Concrete Structures

Analysis and Design

Second Edition

Emphasizing American Concrete Institute

(ACI 318-02)
Inch-Pound and SI Units

Falah M. Wegian, Ph.D.

Department of Civil Engineering
College of Technological Studies
 CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview .......... 2
1.2 Code of Practice................. ... 2
1.3 ACI Code....................... ........... 2
1.4 Strength Reduction Factors....... ............ 4
Chapter 2 Mechanical Properties of Concrete 7
2.1 Concrete... .... ........................... . 8
2.2 Compressive Strength .... 9
2.3 Modulus of Elasticity 11
2.4 Concrete Tensile Strength 13
2.5 Shrinkage, Creep and Temperature.... 14
2.6 Reinforcing Steel... 14
Chapter 3 Analysis and Design of Beams 19
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Uncracked Section .......... 20
3.3 Flexural Failure... ..... 22
3.4 The Balanced Rectangular Section..... 24
3.5 Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ratios. 28
3.6 Crack Control 33
3.7 Singly Reinforced Beams.... ...... 36
3.8 Design of Singly Reinforced Beams 40
3.9 Doubly Reinforced Beams ..... ... ············································ ... 45
3.10 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams. .... ................. .................. ........................ 49
3.11 Analysis of Flanged Sections 54
3.12 Design of Flanged Sections ....... 58
Problems 64
Chapter 5 Shear Strength 103
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Diagonal Tension 104
5.3 Beam Behavior ............................................... 106
5.4 Shear Strength without Stirrups . .... 108
5.5 Shear Strength with Stirrups .. 113
5.6 Inclined and Vertical Stirrups ... 114
5.7 Limitations for Stirrup Spacing 116
5.8 Requirements for Minimum Shear Reinforcement ... 116
5.9 Critical Sections 117
5.10 Requirements for Design Procedure .......... 117
5.11 Shear - Friction....... . 132
5.12 Design Procedure for Corbel or Bracket.......... 135
5.13 Punching Shear 142
5.14 Deep Beams ............ 147
INTRODUCTION

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2 1.1 Overview

1.1 OVERVIEW

There are three most common types of structures such as: reinforced
concrete, steel and wood that using will be extensive at the civil engineering
and architecture branch.
Reinforced concrete structures can build bridges, buildings, water tanks,
roads, retaining walls, tunnels and others.
Reinforced concrete is consisted of five materials such as: water, cement,
aggregate, sand and steel. The first four materials are called plain concrete,
which carry high compressive strength comparing with its tensile strength,
and the fifth is embedded in concrete to resist the tensile stresses.
Concrete and steel work jointly for the following reasons:
1 - After hardness of reinforced concrete, the bond is increased between
concrete and steel.
2 - If a fire happened, the concrete would protect the steel against corrosion.
3 - Thermal expansion is 0.000010 to 0.000013 per degree Celsius (C for 0
)

concrete.
4 - Thermal expansion is 0.000012 per degree Celsius (C for steel.
0
)

1.2 CODE OF PRACTICE

A code is a specification helping the designer to ensure the safety of the

public.
In this book, we will use two kinds of codes; the first one is ACI code and
second one is LRFD code. The important codes known are:
1 - ACI 318-02, The American Concrete Institute for Reinforced Concrete
Buildings.
2 - LRFD, Load & Resistance Factor Design, for Steel Buildings.
3 - AASHTO, The American Association of State Highway and Trans-
portation Officials, for highway bridges.
4 - AREA, The American Railroad Engineering Association, for railroad bridges.
5 - B.S. (British standard BS 8110).
6 - ECC - 2000, Egyptian code.

1.3ACICODE

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code produces the factored load
multiplying by the service load. The factored load must be greater than the service
 l.3AC!Code 3

laod. The ACI code has used factoral load U as a combination of dead load, live
load, wind load, earthquake load, lateral earth pressure and fluid pressure.
In addition, dead load D and live load L are the service loads or the
effective loads: The dead load consists of structural self-weight, partitions,
ceilings, and all mechanical equipements and the live load consists of
furniture, people, wind, earthquake or soil pressure.
The ACI code specifies dead load D and live load L, as shear force,
bending moment and axial force.
The load factors for the different cases are given in the following, as in the
ACI 9.2.1 code;

U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Where D and L represent the service dead and live load respectively, and U
represents the total factored load.

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L

U = 0.9D + 1.6W

Where W is the wind load, when the live load and wind load are acting
together on the structure.

U = 1.2D + I.OE+ 1.0L

Where earthquake force Eis included in the design

U = 1.2D + 1.6(L + H)

Where lateral earth pressure H is involved, it is considered as live load and

the above equation becomes as following:

U = 0.9D + 1.6H
U = 1.2D + 1.2F + 1.6L

Where liquid pressure Fis involved, the pressure is considered as dead load,
and the equation becomes as following:

U = 1.2D + 1.2T + 1.6L

If the temperature changes, shrinkages, creeps and the differential settlement
T becomes as dead load D:

U = 1.2(D + T)
4 1.4 Strength Reduction Factors

1.4 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS

The design strength is equal to or greater than the required strength, and the
ACI code specifies the nominal strength in accordance and assumptions, and
also is designated by the subscript n.

Design strength 2: Required strength

¢ Nominal strength 2: Required strength

<P Vn 2: Vu
Where Pn, Mn and Vn are the axial compression, bending moment and shear,
respectively, and the nominal strength (n) in the subscript.
Where Pu , Mu and Vu represent the required strength.

Table 1.1 Reduction factors ¢

Nominal Strength Reduction factor ¢

- Flexure, with or without axial tension, 0.90

- Shear and torsion 0.75

- Bearing on concrete 0.65

- Compression member, spirally reinforced 0.70

- Columns with ties 0.65

- Bending in plain concrete 0.55

Example 1.1
Determine the required strength Pu and nominal strength Pn . If a dead
load D = 150 KN and a live load L = 120 KN, assume the reduction
factor ¢ = 0.65

Solution.
Multiply the load factor by the respective service load to produce Pu
U= Pu= 1.2D+ 1.6L
Pu= 1.2(150) + 1.6(120) = 372KN (83.6 kips)
 1.4 Strength Reduction Factors 5

The nominal strength is:

Required Pn = ¢Pu = 372

_ = 572.3 KN ( 128.7 kips
. )
0 65

Example 1.2
Compute the nominal flexural strength Mn and apply factored loads to
the simply supported beam as shown in Figure 1.1. Assume a
concentrated load Pu= 30 KN and¢= 0.9

Pu= 30 KN

7m

PuL
Mu=
4
Figure 1.1

Solution.

Mu= PuL
4

30(7) .
Mu= - - = 52.5 KN.m (38.7 ft-kips)
4

52.5 .
Mn= _ = 58.33 KN.m (43 ft-kips)
09
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF CONCRETE

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8 2.1 Concrete

2.1 CONCRETE

Plain concrete is a mixture of fine aggregate, water, cement and coarse

aggregate. All the components of the plain concrete are mixed together until
they become a paste, which surrounds the voids in aggregate during its fresh
concrete. The steel bars are placed into forms and a concrete paste is filled
around the steel bars until it changes from a plastic to a solid state in about
24 hours, to become reinforced concrete, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
The expected outcomes of concrete properties are effected by their ingredients
which are expected to give reasonable data as designed in the beginning.
Compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio are also expected
to give good agreement at 7, 14 and 28 days tests. As a result, the good
homogeneous material gives a good relation with embedded steel bars in concrete
forms. Therefore, the expected outcome will be more accurate not only for good
homogeneous between the composite materials, but also during the cure cycle.

Workability
The slump is the difference between height measured of the steel cone and
the top of fresh concrete after the cone had lifted. The slump test is used to
control the workability and quality of concrete, as shown in Figure 2.2

Figure 2.1 Composite material.

 _2.2 Compressive Strength 9

Figure 2.2 Slump test.

2.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compressive strength/c depends upon water, the cement ratio and the quality
of the cure cycle. According to the ACI code, the compressive strength of
concrete J~ is obtained from the standard test cylinder 6 - in. ( 150 mm)
diameter by 12- in (300 mm) high measured at 7, 14 and 28 days of age before
testing. After 28 days of water curried or placed in a constant temperature
room to obtain 100 percent of humidity. Then, the preparation starts by
replacing the specimen on the MTS (Material test system), as shown in Fig.
2.3. In this test, the concrete is subjected to compressive stresses and not to
tensile stresses: therefore, a specimen is used to determine the concrete
compressive strength by many shapes such as: cylinder 150 x 300 mm (ACI
code), Prism 70x70x350 mm (France) and cube 150xl50xl50 mm
(Germany, Egypt, Great Britain).
Table 2.1 shows the value of compressive strength (Wayne State University-
Structure Lab.).
JO ?-2 Compressive Strength

Figure 2.3 MTS Machine and specimens (Wayne State University- Structure Lab.)

Typical stress - strain relationship for concrete cylinder produced by

compressive strength test, is shown in Fig. 2.4.
The shape of curve depends on the age of specimen, the composite of
concrete material, MTS machine and loading.
The ACI code defines that the maximum concrete strain, is 0.003, and for
high - compressive strength f~, between 8000 to 12,000 psi (55.12 to 82.7
MPa). Nonprestressed structures are: 3500 to 6000 psi (24.11 to 41.34 MPa).
For greater than 6000 psi (41.34 MPa) is used for prestressed concrete.

Table 2.1 Compressive strength (MPa)

Age Specimen Number Mean Std. Dev.

(days) 1 2 3 4 (MPa)

7 49.26 49.78 49.54 47.11 48.92 1.226

14 58.1 58.8 55.39 56.12 57.1 1.609

28 66.62 64.91 62.47 60.28 63.57 2.77

 2 3Modulus of Elasticity 11

80 11600
crj
i:i..
~ 70 10150
-"-> ~

.:3OJ) 60 8700
~ "'0..
Q)
50 7250
b
"'
~
Q)

.i:: 40 5800
"'"'
Q)
.... 30 4350
0..
s
0
u 20 2900
10 1450

0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004

concrete strain (m/m), (in/in)

Figure 2.4 Concrete stress - strain curve

2.3 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

The ACI code determines a value of the modulus of elasticity of concrete

Ee= w~·5(33)y.fc psi for normal concrete, and the slope of the stress-strain
curve defines the initial modules used with the parabolic stress method. For
values of We between 90 and 155 Ib/ft3 (1500 and 2500 kg/m 3), the ACI code
specifies modulus of elasticity Ee

psi
(2.1)
MP a

Where We is the unit weight of concrete between (1500 and 2500 kg/m3), and
the value of We when made from crushed stone is: 145 Ib/ft 3 (2353kg/m3).
Substituting Eq. (2.1) in value We becomes:

57000 /re psi

Ee= 4700 /re MPa(Ee and/~ in MPa) (2.2)

15000 /re kgf/cm2 (Ee and/~ in kfg/cm 2 )

J2 2.3 Modulus of Elasticity_

For most concrete, the Poisson's ratio is equal to the transfer strain divided
by the longitudinal strain; v = (0.2 to 0.23)
Table 2.2 shows the values of Ee, for We= 145 lb/ft3

Table 2.2 Values of Ee

SI units Inch - pound units
f~ (MPa) Ee (MP a) f~ (psi) Ee (psi)
20.67 21368 3000 3 122,018
24.11 23077 3500 3,372,165
27.56 24673 4000 3,604,996
31.00 26168 4500 3,823,676
34.45 27586 5000 4,030,508
Multiply MPa values by 10.2 to get kgf/cm 2

Modular Ratio, n
The relation: stress - strain for reinforcement steel, is a linear under the yield
stress, which is compared with concrete curve. But in concrete, it is assumed
as a linear it varies with its density and strength. The modulus of elasticity of
the steel is:

Es= 29,000,000 psi (199926000 KPa ,::;j 200,000 MPa).

(2.3)

Table 2.3 Values of modular ratio, n

SI units Inch - pound units
f~ (MPa) n f~ (psi) n

20.67 9.3 ~ 9.0 3000 9.2 ~ 9.0

24.11 8.6 ,:::;J 8.5 3500 8.6 ,::;j 8.5
27.56 8.1 ~ 8.0 4000 8.04 ~ 8.0
31.00 7.6 ,:::;J 7.5 4500 7.56 ~ 7.5
34.45 7.2 ~ 7.0 5000 7.2 ,::;j 7.0
 2.4 Concrete Tensile Strength 13

2.4 CONCRETE TENSILE STRENGTH

Tensile strength is low about 10 to 15% of the compressive strength, and

usually is determined by using the split - cylinder test and using the same size
of compressive strength.
At the end of the curing period, several experiments will be conducted on the
specimens to obtain the tensile strength, as shown in Fig. 2.5.

Figure 2.5 Tensile test (Wayne State University- Structure Lab.)

The difference between tensile strength and compressive strength is that

the fine cracks existing in concrete, and during the tensile test, the stresses
flow cracks and voids, but in compression test, the cracks and voids are able
to transmit compress~on stresses.
The tensile test is called splitting test in the form of a 6 in. diameter by 12
in. length (150 x 300mm)

i t
p
fc, =
2P
1rLD
14 2.5 Shrinkage, Creep and Temperature

Where fer is splitting - cylinder tensile strength

From ACI code the modulus of rupture is:

or
fr= 7.5 lie >l.I2fer psi (2.4)

fr= 0.7 lie> 1.26 fer MPa (2.5)

2.5 SHRINKAGE, CREEP AND TEMPERATURE

Shrinkage

For normal weight concrete, the value of shrinkage is 0.0003 when the
specimen after casting is submerged in water not less than 7 days.
To avoid high shrinkage in the concrete, we have to consider proportional
size of aggregate, water- cement ratio and humidity.
The Branson gives a standard shrinkage strain equation (for less than 4 in.
slump and thickness of member about 6 in. after 7 days moist cured).

(2.6)

Where tis (days) after moist curing, and (Esh)u is an ultimate shrinkage strain.
Branson suggests using 800 x 1o- 6 in/in.

Creep

The creep deformation occurs under a constant load during its life and the
creep increases with early age, then decreases with time. That function is
with modulus of elasticity Ee and compressive strength.

