in market.
CONCRETE
The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below which not more than 5
percent of the test results are expected to fall. It is denoted by fck.
There is normally a gain of strength beyond 28 days also but the design should be based on 28 days
characteristic strength of concrete.
Table 2:Grades of concrete
Group Grade designation Specified characteristic compressive strength
of 150 mm cube at 28 days in N/mm
M 10 10
Ordinary concrete M 15 15
M 20 20
M 25 25
Standard Concrete M 30 30
M 35 35
M 40 40
M 45 45
M 50 50
High strength M 55 55
Concrete M 60 60
M 65 65
M 70 70
M 75 75
M 80 80
  Tensile strength of concrete is calculated using compressive strength by following formula.
Flexural strength,
fcr  0.7 f N / mm2
c
 The modulus of elasticity of concrete can be assumed as follows.
2
E  5000 f N / mm
c ck

Ec is short term static modulus of elasticity. Actual measured values may differ by 20
present from the values obtained from the above expression.
 The total shrinkage of concrete is significantly influenced by the total amount of water
present while mixing and to a lesser extent, by the cement content. the approximate value to
total shrinkage strain for design may be taken as 0.0003.
 Creep coefficient, which is used for the calculation of total creep depends upon age of
concrete at the time of loading applied on it.

Creepcoefficient    Ultimatecreep strain

Elastic strainat theageof
loading
Age at loading Creep coefficient ( )
7 days 22
28 days 16

1 year 1.1

Effective modulus of elasticity using creep Ec

coefficient Ec 
e
1 

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
Workability of concrete is defined as ease to work with concrete. There are five degree of
workability as follows:
Degree of workability Placing condition
Very low In highway construction a layer of lean concrete
with very low workability is used and it is
compacted using roller.
Low Mass concreting(like, dam construction)light
reinforced section of slab, beam, colomn
Medium Heavily reinforced section of slab, column,
 beams and when pumping of concrete is
required
High In-situ piling
very high In-situ piling using tremie pipe
There are four tests for measurement of workability of concrete:
1 Compacting factor test- preferable for very low workability. Higher compacting
factor means high workability.
2 Slump test-preferable for low medium and high. its value varies from 25 (low )to 150
(high).
3 Veer-bee test – Higher value of means low workability.
4 Flow test.

DURABILITY OF CONCERETE
Durability of concrete is mainly influenced by following:
i the surrounding climate condition
ii the cover to embedded steel
iii the type and quality of constituent materials
iv the cement content and water/cement ratio of the concrete
v workmanship ,to obtain full compaction and efficient curing
vi the shape and size of the member
Exposure conditions:
There are five environmental exposure condition:
Table 3 : Environmental Exposure conditions
S.No. Environment Exposure condition
i Mild Concrete surface protected against weather.
Structure of coastal areas doesn’t come in this
category.
ii Moderate Concrete surface sheltered from severe rain ,saturated
air in coastal areas ,concrete continuously under normal
water and in contact with non –aggressive soil.
iii Severe Concrete surface exposed to severe rain, alternate
 wetting and drying, completely immersed in sea water,
exposed to coastal environment.
iv Very severe Concrete surface exposed to sea water spray, corrosive
fumes, severe freezing condition and in contact with
aggressive soil/ground water.
v Extreme Surface of member in tidal zone or in direct contact
with liquid/solid aggressive chemicals.
There are the three constituents that adversely affects the concrete.
1. Chlorides - It increases rate of corrosion to steel. Due to this reason.
chloride content of admixture is tested separately.
2 Sulphates - Excessive amount of water soluble sulphate (expressed as
SO3) can cause expansion and disruption of concrete.
3 Alkali-aggregate reaction – Some aggregates containing particular type of silica
may be susceptible to attack by alkalis(Na2O and K2O)
originating from cement, producing an expansive reaction
which can cause cracking and disruption of concrete.
Concrete in sea water or exposed directly along the sea coast shall be at least M20 grade in
the case of plain cement concrete and M30 in case of reinforced cement concrete.

CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING

Concrete mix design is the calculation of proportion of constituent elements (Like, cement,
coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water and sometime admixture also) to achieve desired
degree of workability of fresh concrete and desired strength, durability, surface finish of
hardened concrete.
 There are two type of concrete mix:
1 Design mix concrete
2 Normal mix concrete
Design mix is always preferable to nominal mix for characteristic strength 20 N/mm2 and
above nominal mix is used for M20and lesser strength concrete only.
GRADE of concret Nominal Mix proportion
(cement: sand: coarse aggregate)
 M20 1:1.5:3
M15 1:2:4
M10 1:3:6
Design mix proportion must be by weight while nominal mix proportion could be by volume
also but by weight is preferable.
PRODUTION OF CONCRETE
Production of concrete for construction is done in batching plant.
FORMWORK
Vertical form wok of beam, column, walls is removed after 16-24 hrs of concreting (not
horizontal)
ASSEMBLY OF REINFORCEMENT
Actual concrete over at site should not devote from the required nominal cover by
0 to+10mm.(no negative variation is allowed)
TRANSPORTING, PLACING, COMPACTION AND CURING
Transporting and handling
After mixing, concrete shall be transported to the form work as rapidly as possible by
methods which will prevent the segregation. Common way of transportation are given below.
1. Head load
2. Dumper
3. Transit mixer if sites is far away from batching plant
4. Concrete pump
Placing the maximum permissible free fall of concrete may be taken as 1.5 m. if free fall is 2
m or 3m, then there may be possibility of segregation
Compaction
Concrete should be thoroughly compacted and fully worked around the reinforcement, and
into corners of the formwork. Common way of compaction are given below:
1. Manually by using steel rod
2. Needle vibrator (Most commonly used)
3. Surface vibrator(Used to compact slab concreting)
4. Form work vibrator
Now a days self compacting concrete is being used which does not require any compaction.
Curing
Curing is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from the concrete whilst
maintaining a satisfactory temperate regime. The prevention of moisture loss from the
concrete is particularly important if the water cement ratio is low. Broadly ,curing is divided
into two types:
i. Moist curing – Exposed surface of concrete shall be kept continuously in a
damp or wet condition by pending or by covering with a layer of sacking, canvas for at least
7 days from the date of placing of concrete. Steam curing can also be done for high strength
concrete. Railways sleepers are steam cured.
ii. Membrane curing – Curing compound may be used in line of moist curing. It
is applied to all exposed surfaces of the concrete as soon as possible after the concrete has set.
It prevents evaporation of concrete water content.
CONCRETING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITION
Concrete cast under water should not fall freely through the water otherwise, it may be
segregated.
There are few techniques for underwater concreting:
i. Tremie pipe method
ii. Direct placement with pumps
iii. Drop bottom bucket
iv. Grouting
SAMPLING AND STRENGTH OF DESIGNED CONCRETE MIX
Cubes casted using fresh concrete at the time of construction is tested for compressive
strength after 28 days but in the case of speedy work progress it may be tested for 7 days
strength also.
Frequency
Quantity of concrete in the work m3 Number of test samples

1-5 1
6-15 2
16-30 3
31-50 4
51 and above 4+one additional sample for
 each additional 50 m2 and
part thereof
Note: at least one sample shall be taken from each shift

The test result of the sample shall be the average of the strength of three specimens the
individual variation should not be more than  15 percent of the average.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The concrete shall be acceptable when both the following condition are met:
(a) The mean strength determined from group of four consecutive test result satisfy
the appropriate limits in column (2) of table11.
(b) Any individual test result should satisfy the appropriate limits in column(3) of
table11.
Table 11: Characteristic Compressive Strength Compliance
Requirement (after amendment4)
Specified Grade Means of the group of 4 individual test result in
(1) Non-overlapping consecutive N/mm2
test result in N/mm2 (3)
(2)
M 15  fck + 0.825xstandard deviation  fck - 3
or or
above fck + 3
whichever is greater

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE: Assume 100 m3 of M25 concrete has been placed at the site in
30 day as below.
Days Quantity Number Number Sample Compressive
(1) (2) of samples of numbe strength of each
(3) specimens r (5) sample in N/mm2
(4) 6
 1st day 28m3 3 3+3+3 1 29.5
2 30.
3 28.5
7th day 45m3 4 3+3+3+3 4 32.0
5 31.5
6 28.0
7 29.0
18th day 20m3 3 3+3+3 8 28.5
9 30.0
10 32.5
30th day 7m3 2 3+3 11 31.0
12 30.5

In above table column (1) represents the day of concreting at site and Colum (2)represents
volume of concreting in that day. Colum(3)is number of samples taken on the day of
concreting at site as per clause 15.2.2. Since each sample is having 3 specimens so
column(4)represents number of specimen taken during concreting. Each sample has been
given a number that is represented in column(5).column(6) is the compressive strength of the
sample(average of 3 specimen of each sample).
Acceptance Criteria:
Mean of any four non-overlapping So, take either3,4,5,6 or 5,6,7,8
consecutive test result or so on(not,1,2,3,6 or 3,4,9,10,)
Average of sample numbers5,6,7,8=29.25 N/mm2
Check as per Table 11
29.25  fck + 0.825 x standard deviation
25 + 0.825 x 4 (as per table no. 8 of IS 456:2000)
28.3 N/mm2
Or
fck +3
25 + 3
28 N/mm2
 Whichever is greater
All value of compressive strength of sample given in column 6 is greater than fck - 3 =22
N/mm2. So concrete is acceptable.
INSPECTION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURES
In case of any doubt regarding the grade of concrete used in construction, testing is conducted
again.
(1) Destructive test
a. Core test
b. Load test
(2) Non-destructive test
a. Rebound hammer tests
b. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
SECTION 3: GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
BASES FOR DESIGN
The aim of design is to fulfil following five requirements:
(1) safety
(2) Serviceability
(3) Durability
(4) Economy
(5) Aesthetic
LOADS AN FORCES
Types of load which are taken into account while designing any structure are as follows:
(1) Dead load
(2) Imposed load
(3) Wind load, snow load
(4) Earthquake load
(5) Effect due to shrinkage, creep and temperature
(6) Foundation movement
(7) Soil and fluid pressure
(8) vibration, impact, fatigue
(9) Erection load
The unit weight of plain concrete and reinforced concrete may be taken as 24 kN/m 2 and
25kN/m3 respectively for calculation of dead load.
Design load is the load to be taken for design of any structural member. In case of working
stress method it is characteristic load while appropriate partial safety factor is multiplied for
limit state design method.
FIRE RESISTANCE
A Structure is made fire resistance by using suitable construction material and providing
appropriate cover to steel. Measurement of fire resistance capacity of any structure is in terms
of hour for which structure can behave satisfactorily. Minimum width of beam that should be
used for fire resistance building is 200 mm.
ANALYSIS
Effective Span
a. Simply supported beam and slab-The effective span of a member that is not built
integrally eighth its supports shall be taken as clear span plus the effective depth of
slab or beam or centre to centre of supports, whichever is less.
b. Continuous beam or slab –
 If the width of support is less than 1/12 th of clear span then effective span is same as
mentioned in (a).
 If the width of support is more than 1/12 th of clear span or 600mm whichever is less
then effective span is as follows:
lc
b  or 600
12
GROSS SECTION-The cross-section of the member ignoring reinforcement
Transformed section-The concrete cross-section plus the area of reinforcement transformed
using modular ratio.
Cracked section-The area of concrete in compression plus the area of reinforcement
transformed on the basis of modular ratio.
Arrangement of imposed load
Consideration may be limited to combination of:
1 Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on two adjacent spans
plus alternate spans for maximum hogging bending moment at the support B as
shown below.
 2 Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on alternate spans for
maximum sagging bending moment in between support A and B as shown below.

Moment and shear coefficient for continuous beams

Unless more exact estimates are made, for beams of uniform cross-section which
support substantially uniformly distributed loads over three or more span which do not differ
by more than 15 percent of the longest , the bending moment shear forces used in design may
be obtained using the coefficients given in table 12 and table 13 respectively
Table: Bending Moment Coefficients
Type of load Span moments Support moments
Near middle of At middle of At support next At other
end span interior span to the end interior
support supports
1 2 3 4 5
Dead load and 1 1 1 1
 12 16 10  12
imposed load
(fixed)
Imposed load 1 1 1 1
 10 12 9 9
(not fixed)
Note: For obtaining the bending moment, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total
design and effective span.

Tale 13: Shear force coefficients

Type of load At end support At support next to the end At all other
support interior supports
 Outer side Inner side
1 2 3 4 5
Dead load and 0.4 0.6 0.55 0.5
imposed load
(fixed)
Imposed load 0.45 0.6 0.6 0.6
(not fixed)
Note: For obtaining the shear force, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total design
load.

Critical section for moment

For monolithic construction the moments computed at the face of the support shall be used in
the design of the members at those section.
Critical Section for Shear
The shears computed at the face of the support shall be used in the design of the member at
that section except as in 22.6.2.1
When the reaction in the direction of the applied shear introduces compression into the end
region of the member, sections located at a distance less than d from the face of the support
may be designed for the same shear as that computed at distance d.
Note: The above clauses are applicable for beams generally carrying uniformly distributes
load or where the principal load is located farther than 2d from the face of the support.
BEAMS
 Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centred of area of tension
reinforcement, centred of all tension reinforcement is considered.
 A slab which is assumed to act as a compassion flange of a T-beam or L-beam must
be cast monolithically with the web or bonded firmly together.
 Effective width of flange may be taken as the following but in no case grater than the
width of the web plus half the sum of the clear distance to the adjacent beams on
either side.
  Effective width of flange may be taken as the following but in no case greater than the
width of the web plus half the sum of the clear distance to the adjacent beams on
either side.
a. For T-beam l
b  0  b  6D
f w f
6
l0
b. For L-beam b   b  3D
f w f
12
c. For isolated beams, the effective flange width shall be obtained as below but in no
case greater than the actual width