Temperature

The concrete coefficient is expanded with increasing temperature that equal to

6 X 10-6 in/in/' F (10 X 10-6/C and for steel is equal to approximately (11 X 1o- 6/C
0
)
0
).

2.6 REINFORCING STEEL

Reinforcing steel is an important material with reinforced concrete to resist

tensile stresses, increase the compressive strength and to increase the bond
between concrete and steel.
The size of bars under ACI code are 0.375 to 2.257 in. in diameter (9.5 to
57.3mm), and in the SI units are 6.0 mm to 57mm nominal diameter.
 2.6 _Reinf orcing Steel 15

All reinforcement steel bars smooth or twisted are rounded, and modulus
of elasticity Es for steel is 29,000,000 ( f~ in psi) by ACI code, and in the SI
units is 200,000 (/c in MPa).
Table 2.4 determines the nominal dimensions for number of bar, diameter,
area and weight. According to ASTM and SI units.

Table 2.4 Reinforcing bar dimensions.4

Bar Diameter Area Nominal weight
Number Ill mm in2 mm2 I bl.ft kg/m
3 0.375 9.5 0.11 71 0.376 0.559
4 0.500 12.7 0.20 129 0.668 0.995
5 0.625 15.9 0.31 200 1.043 1.552
6 0.750 19. l 0.44 284 l.502 2.235
7 0.87- 22.2 0.60 387 2.044 3.041
8 1.000 25.4 0.79 510 2.670 3.973
9 1.128 28.7 1.00 645 3.400 5.059
10 1.270 32.3 1.27 819 4.303 6.403
11 1.410 35.8 1.56 1006 5.313 7.906
14 1.693 43.0 2.25 1451 7.65 11.38
18 2.257 57.3 4.00 2580 13.60 20.24

The shape of steel bars are various from exterior shape and diameter, as shown
in Fig. 2.6. For metric bar sizes introduced in Middle East are more convenient
than American bars size because there are only 9 bars. Therefore, the amount
of steel in metric calculations is higher that makes the diameter of bar
restricted by reducing the number of bars.
J6 2.6 Reinforcing Steel

Figure 2.6 Reinforcing steel bars. (Courtesy of Concrete Reinforcing Steel Inst.)

The stress-strain relationship for steel, shown in Fig. 2.7 is depended on

ACI code, for designing concrete structures.
The value of modulus of elasticity Es for all Grades of steel is equal to
29000 ksi (200 GPa, 204 x 104 kg/cm2). To compute yield point at the stress
side, when the strain increases, the yield stress is reduced immediately, as
shown in Figure.

ls
High tensile steel (high carbon)

normal steel
/y design curve

Es = 29 x 10 6 psi (2 x 10 5 MPa, 204 x 104 kg/ cm 2 )

Elastic plastic

Ey Steel strain, in/in (mm/mm) Es

Figure 2.7 Stress - Strain curve for steel.

 2.6 Reinforcing Steel 17

Table 2.5 Area of cross- section of U.S. bars (in2)

Nominal Number of bars
Bar
Diameter Weight
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(in) lb/ft
3 0.375 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88 0.99 l.JO 0.376
4 0.500 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 0.668
5 0.625 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3. 10 1.043
6 0.750 0.44 0.88 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.08 3.52 3.96 4.40 1.502
7 0.875 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 2.044
8 1.000 0.79 1.58 2.37 3.16 3.95 4.74 5.53 6.31 7.11 7.90 2.670
9 1.128 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 3.400
10 1.270 1.27 2.54 3.81 5.08 6.35 7.62 8.89 10.16 11.43 12.70 4.303
11 1.410 1.56 3.12 4.68 6.24 7.80 9.39 10.92 12.48 14.04 15.60 5.313
14 1.693 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 11.25 13.50 15.75 18.0 20.25 22.50 7.650
18 2.257 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.0 24.0 28.00 32.0 36.00 40.00 13.60

* Number 3 and 4 are generally used in stirrups

* Number 14 and 18 are generally used in columns.

Table 2.6 Area of cross- section of SI bars (mm 2 )

Number of bars
if>
mm Weight
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
mg/m
6 28.3 56.6 84.8 113 141 170 198 226 254 283 0.222
8 -o.3 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503 0.395
10 78.5 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785 0.617
12 113 266 339 452 565 679 792 905 1020 1130 0.888
14 154 308 462 616 770 924 1080 1230 1390 1540 1.21
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2010 1.58
18 2-4 509 763 1020 1270 1530 1780 2040 2290 2540 2.00
20 314 628 942 1260 1570 1880 2200 2510 2830 3140 2.47
22 380 760 1140 1520 1900 2280 2660 3040 3420 3800 2.98
25 491 982 1470 1960 2450 2950 3440 3930 4420 4910 3.85
28 616 1230 1850 2460 3080 3700 4310 4930 5540 6160 4.83
30 707 1410 2120 2830 3535 4240 4950 5660 6360 7070 5.55
32 804 1610 2410 3220 4020 4830 5630 6430 7240 8040 6.3 1
34 908 1820 2720 3630 4540 5450 6360 7260 8170 9080 7. 13
2 2
To obtain area in cm divide mm / IOO
J8 2.6 Reinforcing Steel

Table 2. 7 Minimum cross- section width for bars in single layer (in)
Bar Number of bars
size 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 7.2 8.8 10.5 12.0 13 .5 15.2 16.8
6 7.3 9.0 10.6 12.4 14.1 15.9 17.6
7 7.4 9.4 11.2 13.2 15.0 17.0 19.0
8 7.5 9.5 11.4 13.4 15.5 17.5 19.4
9 7.6 9.7 12.3 14.5 16.7 19.1 21.2
10 7.9 10.3 13.2 15.6 18.1 20.6 23 .2
11 8.2 11.0 13.9 16.7 19.5 22.3 25.1
14 8.8 12.1 15.5 19.0 22.4 25.8 29 .0
18 10.5 15.0 19.5 24.0 28.4 33.0 37.5
* Number 3 and 4 assumed as stirrups

Table 2.8 Properties of U.S. bars and metric bars

Metric
Metric
u.s diameter u.s Metric u.s Perimeter
dimeter area area
Bar No. Bar No. mm in
(mm) (in) (mm2) (in2)
10 3 9.52 0.375 71.2 0.11 30 1.18
13 4 12.7 0.500 126.7 0.20 40 1.571
16 5 15.87 0.625 197.8 0.31 50 2.0
19 6 19.05 0.750 285 0.44 60 2.36
22 7 22.22 0.875 387.5 0.6 70 4.75
25 8 25.4 1.000 506.7 0.79 80 3.142
29 9 28.65 1.128 644.7 1.00 90 3.544
32 10 32.26 1.270 817.3 1.27 101.5 4.00
39 11 35.81 1.41 1007.2 1.56 112.5 4.430
43 14 43 .0 1.693 1452.2 2.25 135 5.32
57 18 57.33 2.257 2581 4.00 180 7.1
ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF BEAMS

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20 3.1 Introduction

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Analysis and design of reinforced concrete beams are based on the following
fundamental propositions:
1 - The external force should be in equilibrium with the internal stress of
the concrete beam.
2 - Deflection control.
3 - The control of crack should be a perfect adhesive between surrounded
steel bars and concrete to ensure that no slip will take place.
4 - Stress - strain curves are assumed in a good relationship.
5 - Design strength of the beam will be greater or equal to a required strength.

3.2 UNCRACKED SECTION

If the moment in the cross- section, as shown in Fig. 3.1 a, is large, the tensile
strength of the concrete is smaller than tensile stresses of the steel and the
cross- section will expose to crack. But if the moment, as shown in Fig. 3.1 b
is small, the cross- section will not crack.
The ACI code has defined the standard beam equation as follow, and has
replaced f equal J,..

_ Jg[,.
! =My
M crYt
J,· - l ' Mcr=- (3.1)
l ' g g Yt

Where M is moment in the section, y distance from the outer ead to

centroid, lg moment of inertia and f equal to J,. is stress from centroid to end
of cross-section.

b le
le= 0.851~
~

Lr
,.

d
. ,

• • -Is ·• •· b_!s
(a) crack M > Mer (b) uncrack M < Mer

Figure 3.1 Cracking and uncracking section.

 3.2 Uncracked Section 21

Example 3.1
Calculate the cracking moment Mer and P where l e= 30 MPa and the
dimensions of cross- section as shown in Fig. 3.2.

P=? b=400mm
- -
F\) .
i p F

~ --
. '
:
' .
.
~I .. .. ·
. .
. ,.
TTTT7
IOm /)/ h=600mm
p
d= 560mm

I I ,
• • -

~
• 40mm
- -

M=PL
4

Figure 3.2 Rectangular cross-section.

Solution.

Compute lg
lg = bh3 = 400 x 6003 = 7.2 x 109 mm4 (17280 in4)
12 12
From Eq. (2.5) f,. = 0.7 /re (metric units)

fr= 0.7 v'30 = 3.83 MPa (0.55 ksi)

h 600
Yt =- =- = 300 mm
2 2
Mer= lg f,. = 7.2 x 109(3.83) = 9.2 x 107 N.mm (92 KN.m)
Yt 300
PL
M=-=Mcr
4
4 X 92 .
P =- - = 36.8 KN (8.27 kips)
10
22 3.3 Flexural Failure

Example 3.2
Recalculate example 3.1 by using inch - pound units for cracking moment
Mer· If/e = 4000 psi, b = 16 in, h = 24 in. and fer= 350 psi.

Solution.
Compute lg
lg= bh3 - 16(24)3 = 18432 in4
12 12
From Eq. 2.4
fr= 7.5 v400Q = 474 psi> l.12fer
fr= 474 psi> 1.12(350) = 392 psi O.K
_f,. lg 24
M er - y1 = = 12 in
Yt 2
_ 0.474 ksi (18432) _ . k.
M er - 12 - 728 m. 1ps
= 60.6 ft.kips (82.2 KN.m)

3.3 FLEXURAL FAILURE

When the beam of concrete is loaded to failure, there are three possible types
of failure such as: balanced, ductile and brittle.

Balanced
If the section reached the compression zone which is the top surface, the strain
is 0.003. At same time when the steel stain reaches Ey- In this case, the section
will be in a balanced condition or in a balanced amount of reinforcement as
shown in Fig. 3.3.

Ee= 0.003

(N.A) neutral axis

d

.. .. ·

Figure 3.3 Balanced failure.

Es = Ey ( Balanced condition)
 3.3 Flexural Failure 23

Ductile
This type of failure is called ductile. An important thing: this failure takes place in
under - reinforcement section is that tension steel reaches its yield strain Ey before
concrete section reaches its maximum strain Ee = 0.003 . On the other hand, the
steel strain is greater than the yield strain. Ductile failure is recommended because
it is noticeable when the failure cracks happen, and gives enough warning before
collapsing, and in the ACI code this is the only acceptable type of failure.

Ee = 0.003

.. A.s· ~ .
·. . ·

(a)
.• Es > € y

(b)

Figure 3.4 Ductile failure.

When
Es > Ey (Tension control)
T= Asfy
fs = Es Ey =/y
Asfs = As f y

Brittle
This failure should not be recommended, therefore the ACI code ensures
that section in under- reinforced by placing limits on reinforcing steel ratio
and the maximum depth of neutral axis to the total depth, because this
failure occurs without any warning.

When
(Compression control)

T = As fs = As(Es Es )

Is <fy
24 3.4 Th e Balanced R ectangular §ection

cc = 0.003

fs = Es cs

(a) (b)

Figure 3.5 Brittle failure.

3.4 THE BALANCED RECTANGULAR SECTION

A cross- section of the reinforced concrete beam is a balanced strain, when

the section is reached in top fiber of compression zone, the maximum strain
Ecu is 0.003 with the yield strain Ey equal to steel strain Es. On the other hand,

when the area of steel A s is greater than the area steel balance Asb, the
internal force in concrete C is equal to the steel force T. That means, the
depth of a wall increases, and the distance c is greater than Cb . Or the depth
will be reduced and the distance c will be smaller than Cb. This balanced
strain condition is shown in Fig. 3.6.
The reinforcement ratio Pb is created from the following equations, which
are obtained from equilibrium and compatibility.

(if As known)

0.85/'.31 !~ ( 87,000 ) (3.2)

Pb=
h 87, 000 + /y(psi)

For the reinforcement ratio Pb it may be obtained from the linearity of the
strain condition:
 3.4 The Balanced Rectangular Section 25

€cu = 0.003 0.85 /c

abI +-- Cb
N.A
d

·Ash~. Pb•bd .·
·• · .... . •
b
~. .

~1 /y
cs = = -
cy
Es
cross-section strain force

steel
/y
Figure 3.6 The balanced
Is rectangular section.
fc
cy
0.003 c

Cb Ecu
(3.3)
d Ecu + Ey

0.003 87,000
Cb= 0.003 + /y/29000000 (a)= 87, 000 + /y (a)
600
Cb = 600 + /y (a) SI

For Es= 200 GPa (200 000 MPa) and/yin MPa

From equilibrium Eq.
Tb= Cb
Asb fv = 0.85 /c b ab
ab= /31 Cb
Asb /y = 0.85 / cb /31 Cb

Asb = 0.85 /31 f~ b ( 87,000 ) d

Jy 87,000 + /y
Asb
Pb= bd

Pb=
0.85 /31
/y
1: ( 87, 000 )
87,000 + /y
26 3.4 The Balanced Rectangular Section

0.85 f3i fc ( 87, 000 )

Inch-Pound
fy 87,000 + fy
(3.4)
0.85 f31 !~ ( 600 ) SI
fy 600 + Jy (MPa)

Where (3 1 is the strength factor, if the compressive strength is less than or

equal to 4 kips/in2 (27.57 MPa), /31 is 0.85 and between 4 to 8 ksi (27.5 to
55.1 MPa), the value /3 1 gets from equations as shown in Fig. 3.7, and more
than 8 ksi (55.1 MPa), /3 1 is equal to 0.65.