T-beam, l0
bf  l  bw
0

4
L-beam, b
bf   bw
0.5l0
l0
4
b
bf = effective width of flange
l0 = distance between points of zero moments in the beam.
Note: For continuous beam and frames ‘l0’ may be assumed as 0.7 times the effective span.
 The final due to all loads including effects of temperatures, creep and shrinkage and
measured from the as cast level of the supports of floors not normally exceed effective
span/250.
And the deflection due to effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage after erection of
partitions and the application of finishes should not normally exceed span/350 or 20
mm whichever is less.
 The vertical deflection of beams is ensured within limit by providing following
recommended values of effective span to effective depth ration.
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spam upto 10
m: Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continues 26
 Slenderness limits for beams to ensure lateral stability
A simply supported or continuous beam shall be so proportioned that the clear
distance between the lateral restraints does not exceed 60 b or 250 b 2/d whichever is
less, where d is the effective depth of the beam and b the breadth of the compression
face midway between the lateral restraints.
For a cantilever, the clear distance from the free end of the cantilever to the lateral
restraint shall not exceed 25 b or 100 b2/d whichever is less.
 SOLID SLABS
 For slabs spanning in two directions, the shorter of the two spans should be used for
calculating the span to effective depth ratios.
For two way slabs of shorter span (up to3.5 m) with mild steel reinforcement, the span
to overall depth ratio given below may generally be assumed to satisfy vertical
deflection limits for loading up to 3 kN/m2.
Simply supported slab 35
Continuous slab 40
For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe415, the values given above should be
multiplied by 0.8.
 The loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right angles
and supporting uniformly distributed loads, may be assumed to be in accordance with
Fig.7 below.
 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
 Column or strut is a compression members, the effective length of which exceeds
three times the least lateral dimension. It is less than or equal to three then consider it
as a pedestal.
A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios
le
l
x
an ey are less than 12.
D d b
In general x-axis taken as major axis and y-axis is taken as minor axis.

 The unsupported length l of a compression member shall be taken as the clear

distance between and restraints.
 Slenderness limits for columns
The unsupported length between end restraints shall not exceed 60 times the least
lateral dimension of a column.
 If in any given plane, one end of a column is unrestrained, its unsupported length, l
shall not exceed 100b2/D.
 Minimum eccentricity
All column shall be designed for minimum eccentricity.
lunsup ported lateral dim ension
e   Or 20 mm, which ever is more.
min
500 30
 Reinforcing steel of same type and grade shall be used as main reinforcement in a
structural member. However, simultaneous use of two different types of steel for main
secondary reinforcement use of two different types of steel for main secondary
reinforcement respectively is permissible.
 Bars may be arranged singly, or in pairs in contact, or in group of three or four bars
bundled in contact. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties. Bundled
bars shall be tied together to ensure the bars remaining together. Bars larger than
32mm diameter shall not be bundled, except in column
 Development of stress in reinforcement
The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on
each side of the section by providing development length or end anchorage or
combination.
 Development length of bars
Where,
 = nominal diameter of bar

s = stress in bar at the section considered at design load

b = design bond stress

d

Design bond stress for deformed bar shall be 60 percent higher than design bond
stress for plain bar. This is due to extra ribs provided on the surface of bar.

Plain bar Deformed bar

For bar in compression, the values of bond stress for bar in tension shall be increased
by additional 25 percent.
 Anchoring is provided by bends and hooks at the end which is equivalent of resistance
provided by straight bars.

Anchorage lengths of standard bands and hooks

The anchorage value of bend shall be taken as four times the diameter of the bar for
each 450 bend subject to a maximum of 16 times the diameter of bar. The anchorage
value of a standard U-type hook shall be equal to 16 times the diameter of the bar.
Anchorage length of bend and hooks are not considered in the case of compression.
 Curtailment of tension reinforcement in flexural members
 For curtailment, reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is not longer
required to resist flexure for a distance equal to the effective depth of the member or
12 times the bar diameter, whichever is greater except at simple support or end of
cantilever. In addition 26.3.3.2 to 26.2.3.5 shall also satisfied.
Note: A point at which reinforcement is no longer required to resist flexure is where
the resistance moment of the section, considering only the continuing bars, is equal to
the design moment.
 Flexural reinforcement shall not be terminated in a tension zone unless any one of the
following conditions is satisfied.
a. The shear at the cut off point does not exceed two thirds that permitted, including
the shear strength of web reinforcement provided.
b. Stirrup area in excess of the required for shear and torsion is provided along each
terminated bar over a distance from the cut off point equal to three fourths the
effective depth of the member. The excess stirrup area shall be not less than
0.4bs/fy, where b is the breadth of beam, s is the spacing and fy is the
 characteristics strength of reinforcement in N/mm2. The resulting spacing shall not
exceed d/8
where b is the ratio of the area of bars cut off to the total area of
b
bars at the section, and d is the effective depth.
c. For 36mm and smaller bars, the continuing bars provide double the area required
for flexure at the cut off point and the shear does not exceed three fourth that
permitted.
 Positive moment reinforcement
a. At least one third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and one
fourth the positive movement reinforcement in continuous members shall extend
along the same face of the member into the support, to a length equal to Ld/3.
b. When a flexural member is part of the primary lateral load resisting system, the
positive reinforcement required to be extended into the support as described in (a)
shall be anchored to develop its design stress in tension at the face of the support.
c. At simple supports and at points of inflection, positive moment tension
reinforcement shall be limited to a diameter such that L d computed for fd by 26.2.1
does not exceed
M1
L
0
V
Where,
M = moment of resistance of the section assuming all reinforcement at the
section to be stressed to fd
fd = 0.87 fy in the case of limit state design and the permissible stress  st in the
case of working stress design
v = shear force at the section due to design loads
L0 = sum of the anchorage beyond the center of the support and the
equivalent anchorage value of any hook or mechanical anchorage at simple
support; and a point of inflection, L0 is limited to the effective depth of the
members or 12 , whichever is greater, and
 = diameter of bar
The value of M1/V in the above expression may be increased by 30 percent when
the ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction.
 Negative moment reinforcement
At least one third of the total reinforcement provided for negative moment at the
support shall extend beyond the point of inflection for a distance not less than the
effective depth of the member of 12  or one sixteenth of the clear span whichever is
greater.

 Curtailment of bundled bars

Bars in a bundle shall terminate all different points spaced apart by not less than 40
times the bar diameter except for bundles stopping at a support.
 It is recommended that splices in flexural members should not be done at sections
where the bending moment is more than 50 percent of the moment of resistance and
not more than half the bars shall be splice at a section.
 Lap splices
a. Lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 32mm; for larger diameters, bars
may be welded or mechanically spliced.
b. Lap length including anchorage value of hooks for bars in flexure tension shall be
Ld or 30 whichever is greater and for direct tension shall be 2L d or 30
whichever is greater. The straight length of the lap shall not be less than 15  or
200mm.
c. The lap length in compression shall be equal to the development length in
compression, calculated as described in 26.2.1 but not less than 24 .
 d. When bars of two different diameter are to be spliced. The lap length shall be
calculated on the basis of diameter of the smaller bar.
 Maximum distance between bars in tension:
a. Beams: The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars near the
tension face of the beam shall not be greater than the following
fy (N/mm2) Clear distance between bars (mm)
250 300
415 180
500 150
b. Slabs: The horizontal distance between parallel main bars shall not be more than
three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300mm whichever is smaller.
The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against
shrinkage and temperature shall not be more than five times these effective depth
of a solid slab or 300mm whichever is smaller.
 Minimum values of nominal cover for different structural member depends upon
exposure condition because cover is directly related to durability of the structure.
Exposure Nominal cover (mm)
Mild 20
Moderate 30
Severe 45
Very severe 50
Extreme 75
 For footings, minimum cover shall be 50mm.
 Requirements of reinforcement for structural members
 Tension reinforcement
Minimum tension reinforcement in beams