Where a= /31 c
/31 = 0.85 le :S: 4 ksi (27.5 MPa)
/31 = 0.85 - 0.05 lfc ksi - 4) 4 ksi <l
:s; 8 ksi
= 0.85 - 0.007 (f: - 30) 30 MPa < f~ :s; 58 MPa
/31 = 0.65 le> 8 ksi (58 MPa)

inch- pound
-+--_f3_i_=_o_.8_5 - - , / f31 = o.85 - o.o5 Cle- 4)

/ f31 =0.65
f31 = 0.85 - 0.007 lfc - 30) SI

2 4 6 8 ksi
13.8 27.5 41.3 58 MPa

Figure 3.7 Variation of /31with 28 - day compressive strength9.

 3.4 The Balanced Rectangular Section 27

Example 3.3
The dimensions of the cross- section, is shown in Fig. 3.8. Use/y = 350 MPa
le
and = 35 MPa. Compute (3 1 and check if the steel strain Es exceeds the
strain of steel yield Ey,

b = 300 mm cc= 0.003

d = 400mm d-<!.
2

• •• 2
A s = 650mm

Figure 3.8 Cross-section beam.

Solution.
Equilibrium Eq. T=C As /y = 0.85 f e ba

650 X 350 = 0.85 (35) 300 a

a= 227,500 = 25.5 mm
8925

From Fig. (3.7) /31 = 0.85 - 0.007 (35 - 30) = 0.81 SI

a 25.5
Where c = - = - - = 31.5 mm
/31 0.81
0.003 Es
C d- C

= 0.003 (400 - 31.5) = 0.0351

Es 31.5

= /y = 350 = l
Ey Es 200, 000 0.00 75

Since Es = 0.0351 > Ey = 0.00175, the beam is underreinforced. O.K

28 3.5 Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ratios

Example 3.4
le
Recomputed Example 3.3, where f y = 50 ksi, = 5 ksi and the dimensions
of the cross-section are b = 12 in., d = 16 in. and As= 2.25 in 2 .

Solution.

T=C Asfy = 0.85f~ b a

2.25 (50 000 psi) = 0.85 (5000 psi) 12 a

112,500 .
a = 51 000 = 2 ·2 m
'
/31 = 0.85 - 0.05 (5 - 4) = 0.8

a 2.2 .
C = /Ji = 0. 8 = 2.75 Ill

0.003 cs
C d- C

cs= 0.003 (16 - 2.75) = O.Ol 44

2.75

fy 50
cy =Es= 29 000 = 0.00172

since cs= 0.0144 > cy = 0.00172 (the beam is underreinforced) O.K

3.5 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT RATIOS

Maximum Reinforcement Ratio Pmax

The ACI-02 section 10.3.5 requires that the net tensile strain c 1 shall not be
less than 0.004. In the previous editions of the ACI code, this limit was not
stated, but was implicit in the maximum tension reinforcement ratio that
was given as Pmax = 0.75 Pb· According to ACI-02, the maximum
reinforcement ratio can be estimated from:

Cmax Ccu 0.003 = 0.4286

d ccu + c1 0.003 + 0.004
 3.5 Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ratios 29

amax = /31 Cmax = /31d (0.4286)

I

As.max /y = 0.85 f c b amax

= 0.85 !~ /3, bd (0.4286)

0.364 /31 fc bd
A s.max.
/y
As.max 0.364 /31 f~
Pmax =~= /y

0.364 /3, l (3.5)

Pmax = /y

The distance c from the top surface to the neutral axis is determined by:

Cmax = 0.43 d (3.6)

Example 3.5
Determine if the steel is enough to use it in the cross-section (b = 12 in.,
d = 20.5 in., As= 6.0 in 2 .,/c
= 4 ksi and/y = 40 ksi) as shown in Fig. 3.9.

b = 12 in Es= 0.003 0.85/c

I---,. :1: ~
a, ~ o.,, ,, c,

------- --
' ..

.... ...
'

Asb = Pb db
T

Figure 3.9

Solution.
a - Determine Pmax
(3, = 0.85 where fc = 4 ksi
= 0.364 /31 !~ = (0.364)(0.85)(4) = 0.031
Pmax
/y (40)
30 3.5 Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ratios

A s.max = Pmax bd
A s. max= (0.031)(12)(20.5) = 7.61 in 2
As = 6 in2 < 7.61 in 2 O.K.

b - 0.85/~ ab= Ash

(0.85)(4) a(12) = (6)(40)

a= 5.88 in
a 5.88 .
C = f3 I = 0 _85 = 6.92 lll

~ =d- C = 20.5 - 6.92 = 1.% 2

0.003 C 6.92

€1 = (0.003)(1.962) = 0.0059 > 0.004 O.K.

Table 3.1 Maximum reinforcement ratio Pmax for tension reinforcement only
(Rectangular section)

fy (MPa)
l e= 20 MPa le =25 MPa fc = 30 MPa f e = 35 MPa
1 = 0.85 /31 = 0.85 !31= 0.85 /3, = 0.81
280 0.0221 0.0276 0.0331 0.0370
350 0.0177 0.0221 0.0284 0.0296
420 0.0147 0.0184 0.0237 0.0247

/y (kgf/cm2 ) /, =200 kgf/cm

2
fc = 250 kgf/cm2 fr= 300 kgf/cm 2 fc =350 kgf/ cm2
/31= 0.85 f31 =0.85 /31= 0.85 /3, =0.81
2800 0.0221 0.0276 0.0330 0.0368
3500 0.0177 0.0221 0.0264 0.0295
4200 0.0147 0.0184 0.0220 0.0246

/y (psi)
fc = 3000 psi le= 4000 psi le= 5000 psi le= 6000 psi
fli = 0.85 {Ji = 0.85 /31= 0.8 /31 = 0.75
40000 0.0232 0.0309 0.0364 0.0410
50000 0.0186 0.0248 0.0291 0.0328
60000 0.0155 0.0206 0.0243 0.0273
 3.5 M aximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ratios 3J

Minimum Reinforcement Ratio Pmin

Although the ACI code limits the minimum reinforcement ratio Pmin = 200/fy ,
this equation will not be sufficient for compressive strength/c and will not be
greater than 5000 psi (35 MPa). For more detail about Pmin (see Table 3.2).
200
fy(psi)
, Pmin = (3.7)
1.4
SI
fy(MPa)

For rectangular section. Where the minimum area of steel As.min is required
for tensile reinforcement, the following equation determine that for
rectangular section (ACI- 10.5.1).

200 bwd 3
< ~ bwd
/re
h
As.min= (3.8)
1.4 bwd
fy 4
/re
< f y bwd SI

Where l = compressive strength at 28 - day, psi (MPa)

bw = width of web, in (mm)
d = effect depth, in (mm)
fy = steel yield

For T-section. The ACI- 10.5.2 gives new formula for T-Section with bw is
width of the flange in tension by

As.min= (3 .9)

SI
32 3.5 Maximum and Minimum Reinfo rcement Ratios

Table 3.2 Minimum reinforcement ratio Pmin

SJ units Inch - pound units

le (MPa) Pmin. le (psi) Pmin.

less than 34.5 1.4/J; les than 5000 200/J;

34.5 1.5//y 5000 215/.{y
41.3 1.6/J;, 6000 230/fv
48 .26 1.8/f;, 7000 250/fv
55.1 l.95/J; 8000 270/fy

Example 3.6
Calculate the minimum area of steel A s.min for the cross-section, as shown
in Fig.3.10. Assumefy = 420 MPa,lc = 30 MPa and As= 700 mm 2 .

b = 250 mm 0.003 0.85/c

aii+--1--- C

••• ••• T

Figure 3.10

Solution.

Use Pmax. = 0.0237 (From Table 3.1)

Pmin. = ~= l.4 = 0.0033 (From Table 3.2)

Jy 420

p 2507~~50) = 0.00622
Pmin. < P < Pmax O.K
 3.6 Crack Control 33

Minimum reinforcement from Eq. (3.8)

Asmi·n = 1.4 bwd = 1.4(250)(450) = 375 mm2

· · /y 420

As = 700 mm 2 > As.min = 375 mm2 O.K

3.6 CRACK CONTROL

Cracking in the reinforced concrete is resulted from the temperature change,

flexural stress, the overload, the ratio of steel in the concrete and the
shrinkage. The concrete exposed to higher strain that means wider opening
crack, where using Grade 60 in the kind of steel. ACI code permitted an
opening crack width 0.013 and 0.016 in (0.4 and 0.32 mm) and the service
load steel stress is 0.60 /y, that result from overload factor divided by flexure
strength reduction ¢ = 0.90. On the other hand, if the opening crack reached
the steel in the tension zone, the member of concrete will be in the range of
deterioration by corrosion. The ACI code preparation (ACI - 10.6.4) is
based on the Gergley - Lutz, and the equation for the concrete beam is:

w=C/3/s~ (3.10.a)

and from Gergley-Lutz equation (3.27) is used a value of (3 = 1.2

" .
. /.
• ...,, .• • P'

.· ls = 0.6 Jy .. ~·

Figure 3.11
- y
A= 2dcy

Where
w = maximum crack width at the tension fiber (mm or in).
/3 = distance from out-side surface to neutral axis of crack equal
to 1.2 for beam and 1.3 for one-way slab.
C = experimental constant (0.076).
34 3.6 Crack Control

Is = stress of service load in steel (MPa or ksi).

Ac = effective area in concrete under tension zone divided by
number of bars Ae/m (mm 2 or in 2) where m number of steel
bars.
de = distance from the lower fiber to the center of first layer of bars.

w 3l-]A
Z = C f3 = Is y de Ac from Eq. (3.10)

~ 145 k/in
1
Exterior Z = ~ ) = 142.54 k/in
0.076 1.2

Interior Z = _ ~~1. ) = 175.43 k/in

0 07 2
~ 175 k/in

Z = is vdc Ac (3.10.b)

and is = 0.6/y (ksi) MPa

The ACI 10.6.4 limited Z is not more than 145 k/in (25.5 MN/m) for
exterior exposure, and for interior exposure Z is not more than 175 k/in
(30.5 MN/m), these limitations are corresponded with the maximum
opening of crack.
In the ACI-02, section 10.6.4 the Z factor requirements are replaced by
providing a condition for the spacing y of reinforcment closest to a surface
in tension, where y shall not exceed that given by:

540 36
y = -y;- 2.5 Cc :::;: 12 (Is)
(3.11)

where Is (ksi or MPa) is the reinforcement stress calculated at service load. It

is permitted to take Is as 60% of the yield strength.
For the usual case of beams with Grade 60 reinforcement and 1.5 inch
clear cover to main reinforcement, with Is = 36 ksi, the maximum bar
spacing y in Fig. 3 .11 is 11.25 inch.
 3.6 Crack Control 35

Example 3.7
Compute the crack control Z for exterior exposure. Ifh = 40 ksi and
1.5 in. clear cover.

·_,- . #4 stirrup
• ·P ·

.·..... t

3#11

b = 14 in

Figure 3.12

Solution.

Z = ls <fdc Ac= 0.6 (40) </de Ac

de= 1.5(cover) +0.50(stirrup) + 1(1.41)#11 bar= 2.7in

Ac = area of concrete (Ae) = 2 (2.7) 14 = _ in 2

25 2
number of bars (m) 3

f~ = 0.6 fy = 0.6 (40) = 24 ksi

and
Z = ls </de Ac= 24 ij2.7 (25.2) = 98 k/in < 145 k/in O.K

Example 3.8
For the cross-section in Fig. 3 .13 determine the crack control,
h = 400 MPa and the dimensions of the beam (see Fig. 3.13.)

... .P
¢, 10 stirrups
4¢,20 mm.

b = 300mm

Figure 3.13
36 3.7 Singly Reinforced Beams

Solution.
Use Eq. (3.10 .b) to solve Z by SI units
Z = ls vdc Ac
de = 50 mm (cover) + 10 mm stirrup + ~ (20mm) = 70 mm
Ac = 2(701300 = 10, 500 mm2

ls = 0.6/y = 0.6 (400) = 240 MN/m2

and
Z = 240 ij70 (IO, 500) = 21 , 660 MN.~m = 21.66 MN/m
m

Z = 21.66 MN/m < 25.5 MN/m O.K

3.7 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

A rectangular section beam with tension steel only is one that has been
nominal strength taking into consideration, the reinforcement in the tension
area. The rectangular section is also called singly reinforced section and the
reinforced that place in the compression area, to increase the strength of the
cross-section in that area.
The ACI 10.2.5 neglected the tensile strength in axial and flexural
calculations. Thus the important dimensions in this section are depth d,
width b and area of steel As. The depth is defined from the top surface in
cross-section to the center of the layer of steel in the tension zone, as shown
in Fig. 3.14 and the width is the whole width of cross-section.
The steel of area is an actual number required for cross - section. The
nominal strength Mn can be expressed as follows.
a
Mn= C (d- 5)
7 (3 .12)

From equilibrium (Fig.3.14.):

C=T (3.13)

0.85l ba = Asfy
Where Mn is the nominal moment, C is the compressive force acting on the
compression area and Tis the tension force acting on the tension reinforcement.
 3.7 Singly Reinf orced Beams 37

0.85 /c

h
.. /
~-J
.......
. .
. .•. As . . ;
, .. T
b

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Cross-section Strain Stress Rectangular stress

Figure 3.14 Whitney compressive stress block.

Asfy
a=--- (3.14)
0.85 ! ~b
Substitute A s = p bd and multiplying both top and bottom by d
(pbd)fy(d) p /yd
a= = (3.15)
(0.85/J b(d)
I I
0.85 fc

From moment equilibrium:

a
Mn= Asfy (d- -:j) (3.16)

Or substituting Eq. (3.13) into Eq. (3.16) to give

I a
Mn= 0.85fc ba (d-
2)
(3 .17)

When Eq. (3.15) substituted into Eq. (3.17) gives

_ I ( p /yd ) ( P /yd )
Mn - 0.85 f c 0 _85 f~ b d- 2 (0 .85 / ~)

= r db
P1 y
(d - p /yd)
1.7 f~

(
1_ J!.fz___) (3.18)
1.7 !~

(3.19)
38 3.7 Singly Reinforced Beams

Where M u is a factored moment (required flexural strength) and ¢ M n is

designed strength where ¢ = 0.9.

¢Mn = cpp /y bd
2
(1-/!;J (3.20)

Where p should be between the maximum and the minimum range of its value
Pmax > P> Pmin

.,. d h

••••• b

Example 3.9
Assuming that b = 12 in, d = 20 in,/c = 4000 psi and/y = 50000 psi.
Determine the nominal moment Mn.

b = 12 in 0.85 / c
'.
,----< + - - - C = 0.85 f: ab

d = 20 in
3# 11 ,

•••• ~ - - - . T = Asfy
As = 4.68 in 2

Figure 3.15

Solution.
From equilibrium equation:

T=C

Or A s /y = 0.85 f~ ba
 3.7 Singly Reinforced Beams 39

4.68 (50) = 0.85 (4) 12 a

4.68(50) .
a= 0.85 (4) 12 = 5 ·73 m

From Eq. (3.17)

Mn = C (d-~)
5 3
= o.85 (4) 12 (5.73) ( 20 - ·; )

= 233 .8 (17 .13) =

40
~i· 1
= 333.8 ft.kips

Example 3.10
A rectangular beam has b = 350 mm, d = 550 mm,fy = 350 MPa,/c = 25
MPa and As= 2640 mm 2 . Calculate the nominal moment strength Mn.

Solution.
Reinforcement ratio is:
As 2640
p = bd = 350 X 550 = O.Ol3 7

From Eq. (3.18) the nominal moment strength M n is

= pf bd2
Jy
(1 - ph
1.7 !~
)
2 ( 0.0137 (0.350))
= 0.0137 (0.350) (350) (550) 1- 1.7 (0.025)

= 507670.6 (0.887) =
45
~iii.4 = 450 KN.m

By using Eq. (3.13) the M n is:

2640 (0.350) = 0 .85 (0.025) (350) a

a= 2640 (0.350) = 124 _2 mm

0.85 (0.025) (350)

( 2a) = 924 (550 -

M 11 = T d -
124.2)
- -
2
450419
= lOOO = 450 KN.m
40 3.8 Design of Singly R einforced Beams

3.8 DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

There are two conditions of flexural failure in the design of singly reinforced
beams. First, the failure occurs through yielding of tension steel. Second, the
failure occurs on weakness of concrete compression zone. In section 3.3,
discuss and solve the problem to find the nominal moment strength M n, and
this section should reduce the Mn by the strength factor ¢ = 0.90 to obtain
the design moment strength ¢ M n.
The reinforcement ratio p must be not less than Pmin · and not greater than
Pmax· to obtain the area of steel As required for the section beam.
A rectangular beam in this design under singly reinforced must obtain the
depth d and width b, also keep in mind that area of steel As should be
between maximum area A s.max. and minimum area A s.min. as determined by
equation (3 .8) from ACI code.
For the area steel, the reinforced ratio and the design strength, must be
checked during the design procedure. The following steps are required for
singly reinforcement design.
1 - Select value of singly reinforcement ratio p, but not less than Pmin. and
greater than Pmax.
From Eq. (3.5).
0.364 /31 ! ~
Pmax = fy

Where l e'S 4 ksi (30 MPa) /31 = 0.85

4 ksi < l e< 8 ksi

/31 = 0.85 - 0.05 ifc ksi - 4)

30 MPa <l e<58 MPa

/31 = 0.85 - 0.007 (f~ MPa - 30)

f ~> 8 ksi (58 MPa) /31 = 0.65

Pmax. is given in Table 3.1.

 . 3.8 Design of Singly Reinforced Beams 4J

2 - Calculate the minimum depth hmin. by using Table 3.3.

3 - From Eq. (3.20) obtain the depth d, and width b of rectangular section.
After depth d has been established, add 2.5 in (65mm) from center of
the first layer of steel to the fiber of section to cover the steel from fire
or corros10n,
M = p + bd 2
n Jy
(1 - 1.7/~
/y )
p

4 - Compute the area of steel As from the following equation. and it

should be between the maximum and the minimum area of steel.
As= p bd
where p is computed from step 1.
5 - Check the required strength; Mu must be equal to or less than the
design strength¢ Mn.
¢ Mn 2: Mu
6 - Check the crack control if it is not more than 145 k/in (25.5 MN/m)
and 175 k/in (30.5 MN/m) for exterior exposure and interior exposure.

Z=fs~ (3.10.b)

Table 3.3 Minimum thickness of beams or one-way slabs unless deflections are
computed (ACI code Table (9.5a)

Minimum Thickness, h (in)

Member Simply One End Both Ends Cantliver

Support Continous Continous

Solid one
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/ 10
way slabs

Beams or ribbed
L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
one-way slabs

a) length Lis in inchs (m). Value should be used normal-weight with/;, = 60 ksi (414 MPa). A unit
weight for concrete in the rang 90 and 120 Ib/ft 3 (1500 - 2000 kg/m 3) multiply the alue in the Table
by 1.65 - 0.005w (1.65 - 0.0003w) but not less than 1.09, thew is unit weight in Ib/ft 3 (kg/m3).

b) The value of/y other than 60 ksi should be multiplied by (0.4 + ({y/100,000)), (0.4 + J 0
) SI
42 3.8 Design of Singly R einforeed_Beams

Example 3.11
Determine a rectangular beam size b, d and As that has a dead load
moment MD= 55 ft-kips and a live load moment ML= 40 ft-kips. If
f ~= 4000 psi and /y = 50000 psi.
0.003 0.85/c

,.,.____, +------ C

h d =?

' .
'-----+-T
Strain
b =?
1~
Figure 3.16

Solution.
a - Solve for Pb from Eq. (3.4)

0.85 f31l e ( 87,000 )

Pb=
/y 87,000 + /y

= 0.85 (0.85) 4 ( 87 ) = 0.036

Pb 50 87 + 50

= 0.364 f31 l e=0.364 (0.85) (4) = O

Pmax. /y 50 ·025

200 200
Pmin. = /y = OOO = 0.004 From Eq. (3 .7)
50

Select value of p between Pmin. and Pmax.

p = 0.013

b - Compute required moment strength Mu

Mu = 1.2 MD+ 1.6 ML = 1.2 (55) + 1.6 (40) = 130 ft - kips
M 11 =Mu/</> = 130/0.9 = 144.4 ft - kips
From Eq. (3.20)
144.4 (12) = p /y bd 2 (1 - p/ify' )
1.7 e
 3 .8 Design of Singly Reinforced Beams 43
50
= (0 013) 50 bd 2 (1 - O.Ol3 ( ))
. 1.7 (4)
1733 = 0.587 bd 2
bd 2 = 2952in 3

Try b = 12 in

d= ~= 15.7in '.:::' 16in

c - The required area of steel is

As= p bd = 0.013 (12) (16.0) = 2.50 in2 (1612.6 mm2)
From Table 2.5, use 3#9 bars, As= 3 in 2 (4¢25 mm, As= 1960 mm 2 )
d - Total depth his
h = d + 2.5 in (cover) = 16.0 + 2.5 = 18.5 in
e - Check for beam width ands = db or 1.0 in whichever is greater
b = 2 (cover) + 2 (# 4 bars stirrup) + I: db
+ 2 (min. bar spacing)
= 2(1.5) + 2(0.5) + 3(1.128) + 2(1.128) = 9.7in < 12 in O.K

. • • p

·P

"3#9·.

de= 2.5 in
.5 .5
l ll l s l l s l ll l
1111 11 1111
1.5 db db db 1.5

b = 12 in

f - Check the crack control y from Eq. (3 .11)

y =
540
is - 2.5 Cc :S 12 (36)
is
Cc = 1.5 in

ls = 0.6 h = 0.6 (50) = 30 ksi

44 3.8 Design of Singly R einforced Beams

y = 540 - 2.5 (1.5) = 14.25 :a:; 12 (36) = 14.4 mch

.
30 30

Yactual = ~ [b - 2 (cover) - 2 (#4 bar stirrups) - db]

= ~ [12 - 2 (1.5) - 2(0.5) - 1.128] = 3.436 < 14.25

O.K

Example 3.12
A rectangular beam has b = 350 mm, h = 650 mm and As = 2450
mm 2 (5¢25mm). Using/c = 30 MPa,/y = 400 MPa, and modulus of
elasticity Es = 200, 000 MPa. Determine the nominal moment strength
and check for the maximum area of steel.

b = 350 mm 0.003 0.85/c

h = 650
mm
.,.
_d _ _l__
: 5 ¢25 mm
. '

25 mm
~--.- T
...L 50 mm

Figure 3.17

Solution
assume !31 = 0.85 fc = 30 MPa
Cmax 0.003
---=-----
d Ee + Et 0.003 + 0.004
0.003
Cmax 0.00 3 + 0.00 4 dbottom layer

Cmax = 0.4286 d

Computed for two layers of steel

d = h - 50mm (cover) - 10mm (stirrup) - 25mm (diameter of bar)
-12.5 mm (a half clear distance between two layers)
= 650 - 50 - 10 - 25 - 12.5 = 552.5 mm
 3.9 Doubly R einforced Beams 45

Compute d for bottom layer

dbottom layer = 650 - 50 - 10 - 12.5 = 577.5 mm

. ' .

12.5mm
••• • 20mm
10mm
50mm
'--~--'-~~~~-'----,.<--

Cmax = 0.4286 X 577.5 = 247.5 mm

Gmax = /31 (c) = 0.85 (247.5) = 210.4 mm
Cmax = Tmax

Cmax = 0.85 f c bamax

= 0.85 (0.03) (350) (210.4) = 1877 KN

A = 1877 (1000) _ 4694 2

s.max - mm
400
= 2450 mm 2 < As,max. = 4694 mm2 O.K

The actual nominal moment strength Mn

T=C
As fy = 0.85/c ba

2450 (0.400) = 0.85 (0.03) (350) a

980
a = _ = 110mm
8 92
= T(d- ~) = 980 ( 0.5525 - O.~IO) = 487.5 KN.m

3.9 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly reinforced beams are used for steel in the compression and tension zone
in order to help necessary moment in the compression. The steel in compression
also used to improve section ductility that reduces long-term deflection.
46 3.9 Doubly Reinforced Beams

The analysis of singly reinforced beam is the same as that for doubly
1
reinforced beam except d , A: and l e,1
where d is the distance from the
center of the top steel to the surface of extreme fiber and A:
is an amount of
steel in the compression zone. The minimum thickness of overall depth must
be satisfied with Table 3.3 to define if the deflection is concerned or not.

0.003 0.85/c -d'

l
~2
.,
•
N.A
a
I J_ Cs=
1+-------1-
A:/,
Cc = 0.85 fc ba

......
'. A;

b
. '

Figure 3.18 Doubly reinforced beam.

The procedure of nominal strength for doubly reinforced beam is

Mn=M1+M2
Where Mn is nominal moment

M1 = Ast / y ( d - ~)
1
M2 = A:Jy (d- d )

Mn= Cc (d-~) +Cs (d-d')

From equilibrium equation, the total tension force is equal to the compression
force.

T= C= Cc+ Cs (3 .21)

Cc = 0.85 l eba
(3.22)

Where Cc is the compression force in the concrete, and Cs is the compression

force in the steel.
If Cc + Cs # T, the distance x was assumed small or large value, try to
increase or decrease the distance x until achieve the equilibrium equation
correctly (T = Cc + Cs).
 3 .9 Doubly Reinforced Beams 47

The initial assuming of x distance, using the ratio between x and a.

a
x=-
/31
Figure 3.18 illustrates the strain triangle to calculate.
1

c:' = (x - d ) (cc)
s X
fy
cy=-
Es

O.K
If { c~ > cy
cs < cy The beam does not comply with ACI code

Check area steel As

Max. As = A: + Pmax. bd

If { As,max. 2:: As O.K

As,max. < As n.g

The stirrups are required to be used around the steel bars in beams.

Example 3.13
A cross - section beam has b = 10 in (254 mm), d = 16 in (406 mm),
As= 4.68 in 2 (3019 mm2), A:= 0.62 in 2 (400 mm2),J: = 3 ksi (20.69 MPa)
and/y = 50 ksi (344.7 MPa). Calculate the nominal moment.

d
1
= 2.5 in 0.85 fc

:==
~ C,= A:/,

A'. = 0.62 in 2 . ·
. ·I

• p •
_J_ 1 a
1---1+--c=c+c
C, = 0.85 fc ha

...
·. A, = 4.68 in 2

Es > Ey
'----~-. T
d-f!:_
2

I~ b=lOin ~I

Figure 3.19
48 3.9 Doubly Reinforced Beams

Solution.
Assume.ls =h
From equilibrium equation
T= C= Cc+Cs
T = As fy = 4.68 (50) = 234 kips (1040 KN)
234 =Cc+ Cs
Cs= A:/y = 0.62 (50) = 31 kips (138 KN)
Determine the compression of concrete
Cc= 234 - 31 = 203 kips
Compute a
Cc = 0.85l ba = 25.5 a

a = J~.~ = 8 in. (200 mm)

Compute x distance

X= ; = 0.!
= 9.4 in. (240 mm)
5 1
Determine the strain in compression steel

E: = X ~ d' Ee=
9
.4 ~/·
9
5
(0.003) = 0.0022
/y 50
Ey = Es = 29000 = 0.0017
I
Es > Ey O.K
fs is equal to h as assumed in the begining.
Compute Mn
Mn= M1 +M2
M1 = C
C
(d- 13:.)2 = 203
(16 - ~) _!_ = 203 ft-k
2 12
I 1
M2 = Cs (d- d) = 31 (16 - 2.5) = 34.87 ft-k
12
¢ Mn = ¢ (M, + M2) = 0.9 (203 + 34.87) = 214 ft-k
Or, compute Mn by the following equation
1
¢Mn=¢ ( Cs (d- d ) + Cc ( d- ~))
 3.10 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams 49

3.10 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

As mentioned previously, the section has compression and tension reinforced

known as doubly reinforced beam, when the section moment exceeds the
maximum moment that needs more steel bars in the compression zone.
The calculation procedure for design moment of cross-section of beam with
doubly reinforced is illustrated by a reinforcement yield or does not yield at
failure.
There are two types of solving the example for doubly reinforced beams.
Type (1 ), if the reinforcement yield.
Since the compression steel is strained at its yield point assume
c: > cy and Es > Ey 1: = h
Where c:, fs are the strain and stress in the compression steel.
T = Cc + Cs
Cs = A: fs
T
As
h
Cc = 0.85/c ba
The obtain a value of a
a
x=-
f31
Check to ensure the assumed value of c:
I
I x -d
c s = - - (cc)
X
If c: is greater than Ey as assumed above
1
Mn = Cc ( d - ~) + Cs (d - d )

Type (2), if the reinforcement is not yield.