0.85bd
As 
fy
Maximum tension reinforcement in beams
Ast  0.04bD

 Compression reinforcement
 There is no limit of minimum compression reinforcement in beam but maximum
amount in limited to 0.04bD.
 Side face reinforcement
Where the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750mm, side face reinforcement shall
be provided along the two faces. The total area of such reinforcement shall be not less
than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a
spacing not exceeding 300mm or web thickness whichever is less.
 Transverse reinforcement spacing
The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member
shall not exceed 0.75d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45 0, where d is
the effective depth of the section under consideration. In no case the spacing exceed
300mm.
 Minimum shear reinforcement
Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that
Where,
Asv 0.4
vSv  0.87 f y
Asv = total cross sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear.
Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member
fy = should not be more than 415 N/mm2.
 Slabs
 Minimum reinforcement
A minimum reinforcement must be provided in slabs to take care of shrinkage and
temperature effect. The mild steel reinforcement in either direction of slabs shall not
be less than 0.15 percent of the total cross sectional area. However, this value can be
reduced to 0.12 percent when high strength deformed bars is used.
 Maximum diameter
The diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed one eight of the total thickness of
the slab.
 Columns
 Longitudinal reinforcement:
 a. The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8
percent nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross sectional are of column.
Note: The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in
placing and compacting of concrete hence lower percentage is recommended.
Where bars form the columns below have to be lapped with those in the column
under consideration the percentage of steel shall usually not exceed 4 percent.
b. In any column that has a larger cross sectional area than that required to support
the load the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete
required to resist the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
c. The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in
rectangular columns and six in circular columns.
d. The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
e. A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six
bars of longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
f. In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the
helical reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
g. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300mm.
h. In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into
account in strength calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than
0.15 percent of the cross sectional are shall be provided.
Note: Pedestal is a compression member, the effective length of which does not
exceed three times the least lateral dimension.
 Transverse reinforcement
a. General: A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or
helical reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the
compression face has effective lateral support against buckling. The effective
lateral support is given by transverse reinforcement either ri the form of circular
rings capable of taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral
ties) with internal angles not exceeding 1350. The ends of the transverse
reinforcement shall be properly anchored.
 b. Pitch and diameter of lateral ties
 1. Pitch: The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the
following distances:
i. The least lateral dimension of the compression members.
ii. Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
and
iii. 300mm.
2. Diameter: The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than
one forth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.
c. Helical reinforcement
1. Pitch: Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of the
helix spaced evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one
and a half extra turns of the spiral bar. Where an increased load on the column
on the strength of the helical reinforcement is allowed for, the pitch of helical
turns shall be not more than 75mm, nor more than one sixth of the core
diameter of the column, nor less than 25mm, nor less than three times the
diameter of the steel bar forming the helix. In other cases, the requirements of
26.5.3.2 shall be complied with.
2. The diameter of the helical reinforcement shall be in accordance with 26.5.32.
(c) (2)
 Expansion joints
The structures adjacent to the joint should preferably be supported on separate
columns or walls but not necessarily on separate foundation. Expansion joint should
be completely clear, reinforcement should not extend across expansion joint.
Normally, structures exceeding 45m in length are designed with one or more
expansion joints.
 DEEP BEAMS
A beam shall be termed as deep beam when the ratio of effective span to overall
depth, 1/D is less than
i. 2.0 for a simply supported beam; and
j. 2.5 for a continuous beam.
 FLAT SLAB
The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by column.
There is no role of beam in this case. Some times drops are provided at interface of
column and slab.
 The minimum thickness of flat slab shall be 125mm.
 The critical section for shear shall be at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the
column/ capital/drop panel, perpendicular to the plane of the slab where d is the
effective depth of the section. The shape of critical section for shear is geometrically
similar to the support immediately below the slab as shown in the figure below.
 WALLS
The minimum thickness of walls shall be 100mm.
 The design of a wall shall take account of the actual eccentricity of the vertical force
subject to a minimum value of 0.05t. where t is thickness of wall.
 The ratio of effective height to the thickness shall not exceed 30.
 Minimum requirements for reinforcement in walls
The reinforcement for walls shall be provided as below:
a. The minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be:
1. 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm in diameter and with a
characteristics strength of 4515 N/mm2 or greater.
2. 0.0015 for other types of bars.
3. 0.0012 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16mm in diameter.
b. Vertical reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the wall
thickness nor 450mm.
c. The minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be:
1. 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than 16mm in diameter and with a
characteristics strength of 415N/mm2 or greater.
2. 0.0055 for other types of bars.
3. 0.0020 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16mm in diameter.
d. Horizontal reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the
wall thickness nor 450mm.
 For wall having thickness more than 200mm, the vertical and horizontal
reinforcement shall be provided in two grids, one near each face of the wall.
 FOOTINGS
 In reinforced and plain concrete footings the thickness at the edge shall not be less
than 150mm for footings on soils.
 The greatest bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated concrete footing
which supports a column, pedestal or wall, shall be calculated at section located as
follows:
a. At the face of the column, pedestal or wall for footings supporting monolithic
constructed column or walls.
b. Half way between the centre line and the edge of the wall, for footing under
masonry walls.
c. Halfway between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted
base, for footings under gusseted bases.
 Critical section for shear:
There are two type of shear failure in footings, namely, one way shear and two way
shear (punching shear)
a. In case of one way shear, critical section is at a distance a from face of column of
wall, where d is effective depth of footing.
b. In case of two way shear critical section is at a distance d/2 from the face of
column. Where d is effective depth of footings.
 Transfer of Load at the Base of Column
 The compressive stress in concrete at the abse of a column or pedestal shall be
considered as being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting pedestal or
footing. The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible
bearing stress in direct compression multiplied by a value equal to A1 / but not
greater than 2: A2

Where
A1 = supporting area for bearing of footing, which in sloped or stepped footing
may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid
or cone contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base, the
 area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two horizontal
and
A2 = Loaded area at the column base.
For working stress method of design the permissible bearing stress on full area of
concrete shall be taken as 0.25fck; for limit state method of design the permissible
bearing stress shall be 0.45fck.
 Safety and serviceability requirement
 The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure
occur is called Limit state.
 There is limiting value of crack width from serviceability and durability point of view.
Limit of crack width directly depends upon exposure condition as follows:
Maximum allowable crack Exposure condition
0.3mm Mild
0.2mm moderate
0.1mm severe, and more aggressive environment
 Characteristic and design values and partial safety factors
 Characteristics strength means that value of the strength of the material below which
not more than 95 percent of the test results are expected to fall.
 Characteristic load means that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not
being exceeded during the life of the structure.
 Design values
Materials,
f
Design strength of material: fd 
 m

Loads
Design load:
Where f, F = characteristic strength of material and characteristics load respectively.
 m , f = partial safety factor for material and load respectively.

 m = 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.

 f = depends upon combination of load that in being used for analysis.
 Partial safety factors
 Partial safety factors  f for loads

 Partial safety factors for  m material strength

 When assessing the strength of a structure or structural number for the limit state of
collapse, the values of partial safety factor,  m should be taken as 1.5 for concrete and

1.15 for steel.