Assuming c: > Ey and 1:= h
Since the procedure is the same in the reinforcement yield, until check its
strain to know if the strain is satisfied or unsatisfied.
T= Cc + Cs
Cs= A: fs
Cc = T- Cs
50 _3.10 Design of Doubly_ Reinfarced Beams

Check if c: greater than cy

1
I x-d
c =-- (cc)
s X
If c: less than cy
That means compression steel is not yield with the value of x
Try greater value of x and obtain a, then repeat the calculations until
achieving the value of c: > cy.
Then, continue the calculations to obtain A:, As and Mn
Where As2 is additional steel, and A: is comperssion steel.
1: = c: Es
A'=
Top.
s if: - Cs0.85 I~) and

T2
Bot. As2 = ly and

As= As1 +A.a

Then, Mn is equal to:
1
Mn Cc(d-~)+cs(d-d )

¢ Mn = Multiply 0.90 by value of Mn

Example 3.14
A doubly - reinforced concrete section has b = 400 mm, d = 600 mm,
IY = 400 MPa, 1:
= 35 MPa, Es= 200000 MPa and the nominal
moment required Mn= 1400 KN.m. Calculate the A: and As.

0.003 0.85 le I

,I I
I I
d
.--Cs
I
~ : _l_a/2 Cc
:4,
d= 600mm

. As
'-----+T

h=400mm
14------.....1

Figure 3.20
 _3 .10 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams 5J

Solution.
Determine the maximum distance x
max

= 0.003 (0.600) = 0.26 (260 mm)

xmax 0.003 + 0.004

Gmax = /31 X
max.
= 0.81 (0.26) = 0.21 m (210 mm)

Cc = 0.85 /c ba = 0.85 (0.035) 400 (210) = 2499 KN

26 50
c: = ~~ (0.003) = 0.0024

Since c: > Ey = 0.002, compression steel yield andfs = /y

From singly reinforced beam Mn

Mn1 = C ( d - ~) 10100

= 2499 ( 600 - -210) - 1 = 1237 KN.m

2 1000

= M 11 - M 11 1 = 1400 - 1237 = 163.0 KN.m

= Cs (d- d')

required Cs Mn2 = 163 (1000) = 296 KN

(d-d') 600-50
= A: (/y - 0.85 / ~)

A's 296 2
(0.4 _ 0 _03 ) = 800 mm
(fy - 0.85 JJ
From Table 2.6, use 4 ¢ 16 mm bars, A:= 804 mm 2
T= Cc+ Cs= 2499 + 296 = 2795 KN
Compute for required As

T 2795 2
As=-= - - = 6987.5mm
!v 0.4
Use 10 ¢ 30 mm bars, As= 7070 mm 2
52 3. 10 Design of Doubly Reinfo rced Beams

Example 3.15
A rectangular reinforced beam with/c = 3500 psi, f y = 50000 psi and
an architect allows the dimensions of beam are b = 13 in, d = 26 in
and maximum moment Mu = 380 ft-k. Investigating if the tension
steel enough or add steel in the compression zone. If so calculate for
A: and As.

b = 13 in
- 0.85 /,
I Id' .__ c,
2#5 - - ·- I
1
a 1 .__ Cc

., .

· As .
6#8 ~----.T

Figure 3.21

Solution. Design tension reinforcement only

From Eq. (3.2) the Pb is:

0.85 (3.5) 0.85 ( 87 )

Pb = 50 87 + 50 = 0.032
For deflection, the ACI code limited 0.35 Pb
p = 0.35 (0.032) = 0.011
Area steel with tension only is:
As = p bd = 0.011 (26 X 13) = 3.8 in2
T= As/y = 3.8 (50) = 190 k
From equilibrium
T =C
190 = 0.85(3 .5) 13a

190 .
a = 38.67 = 5m

X = o.!5 = 5.88 in
 3.10 Design of Doubly R einforced Beams _ 53

Mn = T ( d- ~) = 190 (26 -J) / 2

= 372 ft.k

¢ Mn = 0.90 (372) = 334.8 ft.k < Mu = 380 ft.k n.g

The section needs more strength, that means, a design section as a
compression steel.
Check for strain e: from the triangular, as shown in Fig. 3.21.

x-2.5 X
= Ee (X - 2.5) = 0.003 (5 .88 - 2.5) = O.OOl 7245
X 5.88
= fy = _22.__ = 0.0017241
Es 29000
e: > ey compression steel yield

Mn = 380 - 334.8 = 45 .2 ft. k

Lever arm = 26 - 2.5 = 23.5 in
T (arm)= M

T = 45 .2 (12)
2
= 23 k
23.5
T2 = Cs
T2 23 . 2
As2 = fy = = 0.46 m
50

As =As!+ As2
As = 3.8 + 0.46 = 4.26 in2
Cs = 23 k

e: = 0.0017245
fs = (0.0017245) (29 000) = 50 ksi

Cs = (f ls - 0.85 / ) I
c As

I 23 • 2
As = (50 - 0.85 (3.5)) = 0.4 9 m
use 2#5 bars, A: = 0.62 in 2 (compression)
2
and 6#8 bars, As = 4.74 in (tension)
54 3.11 Analysis of Flanged Sections

3.11 ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTIONS

The T, I and L - sections are used as members of reinforced concrete structures

that means the beam and floor slab can act as one unit in the structure. As a
result, the top portion of the flange is called T-section, and the portion under
the flange or T-shape is called the stem as shown in Fig. 3.22

he be he

h stem or web . ' . h

he
(b)

Figure 3.22 Flange section; (a) T-section, (b) I-section, (c) L-section.

The flange of T-beam has been produced by the slab thickness ls and the bw
is the width of the stem or web that joined with T-section.
The flange of T-beam is produced from precast concrete, and used as a
member of structure not only to carry a large compression force, but also to
produce a large distance of the internal position that result of compression
stresses closed to compression surface.
A flange is usually placed to carry enough compression to avoid brittle
failure in compression zone that confirmed by a neutral axis and the depth of
T-beam should be determined by a thickness of slab.
Figure 3.23a shows the locations of neutral axis that means when the
neutral axis within flange thickness the section may be analyzed as a
rectangular beam. If the neutral axis position is outside the flange as shown
in Fig. 3.23b. Analysis as a different method.

stem or web . , stem or web

Figure 3.23 Neutral axis locations.

 3.11 Analy sis _of Flanged Sections 55

Effective Width he
The ACI code limits the effective width of T-section and L-section as the
smallest of the following.

a) For T-section
1
be =
4 (beam span L)
be = bw + 2 (8) ts

be = from center to the next center of beams (!)

Where ts is the slab thickness and Lis the length of the beam

Rectangular stress
be

ts I

Figure 3.24 Stress distribution for T - section.

b) For L - section
The effective width be should be taken as the smallest of the following.
1
be = bw + (beam span L)
12

1
be = bw +
2 Lc1ear
Where t is the slab thickness and Lc1ear is the clear distance between interior
face of two beams
56 3 :1J Analysis of Flanged Sectio1:s

be -------.. f
f'
(a) (b)

Figure 3.25 (a) L - section, (b) T - section.

The analysis of T-section, when the position of neutral axis occurs in two
cases: (1) the distance is equal to or within the flange; and (2) the neutral axis
is outside the flange.

Case 1: The neutral axis is equal to or less than ls.

When the neutral axis is width ls the section may be analyzed as singly
reinforced beam and the As is equal to or less than:

A < 0.85/c be l
s _ /y (3.23)

I
As/y = 0.85fc be l (3.24)

Where be is the effective width of T-section which replaced by b in a

rectangular section.
I
C = 0.85 Jc be a (3.25)

T= Asfy
_ _ _be
__.::_____I Ee
0.85 fc
ts I-----f:±-:!::!::±.'.::!:;!:i~c1f.=±f:±;;:±.!-'-N._AD;_ _ _ _ a :$ ts :I c----- -+---- C

d-x

T= Asfy

Figure 3.26 Neutral axis within the flange

 3.11 Analysis of Flanged Sections 57

Case 2: The neutral axis outside the flange.

Since the neutral axis is outside the flange, the section may be divided into
two internal moments M1and Mw with Mi resulting from the moment of the
flange and M w from the moment of the rectangular beam.
(3.26)
(3.27)

(3.28)

From Eq. (3.27) and (3.28), the Eq. (3.26) becomes

Where
Mn = 0.85 f~ At ( d - i) + 0.85 /c Aw ( d - ~) (3.29)

(3.30)

(3.31)

be

. p .• .. p .

I~

and

T - (0.85
a----~--
AJ) /c (3.32)
- 0.85/~ bw

Figure 3.27 Distribution force.

58 3.12 Design of Flanged Sections

3.12 DESIGN OF FLANGED SECTIONS

The design purposes for T-beam as a part of continuous beams will depend
on the dimensions of the stem and flange to resist the positive moment that
becomes flange in compression or resists the negative moment where the
flange will not be effected. The following examples will give a clear evidence
for dealing with both cases of T-section.

Example 3.16
The section shown in Fig. 3.28 which is required to design the nominal
moment strength Mn of the floor system, consists of 4 in, effective
depth d = 22 in. and the beam has a web width 12 in. Usef~ = 3000
psi andfy = 60000 psi. Check cracks when Z::; 145 kips/in.

ls = 4" t
be= 23 in 0.85/c
a-4J TC-085/, (b,a)

, · d= 22 in
As = 4.0 in 2
.. •.•
"4#9, ~-_,_. T= As fy
bw = 12"

Figure 3.28

Solution. Calculate the steel tension as a rectangular section.

Assume a ts= 4 in.
C T

C = 0.85 / c bea
= 0.85 (3) 23 (4) = 234.6 k
= (Tor C) _ 234.6 _ . 2
As h - 60 - 3.91 m
Use 4#9 bars, As = 4.0 in 2

T = fy As = 60 (4.0) = 240 k

240 .
a - 0.85 (3) (23) =
4m

O.K
 3.12 Design of Flanged Sections 59

As a rectangular section

M = 240 (22 - ~)
n 2
_!_
12
= 400 ft-k

Check the crack control Z < 145 kips/in

Z = ls ~/de Ac
de = 2.5 in (for one layer)

Ac = 2 (2.5) 4 (# !; bars)

12
= 5 X = 15 in2
4
ls = 0.6 (60) = 36 ksi
Z = 36 v2.5 x 15 = 120.5 kips/in < 145 kips/in O.K

Example 3.17
The T-beam section as shown in Fig. 3.29 has bw = 300 mm, ts= 95 mm
of slab supported by 7m span with 2.5m center to center, d = 500 mm,
dead load moment is 85 KN.m, live load moment is 170 KN.m,f: = 35
MPa and/y = 400 MPa. Determine the required area of steel As.

be= 1750 mm
C = 0.85 f~ (bea)
a= 17.64
mm
d-13:.
6¢22mm . , · d= 500mm 2
2
As= 2280mm

bw = 300mm

Figure 3.29

Solution. From case 1 the smallest of the effective width is

= ~ = 7000 mm= 1750 mm

4 4
= 1.2 D + 1.6 L
= 1.2 (85) + 1.6 (170) = 374 KN.m
60 3.12 Design of Flanged Sections . _

Mu
¢
Where ¢ = 0.9
374
= _ = 415 .6 KN.m
09

Assume a = ls = 95 mm

9
T (500- ; )

415.6 415 .6
T
9 (0.5 - 0.0475) = 918 .4 5 KN
(500 - ; )

= T = 918.45 = 2296 mm2

fy 0.4

Tis approximate because the value of a is assumed.

T=C
918.45 KN = Ac (0.85) (0.035)
A c = 30872 mm 2

Where Ac is the area of concrete between the effective width be and the
distance of a

30872
a = = 17 .64 mm
17 50

Using the acual value of a to recalculate for Mn and A s

Mn = T (d-~)
764
415.6 = T ( 0.5 - 0.0~ )

T = 846KN
 3.12 Design of Flanged Sections 6J
T 846 2
required A s = -=-=2115mm
fy 0.4

From Table 2.6, use 6 ¢ 22 mm

As = 2280mm2

Example 3.18
The floor in Fig.3.30 consists of 5 in. thickness of slab, A s = 10.16 in 2 ,
f~ = 3000 psi, fy = 40000 psi, bw = 12 in. and be = 30 in. What is the
nominal moment strength?

Sin _ _ _ _ b, _ _ _...

• . .. .

LJ.
. ~
>·· 1·
. LJ ·. i,.

L = 18 ft L = 18 ft

b, = 30 in 0.003
T~ - I C1= 0.85/c ts (be -b.,)
i~·- ~ a= 2.5 in1 I - Cc=C1 +Cw
ls= 5 in I
- . - C., = 0.85 fc bwa
·. i, .· d = 20 in d- !!_ a
2 d
2
T= Asfy
bw = 12 in
Figure 3.30

Solution. Calculate for a distance a

0.85 / c Ac = As fy

A = 10.16 (40) = .
160 2
C 0.85 (3) 1ll

b, = 30 in
l ~ I I 1, ~s;n

b.,. = 12in
62 3.12 D esign of Flanged Sections

Ai = (30-12) ts = 18 (5) = 90in2

9in 9in

A w = A c - AJ = 160 - 90 = 70 in2
bw = 12in

70 5 831n
a=-=
12 .
. ~Ia-'
CJ = 0.85 f~ AJ = 0.85 (3) (90) = 229.5 kips

Cw = 0.85 fc A w = 0.85 (3) 70 = 178.5 kips

Using Eq. (3.29) to solve for M n

Mn = CJ ( d - ~) + Cw ( d - ~)

= 229.5 ( 20 -;) + 178.5 (20 - 2.915)

70 5
= 4016.25 + 3050 = ~~.2 = 589 ft-k

Example 3.19
An I-section beam has 1: = 4000 psi, h = 60000 psi, h = 24 in. and
other details shown in Fig 3.31. Determine the maximum area A s,max.
and balanced area Asb according to ACI code.
b = 20in
C = 0.85/~ A c

d = 21.5 in
.4i~

. • • . .. . 2
· .. 4 in •. ..•As T = Asfy
. . . . = 5 .4. in

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3.31 I - section beam9 .