Table 18: Values of partial safety factor  f for loads

Load Limit state of collapse Limit states of serviceability

combination DL IL WL DL IL WL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DL + IL 1.5 1.5 - 1.0 1.0 -
DL + WL 1.5 - 1.5 1.0 - 1.0
DL + IL + WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8

 ANALYSIS
 In no case more than 30 percent moment redistribution is allowed.
 Yield line theory or any other acceptable method may be used for analysis of slabs
spanning in two directions at right angle.
 Limit state of collapse: flexure
 Assumptions
Design for the limit sate of collapse in flexure shall be based on the assumption given
below:
 Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
 The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as
0.0035 in bending.
 The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the
strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any
other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with
the results of test. An acceptable stress strain curve in given in fig. 21. For design
purpose the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to
 be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor  m = 1.5 shall be
applied in addition to this.
Note: for the stress train curve in fig. 21 the design stress block parameters are as
follows fig. 22
Area of stress block = 0.36 fck xu
Depth of centre of compressive force = 0.42xu
From the extreme fibre in compression.
Where,
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete, and
xu = depth of neutral axis

 The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.

 The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress strain
curve for the type of steel used. Typical curves are given in fig. 23. For design
purposes the partial safety factor  m , equal to 1.15 shall be applied.

 The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not
be less than:
fy
 0.002
1.15E
s

Where
fy = characteristic strength of steel, and
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
 0.67
Thus stress in concrete at collapse = f  0.447 f
ck ck
1.5
Assumption (b) and (f) govern the maximum depth of neutral axis in flexural
members. The strain distribution across the member corresponding to those
limiting condition is shown in figure below. The maximum depth of neutral axis
Xu,max is obtained directly form the strain diagram by considering similar triangle

ABO and BCE .

Rectangular section Strain diagram Stress diagram

23 A characteristics and design stress strain curves for Fe250 grade mild steel
 23 B Characteristics and design strain curves for Fe415 grade cold worked steel
Fig. 23 Representative stress strain curve for reinforcement.
 Limit state of collapse: Compression
 Assumptions: (a), (c), (d) and (e) of 38.1 for flexural members are also applicable
to members subjected to combined axial load and bending. The assumption (b)
that the maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is 0.0035
is also applicable when the neutral axis lies within the section and in limiting case
when the neutral axis lies along the edge of the section, in the later case the strain
varies from 0.0035 at the highly compressed edge to zero at the opposite edge as
shown by line (2) in the fig. (b). For purely axial compression, the strain is
assumed to be uniformly equal to 0.002 across the section as shown by the line (3)
in fig. (c). The strain distribution lines for these two cases intersect each other at a
depth of 3D/7 form the highly compressed edge. This point is assumed to act as a
fulcrum from the strain distribution line when the neutral axis lies outside the
section as shown in the fig. (C). The leads to the assumption that the strain at the
highly compressed edge is 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least
compressed edge.
 When the minimum eccentricity calculated as per clause 25.4 does not exceed 5
percent the lateral dimension, the member may be designed by the following
equation.
Pu  0.4 fck Ac  0.67 fy Asc

Where,
Pu = axial load on the member
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete
Ac = area of concrete (excluding area of steel means )
fy = characteristic strength of the compression reinforcement
ASC = area of longitudinal reinforcement for column
 The strength of compression members will helical reinforcement satisfying the
requirement of code shall be taken as 1.05 times the strength of similar member with
lateral ties. Failure of column with helical ties is more ductile compare to column with
lateral ties as shown in figure below.
 The ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core shall not be
 Ag  fck
less than 0.36 1
 
A f
 c  y
Where,
Ag = gross area of the section
Ac = area of the core of the helically reinforced column measured to the
outside diameter of the helix.
fck = characteristic compressive strength of the concrete, and
fy = character strength of the helical reinforcement but not exceeding
415N/mm2.
 A member subjected to axial force and uniaxial bending shall be designed suing
interaction diagrams available in SP : 16
 The resistance of member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be
obtained by the satisfying following equation.
 M  n  M  n
 ux  uy  1.0
 Mux1   M
 
 uy1 
Where, 

Mux , Muy = Moments about x and y axis due for an axial load of Pu, bending about x

and y axis respectively and

Mux1, = maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu, bending
Muy1

about x and y axis respectively and

n =is related to Pu/Puz as shown in the figure below
Puz  0.45 fck Ac  0.75 fy Asc
 Slender compression member (long column)
An additional moment is considered while designing long column which is calculated
as follows:
PuD  l 2
Max  ex
2000  D 
Pub l 2
M ay ey

2000  b 


 Design of long column is done as per procedure of clause 39.5 and 39.6
 Limit state of collapse: shear
 The nominal shear stress sin beams of uniform depth shall be obtained by the
following equation:
V
  u
v
bd
In the case of beams of varying depth the equation shall be modified as:
 Where,
Mu
V tan 
v ve for fig.(i) and 
u
d
bd ve for fig.(ii)

 
Vu, Mu = shear force and bending moment at the section due to design load
 = angle between the top and bottom edge of the beam as shown in the figure above
 Design shear strength of concrete
 The design shear strength of concrete in beams in beams without shear reinforcement
is given in table 19
 For solid slabs, the design shear strength for concrete shall be values given  c k, where k has the
below:
Overall 300 or 275 250 225 200 175 150 or
depth of more less
slab
(mm)
(k) 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

 Note: This provision shall not apply to flat slabs for which 31.6 shall apply.
 Shear strength of members under axial compression
 For members subjected to axial compression Pu, the design shear strength of concrete,
given in table 19, shall be multiplied by the following factor:
But not exceeding 1.5
Where,
Pu = axial compressive force in Newtons,
Ag = gross area of the concrete section in mm2, and
fck = characteristics compressive strength of concrete
 With shear reinforcement: Under no circumstances, even with shear reinforcement,
shall the nominal shear stress in beams  v exceed  c max given in table 20.

 Minimum shear reinforcement: When  v is less than  c given in table 19, minimum

shear reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with 26.5.1.6

 Design of shear reinforcement: When  exceeds  given in table 19 shear reinforce
v
c

mental shall provided in any of the following forms:

a. Vertical stirrups,
b. Bent up bars along with stirrups and
c. Inclined stirrups
Table 20: Maximum shear stress  cN/mm2

Concrete M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 and

grade above
c max 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
2
N/mm

Where bent up bars are provided, their contribution towards shear resistance shall not
be more than half that of the total shear reinforcement.
Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to Vu c bd. The
strength of shear reinforcement Vus shall be calculated as below:
i. For vertical stirrups:

Vus 0.87 f y Asvd

 SV
ii. For inclined stirrups of a series of bars bent up at different cross sections:
0.87 f y Asvd
Vus  (sin  cos )
Sv
iii. For single bar or single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same cross
section:
Vus  0.87 fy Asv sin

Where,
Asv = total cross sectional area of stirrup legs or bent up bars within a
distance sv
Sv = spacing of the stirrups or bent up bars along the length of the
member
 v = nominal shear stress
  c = design shear strength of the concrete
b= breadth of the member which for flanged beams, shall be taken as
the breadth of the web bw
f y = characteristic strength of the stirrups or bet up reinforcement

which shall not be taken greater than 415N/mm2

 = angle between the inclined stirrup or bent up bar and the axis of
the member
d = effective depth
 Limit state of collapse: torsion
 Critical section
Sections located less than a distance d, from the face of the support may be designed
for the same torsion as computed at a distance d, where d is the effective depth.
 Shear and torsion
 Equivalent shear, Ve shall be calculated from the formula
Tu
Ve  Vu 1.6
b
Where,
Ve = equivalent shear
Vu = shear
Tu = torsional moment and
b = width of beam
The equivalent nominal shear stress,  in this case shall be calculated as given in
ve

40.1, except for substituting Vu by Ve. The values of  ve

shall not exceed the values
of c max given in table 20.

 If the equivalent nominal shear stress

 does not exceed  c given in table 19
ve

minimum shear reinforcement shall be provided as per 26.5.1.6

 If  ve exceed  c given in table 19 both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement shall
be provided in accordance with 41.4
 Reinforcement in members subjected to torsion
 Reinforcement for torsion, when required, shall consist of longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement.
 Longitudinal reinforcement: The longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed to resist
an equivalent bending moment, Mel, given by
Mel  Mu  Ml
Where, Mu = bending moment at the cross section, and
 1 D / b 
M t T u  
1.7
 
Tu is torsional moment D is the overall depth of the beam and b is the width of the
beam.
 If the numerical value of Mt as defined in 41.4.2 exceeds the numerical value of the
moment Mu, longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided on the flexural
compression face, such that the beam can also withstand an equivalent Me2 given by
Me2 = Mt – Mu, the moment Me2 being taken as acting in the opposite sense to the
moment Mu.
 Transverse reinforcement: Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal
bars shall have an area of cross section Asv, given by
Tu sv
A   Vusv
s
v b1d1(0.87 f y ) 2.5d1(0.87 f y )
 But the total transverse reinforcement shall not be less than
 ve   c  b.sv
0.87 f y

Where,
Tu = torsional moment,
Vu = shear force,
Sv = spacing of the stirrup reinforcement
b1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the width
d1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars.
b = breadth of the member
fy = characteristics strength of the stirrup reinforcement
 ve = equivalent shear stress as specified in 41.3.1 and
  c = shear strength of the concrete as per table 19.
 Assumption for design of members
Since working stress method is based on elastic theory so the following assumptions
shall be made:
a. At any cross section plane sections before bending remain plain after bending.
b. All tensile stresses are taken up by reinforcement and none by concrete except as
otherwise specifically permitted.

The tensile stress shell be calculated as F

Ac  mAst
Where,
F1 = total tension on the member minus pretension in steel, if any before
concreting
Ac = cross sectional area of concrete excluding any finishing material and
reinforcing steel.
m = modular ratio; and
Ast = cross sectional area of reinforcing steel in tension.
 The stress strain relationship of steel and concrete under working loads is a straight
line.
280
The modular ratio m has the value where  cbc is permissible compressive stress
3 cbc

due to bending in concrete in N/mm2 as specified in table 21.

Note: the expression given for m partially takes into account long term effects such as
creep. Therefore this m is not the same as the modular ratio derived based on the
value Ec given in 6.2.3.1
 Permissible stresses
 Permissible stresses for the various grades of concrete shall be taken as those given in
table 21 and 23.
Table 21: Permissible stresses in concrete
Grade of concrete Permissible stress in compression (N/mm2)
Bending  cbc Direct  cb
 1 2 3
M 10 3.0 2.5
M 15 5.0 4.0
M 20 7.0 5.0
M 25 8.5 6.0
M 30 10.0 8.0
M 35 11.5 9.0
M 40 13.0 10.0
M 45 14.5 11.0
M 50 16.0 12.0

 Direct tension
For members in direct tension, when full tension is taken by the reinforcement alone,
the tensile stress shall be not greater than the value given below.
Grade of concrete M10 M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 M45 M50
Tensile stress 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2

 Permissible stresses in steel reinforcement

Permissible stresses in steel reinforcement shall not exceed the values specified in
table 22.
 In flexural members the value of given in table 22 is applicable at the centroid of the
tensile reinforcement subjected to the condition that when more than one layer of
tensile reinforcement is provided, the stress at the centroid of the outermost layer shall
not exceed by more than 10 p[recent the value given in table 22.
 Increases in permissible stresses
Where stresses due to wind (or earthquake) temperature and shrinkage effects are
combined with those due to dead, live and impact load, the stresses specified in tables

21, 22 and 23 may be exceeded upto a limit of 331

percent. Wind and seismic forces
3
need not be considered as acting simultaneously.
 Permissible loads in compression members
 Pedestals and short columns with lateral ties
The axial load P permissible on a pedestal or short column reinforced with
longitudinal bars and lateral ties shall not exceed that given by the following equation:
Where
  = permissible stress in concrete in direct compression
AC = cross sectional are of concrete excluding any finishing material and reinforcing
steel.
 SC
= permissible compressive stress for column bars, and
ASC = cross sectional area of the longitudinal steel

Note: The minimum eccentricity mentioned in 25.4 may be deemed to be

incorporated in the above equation.
 Short columns with helical reinforcement
The permissible load for columns with helical reinforcement satisfying the
requirement shall be 1.05 times the permissible load for similar member with lateral
ties or rings.
 Long columns
 The maximum permissible stress in a reinforced concrete column having a ratio of
effective column length to least lateral dimension above 12 shall not exceed that
which results from the multiplication of the appropriate maximum stress as specified
under B-2.1 and B-2.2 by the coefficient Cr, given by the following formula
leff
Cr  1.25
 48b
Where
Cr = reduction coefficient
leff = effective length of column; and
b = least lateral dimension of column; for column with helical reinforcement,
b is the diameter of the core.
For more exact calculations, the maximum permissible stresses in a reinforced
concrete column having a ratio of effective column length to least lateral radius of
gyration above 40.
 Cr  1.25  l
eff