 3.12 Design of Flanged Sections 63

X = ( 87 , 000 ) d
b 87,000 + /y

87
~
60
(21.5) = 12.7in

a = /31 xb = 0.85 (12.7) = 10.8 in

Determine the balanced area of steel Asb

Cc = 0.85/c A c

Where Ac = A 1 + A2 (as shown in Fig.3.31)

Ac = 20 X 4 + 6.8 X 4 = 107.2 in 2
Cc = 0.85 (4) 107.2 = 364.5 kips
Cc = T= Asb/y

364.5 . 2
Asb = (50= 6.07m

0 003
· d = 0.4286 d
xmax 0.003 + 0.004
= (0.4286) (21.5) = 9.21 in
Gmax = /31 Xmax = 0.85 (9.21) = 7.83 in

Ac = A1 + A2
= 20 X 4 + 3.83 X 4 = 95.32 in 2

Cc = 0.85 (4) (95.32) = 324 kips

Cc = T = A s.max /y
324 . 2
As.max= 60 = 5.4 Ill
64 Problems

PROBLEMS

3.1 A rectangular cross - section of the beam 13 in. wide by 20 in. deep as
shown in Fig. 3.1. Use le= 4 ksi,_{y = 50 ksi and the beam has 14 ft
length. Find the cracking moment Me, and concentrated load P.

P= ?

h
i
l F
'
'
-. .
.
1
h = 20 in
L = 14 ft '
-,
l
I
'
-
b = 13 in
I" "I
Figure P3.l

3.2 A rectangular cross-section of beam 12 in. wide by 18 in. deep as

illustrated in Fig.P3.2. If h = 50 ksi, le= 3.5 ksi and the beam has
12 ft length. Find the required value of cracking moment Mer and
uniform load Wu.

w=?

•
I\
TTT77
t t t t

~
t
·F•
-.
h
1
= 18 in
L = 12 ft . '

1-
'

b = 12 in
~1
l
Figure P3.2

3.3 Recalculate Prob.3.1 by using SI units where le= 27.5 MPa,

h = 350 MPa, L = 4.25 m, b = 330 mm and h = 500 mm.
3.4 Recalculate Prob. 3.2 by using SI units where le = 25 MPa,fy = 280
MPa, L = 3.6 m, b = 300 mm and h = 460 mm.
3.5 Check the minimum area of steel As,min. and the minimum reinforcement
ratio Pmin for a rectangular cross-section of the beam as shown in
Fig.P3.5. Usefy = 40 ksi (280 MPa) and/c = 4 ksi (27.5 MPa).
 Problems 65

Ee= 0.003

. ·P·
d = 19 in
. p

••••
4#9 bars
As= 4.0 in 2

Figure P3.5
3.6 A rectangular beam has 14 in (350 mm) wide and 26 in (660 mm)
deep (see Fig P3.6). If h = 50 ksi (350 MPa), = 4 ksi (27.5 MPa) fc
and area of steel As is equal to 5.0 in (3225 mm 2). Determine the
2

maximum area of steel As,max. and reinforcement ratio Pmax.

Ee= 0.003

11
d= 23
' ...
· 5 # 9 .b ars
•••••
b = 14" I
I• -
Figure P3.6
3.7 Check the minimum reinforcement ratio Pmin. and the minimum area of
steel As,min. for the cross-section of the beam, as illustrated in Fig.P3. 7. Use
h = 45 ksi (310 MPa),f~ = 3.5 ksi (25 MPa) and As= 3.0 in2 (1935 mm2).
11
b = 10 (250 mm)
------+I

h ~ 18" (450 mm)

I
1 ,.
d =
11
15.5 (390 mm)

. -~·
• p

·3,# 9 bars

Figure P3.7
66 Problems

3.8 Check the crack control according to ACI code for the cross-section
under exterior exposure (see Fig. P3.8). If/:= 4 ksi (27.5 MPa) and
h = 60 ksi (420 MPa). Use# 3 stirrups and clear cover 1.5 in.
11
b = 16 (400 mm)
-----1

~ 28" (635 mm)

1
j
. •·•
h

r )# {o .

I
#3 stirrups

Figure P3.8
3.9 Check the crack control of the beam under exterior exposure. Use 10#8
bars, # 4 stirrups, 1.5 in. clear cover and the clear spacing between two
layers is 1.0 in,fy = 60 ksi and/c = 3.5 ksi.
11
b = 15

#4 stirrups
. ,

••••••
•• • • ••
10 # 8 bars

Figure P3.9
3.10 Compute the nominal moment Mn of a rectangular cross-section for
each case as shown below.
Case /y (ksi) l e(ksi) h (in) d(in) Bars
1 40 3 10 17 3#8
2 50 4 12 19 3#9
3 60 5 14 22 4#9
4 60 4 12 18 4#7
 Problems 67

3.11 Compute the nominal moment Mn of a rectangular cross-section for

each case by using SI units.
Case /y (MPa) le (MPa) h (mm) d (mm) Bars
1 280 20 250 430 3 rp 20 mm
2 350 27 .5 300 480 4¢20 mm
3 420 35 350 560 4¢22mm
4 420 27.5 300 450 4 ¢ 18 mm

3.12 Determine the required area of steel for a rectangular cross-section of

a simply supported beam to carry uniformly distributed live and dead
loads. Select reinforcement ratio between maximum and minimum
ratio for each case. Check for nominal strength.
Case h (in) d (in) J;. (ksi) l e(ksi) w» (k/ft) WL (k/ft) L
1 IO 17 45 3 1.0 1.0 12'
1
2 12 19 50 4 1.25 1.2 14
1
3 14 22 60 5 1.5 1.3 16
4 16 25 60 5 2.0 1.5 18'

h (mm) d (mm) /y (MPa) le (MPa) wo (KN/m) wi (KN/m) L (m)

5 250 430 280 20 10 10 3.6
6 300 480 350 27.5 15 12 4
7 350 560 420 35 20 15 5
8 400 650 420 35 25 20 6

3.13 Determine the required size b, d and area of steel As for a rectangular
cross-section of a simply supported beam. Check the beam width and
assume p = 0.015 for each case as following:

Case WD (k/ft) WL (k/ft) L (ft) /y (ksi) le (ksi)

1 1.75 1.5 16 60 3
2 2.0 1.75 18 50 4
3 2.25 2 20 60 4.5
4 1.5 1.75 22 50 5
68 Problems

WD (KN/m) wL (KN/m) L(m) J;, (MPa) fc (MPa)

5 15 10 4 350 20

6 20 15 5 420 27.5

7 25 22 6 350 35

8 30 26 7 420 35

0.003 0.85/c
I
1-c
I
·~ .

h d=?
. '
. '

T
b=?
I• ~1
Figure P3.13

3.14 Determine the nominal moment Mn for a rectangular cross-section of

the beam having both tension and compression reinforcement where
As = 5.08 in 2 (3276 mm 2), A:= 0.88 in 2 (567 mm2), /y = 45 ksi (310
MPa) and/c = 3.5 ksi (25 MPa).
1 11
d = 2.5 (60 mm) C:c 0. 85/c
_f
• •
I
c:,
a
-1 :-c,
1- - - 1 1 - Cc
~. 11
d= 18
.,
(450 mm)
. '
. '

• •• --
~

~--T
·• ·•
b= 12 in (300 mm)
I• ~I

Figure P3.14
 Problems 69

3.15 Determine the nominal moment strength Mn. If As = 5.0 in 2 (3225

mm 2), A:= 1.32 in 2 (850 mm 2), b = 14 in (350 mm), d = 20 in (500
mm)f~ = 4 ksi (27.5 MPa) and/y = 50 ksi (350 MPa).
3.16 What is the area of steel for tension and compression zone as shown in
Fig.P3.16. If /y = 50 ksi (350 MPa), Ee= 0.003, f~ = 4 ksi (27.5 MPa)
and the nominal moment strength Mn = 600 ft-kips (813 KN.m).

1"~
.. ,

. f
18" (460 mm)

11
b = 10 (260 mm)
I
Figure P3.16

3.17 Recalculate the requirements of Prob. 3.16 and check if the compression
reinforcement yield, /y = 60 ksi (420 MPa) and Mn= 330 ft- kips (447
KN.m).
3.18 In Prob.3.16 calculate the area of steel for tension and compression
zone as illustrated in Fig.P3.16. Use /y = 55 ksi (380 MPa) and
Mn= 350 ft-kips (474 KN.m).
3.19 For a rectangular beam, investigate if the tension reinforcement is
adequate or add reinforcement in compression zone. If so, determine
A: and As. Use /y = 50 ksi (350 MPa), Ee= 0.003, f~ = 4.5 ksi (30
MPa) and Mu = 290 ft-kips (393 KN.m). For deflection, the ACI
code limits 0.35 Pb·

11
d = 18 (460 mm)
'·

b= 12'' (300 mm)

I

Figure P3.19
70 Problems

3.20 For the T-beam section shown in Fig.P3.20 it is required to determine

the nominal moment strength Mn and check the crack control of the
T-beam subject to the exterior exposure. Use_[y = 60 ksi (420 MPa),
f ~= 3.5 ksi (25 MPa) and As = 5.08 in2 .
11
be = 30 (760 mm)

· ~--·~·II ts = 6
11

I .~. .~ (150 mm)

11
'· 20 (500 mm)

bw = 12'' (300 mm)

Figure P3.20

3.21 Redesign Prob.3.20 for area of steel and nominal moment Mn where
11 11
be = 27 (690 mm), ts= 5 (125 mm), / c = 3 ksi (20 MPa) and/y = 50
ksi (350 MPa).
3.22 The T-beam section shown in Fig.P3.22 has bw = 14 in (350 mm),
ts = 5 in (127 mm) of slab is supported by 10 ft (3.2 m) span with 6 ft
(1.8 m) center - to - center of the beam and Mu= 450 ft-kips (610
KN-m). Use fy = 50 ksi (350 MPa) and /~ = 3 ksi (20 MPa).
Determine the following .
(1) the effective width be
(2) area of steel As
(3) Check the nominal moment strength Mn
(4) Check the crack control Z

be = ?
11

I ' I ls = 5
,,

11
18.5

--1
11
bw = 14

Figure P3.22
 Problems 7J

3.23 Redesign Prob.3.22 where Mu= 350 ft-kips (474 KN.m), ts= 5.5 in.
(140 mm), L = 9 ft (3 m) span length with 5 ft (1.6 m) center - to -
center of the beam and bw = 15 in (400 mm).
3.24 Redisgn Prob.3.22, if Mu= 490 ft-kips (664 KN.m), ts= 6 in.
(150 mm) L = 12 ft (3.6 m) span length with 6.5 ft (2 m) center - to -
center of the beam and bw = 14 in (360 mm).
3.25 Compute area of steel and the nominal moment strength Mn for
T - beam section as illustrated in Fig.P3.25. Iffy= 60 ksi (420 MPa),
f~ = 3 ksi (20 MPa) and assume a= 6 in.

·. ,
·.1··1
1

b, = 24 in (610 mm)

ls = 6.5 in (165 mm)

'·. 23 in (580 mm)

i.------.-1

bw = 12 in (300 mm)

Figure P3.25
SHEAR STRENGTH

:c

-I

m
J04 5.1 Introduction

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The shear strength is effected by tension and axial compression and the
beam of concrete is much stronger in compression than in tension. As a
result, most of failures happened namely shear failure, but the stresses
created by moment are much greater than created by shear force.
The diagonal tension is effected to the shear failure from nominal flexural
stress and shear stress; therefore, diagonal tension stress is more concerned
than shear stress. When the moment in the beam exceeds the tensile stress,
the crack will be developed at 45° that will split the concrete beam at the
critical point.

5.2 DIAGONAL TENSION

Vav.
+ + d + + h
30
10 Vmax.
) 20

(a) (b)

2~ (1)

2
2 1

f~! (2)

1 2

!,fr!, ~-
2 1

1
){-
1

(3)

1 2

Figure 5.1 development and diagonal: (a) simply supported beam,

(1) Stress at 1, (2) Stress at 2, (3) Stress at 3.
 5.2 Diagonal Tension J05

Fig.5. la shows the diagonal cracks close to the left support and goes up with
45°, Fig.5.1 (1) shows the diagonal tension on linel-1 which decreased and
the line 2-2 is increased: Fig.5.1 (2) tolerates a tension stress and Fig.5.1 (3)
increases diagonal tension on line 1-1 and decreases diagonal compression
on line 2-2. The tensile stress.ft in elements (1) is equal to shear v and effect
at 45°.
Figure 5.1 b shows shear stress on cross-section and relates between maximum
shear stress and average stress. The shear stress is:

(5.1)

Where
b = the width of cross-section where shear stress is required.
Ix = moment of inertia about x -axis.
V = shear force at section required.
Mx = moment of area over the required level.
v = shear stress at required section.

The ACI Code is used shear stress by dividing V by bwd simply by:

(5.2)

Where bw is width of a rectangular section.

Fig.5.1 (2) illustrates the element two that located below neutral axis, and
tensile stress f combines with shear stress, the tensile stress is:

(5.3)

and their maximum slope tension is:

2v
tan2 '11 =y
Where
f = principal tensile stress

'11 = angle off

J06 5.3 Beam Behavior

5.3 BEAM BEHAVIOR

The primary concern with beam behavior under loading, that divides the
beam for two parts. The first part, which may take an upper place of neutral
axis of the beam that exposed to compression, and the second part takes
lower place of neutral axis of the beam to carry tension.
It is possible to know that the opening cracks will happen in the lower
part of the beam (Fig.5.2).

N.A

Figure 5.2 Tension and compression zone.