160imin
Where imin is the least radius of gyration.
 Composite columns
Metal core and reinforcement: the cross sectional area of the metal core shall not
exceed 20 percent of the gross area of the column.
Table 22: Permissible stresses in steel reinforcement
S.No. Type of stress in steel Permissible stress in N/mm3
reinforcement
Mild steel bar High yield strength
(Fe 250) deformed bars (Fe 415)
1 2 3 4
i. Tension ( st or sv )
a. Up to and including 20 min 140 230

b. Over 20mm 130 230

ii. Compression in column bars 130 190

( sc )
iii. Compression in bars in a The calculated
beam or slab when the compressive
compressive resistance of the stress in the
concrete is taken into account surrounding
concrete
multiplied by 1.5
times the
modulator ratio
or  sc
whichever is
lower.
iv. Compression in bars in a
beam or slab where the
 compressive resistance of the
concrete is not taken into
account:
a. Up to and including
20mm 140 190
b. Over 20mm 130 190
Note: For high yield strength deformed bars of grade Fe 500 the permissible stress sin
direct tension and flexural tension shall be 0.55fy. The permissible stresses for shear
and compression reinforcement shall be as for grade Fe415.
 Members subjected to combined axial load and bending
 Design based on uncracked section
A member subject to axial load bending (due to eccentricity of load, monolithic
construction, lateral forces, etc.) shall be considered safe provided the following
conditions are satisfied:
a.  cc,cal  cbc.cal
 1
 cc  cbc
Where,
 cc,cal = calculated direct compressive stress in concrete,

 cc
= permissible axial compressive stress sin concrete
cbc.cal
= calculated bending compressive stress in concrete and
 cbc = permissible bending compressive stress in concrete.
b. The resultant tension in concrete is not greater than 35 percent and 25 percent of
the resultant compression for biaxial and unaxial bending respectively, or doe snot
exceed three fourth, the 7 day modulus of rupture of concrete.
Note:

1.  cc,cal  P
1.5m for columns with ties where P, Ac and Asc defined in B-
A A
c sc

3.1 and m is the modular ratio.

 2.   where M equals the moment and z equals modulus of section. In
M
cc,cal
Z
the case of sections subject to moments in two directions, the stress shall be
calculated separately and added algebraically.
 Design base don cracked section
If the requirements specified in B-4.1 are not satisfied the stresses in concrete and
steel shall be calculated by the theory of cracked section in which the tensile
resistance of concrete is ignored. If the calculated stresses are within the permissible
stress specified in table 21, 22 and 23 the section may be assumed to be safe.
Note: The direct load should be equal to the algebraic sum of the forces on concrete
and steel.
a. The direct load should be equal to the algebraic sum of the forces on concrete and
steel.
b. The moment of the external loads about any reference line should be equal to the
algebraic sum of the moment of the forces in concrete (ignoring the tensile force
in concrete) and steel about the same line, and
c. The moment of the external loads about any other reference lines should be equal
to the algebraic sum of the moment of the forces in concrete (irnoring the tensile
force in concrete) and steel and about the same line.
 Shear (same as limit state method)
 Nominal shear stress
The nominal shear stress 
v
in beams or slabs of uniform depth shall be calculated by

the following equation:

V

v
bd
Where,
V = shear force due to design loads,
b = breadth of the member, which for flanged sections shall be taken as the
breadth of the web, and
d = effective depth,
 Beams of varying depth in the case of beams of varying depth, the equation shall be
modified as:
M tan 
V
 d
v
d
Where,  v, b and d are the same as in B-5.1
v

M = bending moment at the section and

 = angle between the top and the bottom edges of the beam.
The negative sign in the formula applies when the bending moment M
increases numerically in the same direction as the effective depth d increases, and the
positive sing when the moment decreases numerically in this direction.
 Design shear strength of concrete
 The permissible shear stress in concrete in beam without shear reinforcement is given
in table 23.
Table 23: permissible shear stress in concrete
Ap Permissible shear stress in concrete  N/mm2 Grade of concrete
100 c

bd
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 and
above
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.22 0.22 1.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
 2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.63
And above
Note: As is the area of longitudinal reinforcement.

 For solid slabs the permissible shear stress in concrete shall be k c where k has the
value given below:
  1 5P but not exceeding 1.5
Ag fck
Where,
P = axial compressive force in N,
Ag = gross area of the concrete section in mm2, and
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
 With shear reinforcement
 When shear reinforcement is provided the nominal shear stress  v
in beams shall not
exceed c max given in table 24

 For slabs  v shall not exceed half the value of  c max given in table 24.

 Minimum shear reinforcement

When
 v is less than  c given in table 23, minimum shear reinforcement shall be
provided in accordance with 26.5.1.6
 Design of shear reinforcement
When  v exceeds  c given in table 23 shear reinforcement shall be rpovied in any of
the following forms:
a. Vertical stirrups,
b. Bent up bars along with stirrups and
c. Inclined stirrups
Where bent up are provided, their contribution towards shear resistance shall not be
more than half that of the total shear reinforcement.
Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to V c bd. The strength
of shear reinforcement Vs shall be calculated as below:
 a. For vertical stirrups
 sv Asvd
V
Sv
b. For inclined stirrups or a series of bars bent up at different cross sections:
 A d
V  sv sv (sin  cos )
Sv
c. For single bare or single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same cross
section:
Vs   sv Asv sin
Where,
Asv = total cross sectional area of stirrup legs or bent up bars within a distance.
Sv = spacing of the stirrup or bent up bars along the length of the member.
 c = Design shear strength of the concrete.
 sv = permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement which shall not be taken
greater than 230 n/mm2.
 = angle between the inclined stirrup or bent up bar and the axis of the member
not less than 450 and
d = effective depth
Note: Where more than one type of shear reinforcement is used to reinforcement
the same portion of the beam, the total shear resistance shall be computed as the
sum of the resistance for the various types separately. The area of the stirrups shall
not be less than the minimum specified in 26.5.1.6.
Table 24: Maximum shear stress  cN/mm2
max
Concrete M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 and
grade above
c max N/mm2
1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

 Torsion
 Critical section
 Sections located less than a distance d, from the face of the support may be designed
for the same torsion as computed at a distance d, where d is the effective depth
 Shear and Torsion
 Equivalent shear, Ve shall be calculated form the formula
T
V  V 1.6
e
b
Where, Ve = equivalent shear,
V = shear,
T = torsional moment, and
b = breadth of beam
 The equivalent nominal shear stress,  ve in this case shall be calculated as given in B-
5.1, except for substituting V by Ve. The values of  ve
shall not exceed the values of
c max given in table 24.
 If equivalent nominal shear stress  ve does not exceed  c . Given in table 23 minimum
shear reinforcement shall be provided as specified in 26.5.1.6
 If  exceeds  given in table 23, both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
ve c

shall be provided in accordance with B-6.4

 Reinforcement in Members subjected to torsion
 Longitudinal reinforcement: the longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed to resist
an equivalent bending moment, Mel given by
Mel  M  Mt
Where
M = bending moment at the cross section, and
(1 Dlb)
Mt  T , where T is the torsional moment, D is the overall depth of
1.7
the beam and b is the breadth of the beam.
 If the numerical value of Mt as defined in B-6.4.2 exceeds the numerical value of the
moment M, longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided on the flexural compression
face., such that the beam can also withstand an equivalent moment Me2 given by Me2
 = Mt – M, the moment Me2 being taken as acting in the opposite sense to the moment
M.
 Transverse reinforcement. Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal
bars shall have an area of cross section Asv given by

Asv  V .sv
 2.5 d
T.sv
bd

1 1 sv 1 sv

But the total transverse reinforcement shall not be less than

(ve c )b.sv
 sv

Where,
T = torsional moment
V = shear force
Sv = spacing of the stirrup reinforcement
b1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the width
d1 = centre to centre distance between corner bars in the direction of the depth
b = breadth of the member
 sv = permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement

 ve = equivalent shear stress as specified in B-6.3.1

 c = shear strength of the concrete as specified in table 23.
 Restrained slabs
 When the corners of a slab are prevented from lifting, the slab may be designed as
specified in D-1.1 to D-1.11
 The maximum bending moments per unit width in a slab are given by the following
equations:
Mx  x wl
2