Fig.5.2 illustrates the flexural - shear cracks occurred between load and
support that caused by load and also caused along diagonal crack during the
beam loaded, but the beam can carry extra load in region of uncracked
concrete.

.. . . .
~ .Diagonal
......
. ._:: < Ve
-c
. , .· · .· Crack . · L Va
i--__;,,._ _ , _ _ ·- - 1 ! - T

1: ~I Vd

(a) (b)

Figure 5.3 Diagonal tension cracks.

Fig.5.3b illustrates a free-body diagram from the main diagonal crack and
internal force that created from loaded. This load should be equal to shear
resistance Ve that created from compression part, and dowel force Vd
created from bars in tension part to dowel action. The Va is aggregate
interlock. Furthermore, shear force between section x is balanced by dowel
action Vd, Aggregate interlock Va and shear resistance.
 5 .3 Beam Behavior JO 7

The beam failures that may occur, depend on the relation between a and bas
following types;
a - Diagonal tension failure is occurred far from support and applied load.
This failure is happened when the distance a is greater than 4 d
(Fig.5.4).

2.5 < a/d-:;_ 6

Figure 5.4 Diagonal failure.

b - Compression failure is a/ d greater than or equal to 1 and smaller than

or equal 2.5. That occurs when the distance of a is smaller than 4 d. The
diagonal crack will extend until it reaches the load. Before that, the
beam remains carrying more load point until the crushing failure will
occur. This failure is known as shear-compression failure (Fig.5.5).

1 ::; a/d::; 2.5

Load

~ a/2
a

Figure 5.5 Compression failure.

c - Figure 5.6 shows diagonal crack between the support and load. The
a/dis smaller than or equal to 1. That failure happens with deep beam,
when the bar splitting before the shear compression happens and it is
known as shear tension failure (Fig.5.6).
a/d::; 1
J08 5 .4 Shear Strer1gt~ without Stirrups

Load

Figure 5.6 Shear-tension failure.

d - This failure is called flexure failure and the a/dis greater than 6. That
will happen when the span of the beam is long and the depth is small.
When the vertical crack reaches at the zone of a maximum moment
and the crack will be between support of beam and a maximum
moment.
6 < a/d

5.4 SHEAR STRENGTH WITHOUT STIRRUPS

It is assumed that the shear failure is happened in reinforced concrete beam

with no shear reinforcement, only at the moment when the beam loading to
the shear failure happened; but to achieve enough warning before the beam
crushing, the minimum shear reinforcement is required. The shear strength
in the beam occurs when the load creates the diagonal crack as mentioned
early. The ACI code uses the cross-section area to express the nominal shear
stress as:

(5.4)

Where bw is the width of beam web, Ve the nominal shear strength and vis
the shear stress.

The ACI code defines equations for shear strength effected to cross-section
of beam that under flexure and shear by:
 _5 .4 Shear Strength without Stirrups J09

SI (5.6)

Vud
For should be taken less than 1.0
Mu

Where
Mu = factored moment at cross-section
Vu = factored shear force at cross-section
d = depth of section
bw = effective web width of beam
Pw =
As (rem1orcement
bwd
. "' .
ratio)

If the Eq. (5.5) is exceed 3.5 lie bwd and ~dis not smaller than 1.0, the
following equations will be used: u

Ve= 2 lie bwd inch-pound (5.7)

Ve= 0.166 lie bwd SI (5.8)

Rajaopalan and Fergusan6 suggest to use the following equations, when the
reinforcement ratio Pw is less than 0.012.

Ve= (0.8 + 100 Pw) /re bwd ::::'. /re bwd

2 Inch-pound (5.9)

Ve= (0.07 + 8.3 Pw) /re bwd ::::'.

0.166 /re bwd SI (5.10)

If the beam is exposed to axial compression force, the shear strength Ve is

given by:

(5.11)

If the beam is exposed to axial tension force, Ve is given by:

(5.12)
I IO 5.4 Shear Strength without Stirrups

If the cross-section of beam is in axial compression, the ACI 11.3.2.2 is

permitted to substitute Eq. (5.5) for Mu by Mm when the value of r;:;: is greater
than 1.0, and value of Ve in Eq. (5.13) is not greater than Ve in Eq.(5.15).

Ve= ( 1.9 /re+ 2500 Pw ~j bwd (5.13)

(4h - d)
Mm= Mu -Nu (5.14)
8

(5.15)

Where
Nu = axial force, pound
Ag = gross area, in 2 .
f~ = compression strength
h = whole depth of beam

Lightweight concrete
All the equations above use the value of shear strength Ve for normal weight
concrete, but in this section, the shear strength is used for lightweight
concrete, the /le
is replaced by {c; and value off; should be less than /le,
or
multiplied Eq. (5.5) by 0.75 to become:

Ve= [0.75 (1.9 /re)+ 2500 Pw ~~] bwd ~ 0.75 (3.5) /re bwd (5.16)

r;; Vu~ bwd

Ve= [0.75 yfe + 120 Pw M~j
( ) r;;
~ 0.75 0.3 yfe bwd SI (5.17)
7
For "Sand-lightweight" concrete is multiplied both ends of equations by
0.85 to become:

Ve = [ 0.85 (1.9 /re) +2500 Pw ~~] bwd ~ 0.85 (3.5) /re bwd (5.18)

r;; Vu~ bwd

Ve= [0.85 yfe + 120 Pw M~j
( ) r;;
~ 0.85 0.3 yfe bwd SI (5.19)
7
 5.4 She_ar Strength without Stirrups . 111

Example 5.1
For a simply supported beam shown in Fig. 5.7 has f~ = 3000 psi,
/y = 50,000 psi and As = 2 in2 , with uniform dead load of 4 kips/ft
and live load of 6.24 kips/ft. Calculate the shear strength Ve where
Mu = 250 ft-kips.

bw = 12 in 2 A W 11 = 14.78 k/ft

Gil
As= 2 in 2
d= 18 in.
Tiff
t..
A

Ry= 118.24 k
16 ft (clear span)
#Jr
I

Figure 5.7

Solution.
a - Determine Ve
Wu = 1.2 wa + 1.6 W1

1.2 (4) + 1.6 (6.24) = 14.78 kips/ft

Calculate Vu at the support when d = 18 in.

Vu=
14.78 X 16 - 14.78 (18) = 96.07 kips
.
2 12

From Eq. (5.5) the value of Ve is:

Ve= ( 1.9 /1c + 2500 ~j Pw bwd

As 2
Pw = bwd = 12 (18) = 0.0092

V ud 96.07 (18)
Mu = 250 (12) = 0.576 < 1.0 O.K

12 X 18
Ve = [1.9 ) 3000 + 2500 (0.0092) (0.576)] lOOO

= 25.34 kips < 3.5 /1c bwd

112 5.4 Shear fjt~ength without Stin:ups

1
3.5 v'3000 (12 X 18) = 41.4 kips
1000
Ve= 25.34 kips< 41.4 kips O.K

b - Caculate Ve by using SI units, when = 21 MPa (3 ksi),

/y = 344.7 MPa (50 ksi), bw = 304.8 mm (12 in) and d = 457.2
1:
mm (18 in).

From Eq. (5.8) Ve is:

Ve = 0.166 /ic bwd = 0.166 v'21 (304.8 X 457.2)

= 106000 N = 106.0 KN (23.83 kips)

c - Determine Ve for "Sand-lightweight" concrete by using Eq. (5.18)

Ve = [ 0.85 ( 1.9 /ic) + 2500 Pw :;~] bwd

= 22 kips < 35.2 kips O.K

Example 5.2
A rectangular beam in Example 5.1 has, As= 4.0 in 2 and the beam
subject to axial tension force with Nd= -5 kips and Nz = -8.6 kips.
Determine shear strength Ve.

Solution.
a - Determine factored loads for tension and Ve.
Nu = 1.2 (-5) + 1.6 (-8.6) = -19.76 kips
When the beam has tension force use Eq. (5.12)

Ve = 2 ( 1+ 50:UAJ /ic bwd

9 760
= 2 (1 (-l , ) ) V3000 (12 X 18) _l_ = 19.86 ki S
+ 500 (20.5 X 12) 1000 p

b - Compute shear strength Ve by using Nu= 19.76 kips in

compression force, From Eq. (5.11), the Ve is:

Ve= 2(1 + 20~uAJ /ic bwd

9 760
= 2 (1 l , ) y13000 (12 X 18) _l_ = 24.61 ki S
+ 2000 (12 X 20.5) 1000 p
 _ 5.5 Shear Strength with Stirrups _113

5.5 SHEAR STRENGTH WITH STIRRUPS

If the shear force is greater than the shear strength of concrete, the stirrups
are necessary to cover the area of steel around all the bars in cross-section,
as shown in Fig.5.8: That will prevent diagonal cracks to occur or to growth.
The most common types of bars size are no. 3 and no.4 (¢ 8 and cp IO mm),
and the common spacing of stirrups is 4 in (100 mm), but at the both ends of
the beam, the distance will be closer, because its critical section exists at d !
of the beam.
U-shape
stirrup Close stirrup

l·!IIIH
t
•.IJIJ)•.·J-ffilll11·f
stirrup

(a)
t
i A
[}-[] (b) (c)
Section A-A

Figure 5.8 Types of stirrups.

Fig.5.8b and c show two types of stirrups. (1) U-shape is around tension
bars and hooked with bars at compression zone. (2) Closed stirrup is around
all bars and hooked at around one of the bar that located at compression
zone.

ACI code specifies design shear cp Vn must be greater than or equal to shear
force Vu that is:

(5.20)

Where
Vn = nominal shear strength of the cross section.
</> = reduction factor 0.75

If the shear reinforcement is required, the nominal shear strength becomes:

(5.21)
114 5.6 Inclined and Vertical Stirrup_s

Where
Ve = shear strength of the concrete
Vs = shear reinforcement

Substituted Eq. (5.21) into Eq. (5.20) to become:

(5.22)

If the gravity load is used for shear strength Vu, the Eq. (5.21) is determined by:
(5.23)

5.6 INCLINED AND VERTICAL STIRRUPS

Inclined stirrups
The inclined stirrups are assumed that the diagonal crack passes through the
vertical stirrups from the tension zone to the top of compression zone in the
45° (Fig.5.9). As a result, the diagonal crack is passed through two legs of
stirrups. That means, the area of the stirrups Av includes two leg for U-
shaped or closed stirrup .
. ,. . ,.

Figure 5.9 diagonal crack with inclined stirrups.

For inclined stirrups, the Eq. (5.21) is computed by:

Vs = Av fy sin() :S 3 /re bwd (5.24)

:S 0.249 /re bwd SI

Thus
(5.25)
 5.6 lnclined and Vertical Stirrups 115

Where n 1, the total number of inclined stirrups, shear reinforcement is

crossing with an angle eand inclined crack is crossing with an angle 45°. The
distance of d includes, the number n 1 of stirrups through this distance are:
n = ~ (1 +cote) (5.26)
s
x =d
_ d (1 + cot45 t ane)
Vs (Av /y sin 0)
s
= d A v/y (sine+ cosB)
Vs (5.27)
s
Vertical stirrups
The vertical stirrups are perpendicular to the length of the beam or member
and an angle eis equal to 90° (Fig.5.10).

. ,. ,
. . ,. ·w· · 1 - c
. .",. ·.. . • Ve

•. v i +
./ Av/y
i----.~--.,.....~----...................-----.-~ -~--T

Figure 5.10 Diagonal crack with vertical stirrups.

When the stirrups are vertical to an angle e= 90° the shear reinforcement Vs
is computed by:
Vs = A vfy n (5 .28)
and the number of the stirrups equal to
d
n=- (5.29)
s
Substituted Eq. (5.29) into Eq. (5.28) the Vs is written
Vs=dAvfy (5.30)
s
From Eq. (5 .30) the spacing between the stirrups is:
dA v/y
S=--- (5.31)
Vs
required ¢ V.~= Vu - ¢ Ve (5.32)
116 5. 7 Limitatjons f or Stirrup Spacing_

5.7 LIMITATIONS FOR STIRRUP SPACING

ACI code required for maximum spacing of stirrups, should not be greater
than d/2 or equal to 24 in. The shear reinforcement Vs is:

inch-pound (5.33)

SI (5.34)

If the shear reinforcement is between 4 bwd and 8 /re /re bwd, the
maximum spacing is decreased to d/4, or not exceeds 12 in .

. ,_ . ,_
.' .,. _ ·> Td/2
. . . . . . . . . . .•
. . .•
. . ....,...... . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . , . . . .. . . . .
~ ._ · . . , . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . .- -.~ ~
. ._• ·.....-I. 1d/2
{ J. J. J, d
Smax. =
2 ~ 24 in.
Figure 5.11 Maximum spacing.

5.8 REQUIREMENTS FOR MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

In order to ensure a required area of a minimum shear reinforcement, Av at

spacmg s 1s:

r;; bws bws

inch-pound (5.35)
Av,min = 0.75 VJ c /y 2: 50 /y

1 bws 1 bws r;; SI (5.36)

Av,min = 16 yfc /y 2: 3 /y

Where Av,min. in Eq. (5.36) is in mm 2 and_[y in MPa

Substituted Eq. (5.35) into Eq. (5.30), the minimum shear reinforcement Vs
is equal to

(5.37)
 5.9 Critical Sections 117

5.9 CRITICAL SECTIONS

The critical section is located at the distance d from the interior face of the
support. At that section, the nominal shear strength is located at the
diagonal crack. In this case, the shear strength Vu reached its maximum at
the interior face of the beam support (Fig.5.12). The code permits for the
section located between the face of support and the critical section must be
designed for shear force Vu.

(a) (b)
w

critical -
I
section

critical
d Load section

critical
+
section

(c)

Figure 5.12 Critical section.