My  y w
2

l
Where  x and  y are coefficient given in table 26
w = total design load per unit area
Mx and My = moments on strips of unit width spanning lx and ly respectively and
lx and ly = lengths of the shorter span and longer span respectively.
 Slabs are considered as divided in each direction into middle strips and edge strips as
shown in fig. 25, the middle strip being three quarters of the width and each edge strip
one eight of the width.
 The maximum moments calculated as in D-1.1 apply only to the middle strips and no
redistribution shall be made.
 Tension reinforcement provided at mid span in the middle strip shall extend in the
lower part of the slab upto 0.25l from center of support of a continuous edge or 0.15l
of a discontinuous edge.
 Over the continous edges of a middle strip, the tension reinforcement shall extend in
the upper part of the slab a distance of 0.15l from the support, and atleast 50 percent
shall extend a distance of 0.3l.
 At a discontinuous edge negative moments may arise. They depend on the degree of
fixity at the edge of the slab but , in general tension reinforcement equal to 50 percent
of that provided at mid span extending 0.1l into the span will be sufficient.
 Reinforcement in edge strip, parallel to that edge, shall comply with the minimum
given in section 3 and the requirements for torsion given in D-1.8 to D-1.10.
 Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at any corner where the slab is simply
supported on both edges meeting at that corner. It shall consists of top and bottom
reinforcement, each with layers of bars placed parallel to the sides of the slab and
extending from the edges a minimum distance of one fifth of the shorter span. The
area of reinforcement in each of these four layers shall be three quarters of the each
required for maximum mid span moment in the slab.
 Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described in D-1.8 shall be provided at a
corner contained by edges over only one of which the slab is continous.
 Torsion reinforcements need not be provided at any corner contained by edges over
both of which the slab is continous.
 Torsion ly/lx is greater than 2, the slabs shall be designed as spanning one way.
 Fig. 25: Division of slab into middle and edge strips

 Simply supported slabs

 When simply supported slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion at
corners and to prevent the corners from lifting, the maximum moment per unit width
are given by the following equation:
 M x  x wl
2

M u  u wl
2

Where, Mx, My, w, lx, ly are same as those in D-1.1 and x  y are moment
and
coefficients given table 27.
 At least 50 percent of the tension reinforcement provided at mid span should extend to
the supports. The remaining 50 percent should extend to within 0.1lx or 0.1ly of the
support, as appropriate.
Table 27: Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions
at right angles, simply supported on four sides
ly/lx 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0
x 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118 0.122 0.124

y 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014

Annexure: effective length of columns

 In the absence of more exact analysis the effective length of columns in framed
structures may be obtained from the ratio of effective length to unsupported length
leff/l given in fig. 26 when relative displacement of the ends of the column is
prevented.
Note: In fig. 26
 and  are equal to  where the summation is to be
1 2
Kc
KK
c b

done for the members framing into a joint at top and bottom respectively and Kc and
Kb being the flexural stiffness for column and beam respectively.
 Table 28: Effective length of compression members
Degree of end restraint Symbol Theoretical value Recommended
of compression of effective value of
members length effective length
1 2 3 4
Effectively held in 0.50l 0.65 l
position and restrained
against rotation in both
ends
Effectively held in 0.70 l 0.80 l
position at both ends,
restrained against
rotation at one end
Effectively held in 1.00 l 1.00 l
position at both ends,
but not restrained
against rotation

Effectively held in 1.00 l 1.20 l

position and restrained
against rotation at one
end, and at the other
restrained against
rotation but not held in
position
Effectively held in - 1.50 l
position and restrained
against rotation in one
end, and at the other
partially restrained
against rotation but not
held in position
Effectively held in 2.00 l 2.00 l
position at one end but
not restrained against
rotation, and at the other
end restrained against
rotation but not held in
position
 Effectively held in 2.00 l 2.00 l
position and restrained
against rotation at one
end but not held in
position nor restrained
against rotation at the
other end
Note: l is the unsupported length of compression member.

 Annexure G moments of resistance for rectangular and t sections

 Sections without compression reinforcement
The moment of resistance of rectangular sections without compression reinforcement
should be obtained as follows:
a. Determine the depth of neutral axis from the following equation:

xu 0.87 f A
d y st

0.36 fckb.d
b. If the value of xu/d is less than the limiting value (0.53,0.48 and 0.46), calculate
the moment of resistance by the following expression:
 Ast f y 
M  0.87 f A d 1 
u y st 
 ck 
bdf
c. If the value of xu/d is equal to the limiting value, the moment of resistance of the
section is given by the following expression:
X  x  2
M  0.36 u max 1.0.42 u max bd f
u.lim
  ck
d d
 
d. If xu/d is greater than the limiting value, the section should be redesigned.
In the above equations,
Xu = depth of neutral axis
d = effective depth
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement
Ast = area of tension reinforcement
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete
 b = width of the compression face
Mu.lim = limiting moment of resistance of a section without compression
reinforcement
Xu.max = limiting value of xu from 39.1
 Section with compression reinforcement
Where the ultimate moment of resistance of section exceeds the limiting value Mu.lim
compression reinforcement may be obtained from the following equation.
Mu  Mu.lim  fsc Asc (d  d ')
Where
Xu,max = the limiting value of xu from 38.1
Asc = area of compression reinforcement and
d’ = depth of compression reinforcement form compression face.
The total area of tension reinforcement shall be obtained from the following equation:
Ast  As11  As12

Where,
Ast = area of the total tensile reinforcement
Ast1 = area of the tensile reinforcement for a singly reinforced section for Mu.lim
Ast 2  Asc . fsc / 0.87 fy

 FLANGED SECTION
 For xu < Dt, the moment of resistance may be calculated from the equation given in
G-1.1. Because it behaves as a rectangular section.
 The limiting value of the moment of resistance of the section may be obtained by the
following equation when the ratio Df/d does not exceed 0.2:
x  x  2
M  0.36 u.max 1.042 u.max f b d  0.45 f (b   Df 
u   ck w ck bw )D f  d  
fd d 2
   
Where,
Mu, xu,max d and fck are same as G-1.1.
bf = breadth of the compression face/flange
bw = breadth of the web
Df = thickness of the flange
 When the ratio Dt/d exceeds 0.2, the moment of resistance of the section may be
calculated by the following equation.
x  x  2
M  0.36 u.max 1.042 u.max f b d  0.45 f (b   y f
u
d
  ck w ck bw )Df  d  
d f 2
   
Where yf = (0.15 xu + 0.65Df), but not greater than Df, and the other symbols are same
as in G-1.1 and G-2.2.
 For xu,max > xu > Dt, the moment of resistance may be calculated by the equations
given in G-2.2 when Df/xu does not exceed 0.43 and G-2.2.1 when Df/xu exceeds 0.43;
in both cases substituting xu,max by xu.