5.10 REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN PROCEDURE

The shear force Vu values at the center of the beam and at the end of the
beam is calculated by:
(5.23)
and
(no stirrups required) (5.20)

Where Vn is shear strength and also equal to:

Vn = Ve + Vs (5.21)
Ve = shear strength in concrete
Vs = shear strength in steel
118 5.10 Requirements for Design Procedure _

To obtain value of Ve

(5.7)
or
Ve=
r;;
( 1.9 yfe + 2500 Pw
Vud) bwd
Mu

If Vu 2: ¢ Vn and Vs :S 8 [.fc bwd

Vs= Vu/¢- Ve (5.32)

For vertical stirrups Vs equal to:

Vs= d Avfy (5.30)

s

( 5.31)

If (5.33)

s = d/2 or s < 24 in. (610 mm)

If SI

s = d/4 or s < 12 in. (305 mm)

Where Vs > 8 /1c

bwd or (0.66 /1c
bwd), for SI units, the cross-section of
!
beam needs to increase when Vu < ¢ Ve. If Vu is greater than ¢ Ve, the
depth of the cross section should be increased.
Vs s
Av = fy d > Av,min
Where

A . = 0.75
v,mm yr;;f' bws > 50 bws
J e fy _ fy

= _!_ r;;, bws > (bws) (5.35)

16 VJ1e fy - 3fy
SI
 _5.10 Requirements for Design Procedure 119

Example 5.3
Compute the spacing of stirrups for #4 bars, (Av= 0.4 in 2 for two
legs). If h = 50 ksi (344 MPa), le= 3 ksi (21.7 MPa) and shear force
Vu is 60 kips (178 KN).

#4 stirrups
(¢ 12 mm)
•

3#9
~ - - ~ ~ 2.5
•
I
d-18in

11

b = 12 in.
I I
Figure 5.13

Solution.

Form Eq. (5.7) the Ve is:

Ve = 2 lie bwd = 2 v3000 (12 x 18)

1
1000
= 23.66 k (105 KN)

If¢ Vc/2 is less than Vu the stirrups are important, where¢ = 0.75

0.75 (23.66) k"

= 8. 87 1ps
2

When Vu = 60 kips > ¢ ;c, the stirrups are needed.

Vu 60 .
Vs=¢- Ve= _ - 23.66 = 56.34 kips
0 75

s = Avfy d = 0.4 (50) 18 = 6 .4 in. use 6 in.

Vs 56.34

Vs ::S 4 lie bwd

4 v30QO (12 X 18) ; = 47.32
1 00

Vs= 56.34 > 47.32 k

From above value of Vs, thesis not greater than d/4

s = 18 = 4 .5 m.
. (contro1)
s
4
120 5.10 Require!1'lentsfor Design Procedure

Check for Av,min, from Eq. (5.35)

17,' bws
Av,min = 0.75 y; c T
Jy

2 45
= 0.7 5 v ~00
3vvv (l X · ) = 0.044
50000

= 50 bws = 50 (l 2 x 4 ·5) = 0.054 in2

/y 50000

As = 0.4 in2 > Av,min = 0.054 in2 O.K

Example 5.4
Compute the spacings to be used for ¢ 8 mm stirrups. If /y = 345
MPa, f~ = 27.5 MPa and shear force Vu= 157 KN. Check for the
minimum shear reinforcement Av,min·

e8 mm sti=ps2
As= 101 mm
IFJ
·LJ 11- d = 460 mm.

b = 305 mm
I~ -I

Figure 5.14

Solution.
From Eq. (5.8) SI units, the Vu is:

Ve = 0.166 /1c bwd

= 0.166 y273 (305 x 460) lOlOO = 122 KN (27 .5 kips)

V = 157 KN
u
> ¢ 2Ve stirrups are need

Vu
Vs=¢- Ve

157
= - 122 = 87.3 KN
0.75
 5.10 Requirements/or Design Procedure 121

s = Avfy d = 101 (345) 460 = 183.6 mm~ 183 mm

Vs 87300

(for SI unit)

v1ITT 1
- - (305 x 460) lOOO = 254.2 KN
3

Vs= 87.3 KN :S 254.2 KN O.K

The spacings is less than d/2

460
=
d/2
2 = 230mm
use s = 183 mm

Check for Av,min. from Eq. (5.35)

As= 101 mm2 (0.22 in 2)

A . = J_ r;;, hws = J_ vn.5 460 (183) =

80 mm2
v,mm 16 VJ1c fy 16 · 345

A . _ ! hws _ ! 460 ( 183) _ 2

v,mm - 3 /y - 3 345 - 81 .3 mm

As= 101 mm2 > Av,min= 81.3 mm 2 O.K

Example 5.5
Design the required spacing of U-shape stirrups in the simply supported
beam as shown in Fig. 5.15. The beam has dead load of 3 kips/ft
(43.8 KN/m) and live load of 5.7 kips/ft (83.2 KN/m). Use /y = 60
kips/in 2 ( 413 MPa), le 2
= 4.5 kips/in (31 MPa) and neglect weight of the
beam.
J22 5.10 R equirements for D esign Procedure_

Wu = 12.7 k/ft

#4 sti,rups
A, = 0.4 in 2
1.u· 11- ~ d 20 in

t
4---,
R
L = 11 ft
b=l5in.

Figure 5.15

Solution.
a - Compute factored shear Vu
Wu= 1.2 (3) + 1.6 (5.7) = 12.7 k/ft
Reaction of support
12.7 X 22 k.
R= = 139 .7 1ps
2
Shear force Vu at distance d from the face of support.

Vu= 139.7 - 12.7 G~) = 112.2 kips

b - Shear strength of concrete:
Ve = 2 lie bwd

= 2 J4500 (15 X20) ; = 40.2 k

1 00
¢ Ve = 0.75 (40.2) = 15
k
2 2
V
u
> ¢ 2Ve stirrups are needed

c - Spacing of critical section:

112 2
Vs = Vu - V = · - 40 2 = 109 4 k
<p C 0.75 . .
__ Av /y d _ 0.4 (60) 20 _ . .
S
req. Vs - 109.4 - 4 ·4 In · Use 4 Ill.

d - Check for maximum spacing of stirrups:

Smax. :S d = 20 = 10
.
Ill or :S
24.
Ill
2 2
USe Smax. = 10 in
 5.10 Requirements fo r Design Procedure J23

e - Check minimum area of stirrups

A . = 0 75 r;;f' bws = 0.75 v'4500 (15) (4) = 0 0503. 2

v,mm . VJ c fy 60000 . m

A . _ 50 bws _ 50 (15) 4 _ O . 2
v,mm - fy - 60000 - .05 m

As = 0.4 in2 > A v,min = 0.0503 in 2 O.K

f - Compute the distance x where stirrup is not needed that located

c/> Ve
between center of the beam and value of
2
q> Ve = 0.75 (40.2) = 15 kips
2 2
d" 15 (132) .
1stance x= _ = 14 m
139 7

w,. = 12.7 k/ft

. .1"" . .

. •· . •· . •· . ,.

I -

12. in

139.7 k t___________ L_/_2_=_ll_f_t_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

11
82 in @ s = 6
11 11
44in @ s = 4 70 in @ s = 8
11

d 54in @ s = 10
139.7 k
No stirrups

14 ~1
6+d 14 in

Figure 5.16
J24 5.10 Requirements fo r Design Procedure

The maximum distance for Smax . = 10 in from the centerline of beam.

V =Av/y d
s 10

= 0.4 (60) 20 _ k"

- 48 1ps
10

= 0.75 (40.2 + 48) = 66 kips

66 (132) _ 62.
139.7 - Ill.

62 - 14 = 48 in.
48 = 4 .8 stirrups
. use 4 stirrups
10

4 (10) = 40 in.

In this example, the distance between 4 - and 10 - in. That critical section
and maximum spacing should choose other number as 6, 8 and 10.

Try 8 in from the centerline of beam:

=A v/yd _ 0.4 (60) 20 _ 6 k.

Vs - - 0 1ps
s 8
Vu= </>(Ve + Vs)= 0.75 (40.2 + 60) = 75 .1 k
_ 75.1 (132) .
Xs - 139.7 = 71 m.
71 - 40 - 14 = 17 in.

17
= 2.125 stirrups (use 2 stirrups)
8

2 X 8 = 16 in.

Try 6 in from the centerline of beam:

=Av/yd _ 0.4 (60) 20 _ 8 k.

Vs - - 0 1ps
s 6

Vu= </> (Ve+ Vs)= 0.75 (40.2 + 80) = 90.1 k

 5.10 Requirements f or Design Procedure 125
= 90.1 (132) _ 85 2 .
x6 139.7 - · m.

85.2 - 40 - 14 - 16 = 15.2 in.

15.2 .
- - = 2.5 stirrups (use 2 stirrups)
6
2 X 6 = 12 in.

The critical section has s = 4 in. and the number of spacing is:

132-4(10)-2(8)-2 x 6-14-(~support =6") =44in.

44
= 11 st. (use 11 stirrups)
4
ll x 4=44

Spaced the first stirrup 2 in. from the interior face of the support then
run 11 stirrups at 4 in.

No stirrups
required
Wu= 12.7 k/ft

• 11· •1/ , • II . • Ii II . • • •
. .6 · 6 · s · s''. •10 . · ·10 rn!', · Ht - · •· 1

11 11 11 11 11
11 @ 4 2@6 2 @8 4 @ 10 14

L = II ft

139.7 k

6 + 20 = 26 in.

Figure 5.17
J26 5.10 Requirements for Design Procedure

Example 5.6
Design the required spacing of CT-stirrups for the beam of Fig.5.18.
Using <I> 10 mm bar, / y = 400 MP a and /e = 30 MPa. The service dead
load D.L = 50 KN/m (without own weight) and the service live load
L.L = 35 KN/m. The area of steel As= 462 mm 2 (3 ¢ 14 mm),
Av= 157 mm 2 , and support width= 250 mm.

b
14
=300mm•I
t t
4m ?10
stirrups 01d=500mm .
. .:t.50mm
As= 462mm 2
(b)

Figure 5.18

Solution.
a - Factored shear force Vu is
1
Own weight of beam = (0.55 x 0.3 x 2500 x 9.8) = 4 KN/m
1000
wd = 1.2 (50 + 4) = 64.8 KN/m

W/ 1.6 (35) = 56 KN/m

= 64.8 + 56 = 120.8 KN/m

= 120.8 (4) = 241.6 KN
2
Shear force Vu at distance d from support end
625
Vu = 241.6 - 120.8 lOOO = 166.1 KN
The Vu at midspan is

Vu = 1( 56) 4 = 28 KN

b - Determine the spacing of stirrups and shear force of concrete:

Ve = 0.166 /le bwd

= 0.166 y130 (300 x 500) lOlOO = 136.4 KN
 5.10 Requirements f or Design Procedure . 127

Shear force of steel:

166 1
= Vu - V - · - 136 4 = 85 1 KN 0

<P C 0.75 °

Check for Vs, if less than or equal to l lie bwd

l J30 (300 X 500)

1
1000
= 273 .86

Vs = 85.1 KN < 273.86 KN

= Avh d _ 157 (400 MPa) 500 _
req. s Vs - 85100 N - 369 mm

Since Vs is smaller than

d/2 or less than 600 mm.
l lie bwd, the maximum spacing equal to

500
2: d/2 =
Smax.
2 = 250 mm
Use s equal to 250 mm from interior face of support to place of <P ;c
0.75 (136.4) = 5 l .1 KN
2

No stirrups
70mm required

I ·

L / 2 = 2m
250mm

t
241.6 KN
166.l KN

51.1 KN

125 + 500 28 KN
~=-6_2_
5 _ m _ m ~ - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - ~ at midspan

Figure 5.19
J28 5.10 Requirements for D esign Procedure

Example 5.7
A simply supported rectangular beam has 18 ft span, /y = 60 ksi, / = 3
ksi, b = 14 in and d = 24 in. Compute the maximum distributed load Wu
and design the spacing of vertical stirrups. The reinforcement ratio p is
0.0128.
b=l4in.
= 10.45 kips/ft
'-
Wu

.. ,
~ • p
.
. ,. ' . .

d= 24in.
#3 stirrups
18 ft A v = 0.22 in 2

Figure 5.20

Solution.
a - maximum distributed load Wu

The maximum moment for Fig. 5.20 is

M - Wu /2
u - 8
Solve for moment from equilibrium equation.
T=C
T =Ash= 0.85/~ ba
As = pbd = 0.0128 (24 X 14) = 4.3 in2

Use 3# 11 bars, As = 4.68 in 2

T = 4.68 (60) = 281 kips

a 281 7 87.
0.85 (3) 14 = . Ill.

Mn = T or c(d- ~)
= 281 ( 24 - -7.87)
- = 470 f t- k'lpS
2

Mu = 0.9 (470) = 423 ft-kips

 5.10 Requirements for D esign Procedure 129

8
8 42
= ( ~) = 10.45 kips/ft
(18)

R
= Wuf = 10.45 (18) =
94
k
2 2
b - Design the spacing of vertical stirrups.
Determine the shear force Vu at distanced from support end
d = 24 in.

Vu= 94 - 10.45 G~) = 66.1 kips

Determine the Ve

Ve = [ 1.9 ffc + 2500 Pw ~~] bwd 5, 3.5 ffc bwd

As 4.68
Pw = bwd = 14 X 24 = 0.0139
Determine the moment Mu at d = 24 in. from the end of support
32 32
M
u
= 94 12 - 10 .45 ( 12) !2 ( 32
12
) = 213.5 ft-kips

66
Vud .l (~~)
Mu .
213 5
= 0.62 < 1.0 O.K
1
Ve [1.9 v'3QOO + 2500 (0.0139) (0.62)] (14 X 24) = 42.2 kips
1000
1
3.5 v'J(}OO (14 X 24) = 64.4 kips
1000
Ve = 42.2 kips 5, 64.4 kips O.K
Required
Vu 66.1 .
V = - - V
S ¢ e
= -0.75 - 42.2 = 45.9 kips

s = Av fy d = 0.22 (60) 24 = 6 _9 in.

Vs 45 .9 . . l sect10n
(at cntica . )
use 6.0 in.
J30 5.10 Requirements for Design Procedure

Since s = 6 in at critical section.

d 24 .
2 = 2 = 12 m.
Smax. = or= 24 in.

Use Smax. = 12 in.

. <P Ve . . d
A t d1stance - -, stirrups are not reqmre
2

0.75 X ~.2 kips= 15 .8 k

distance x from centerline of beam:

15 8 9
X ·94( ) = 1.50 f t = 18 .0.m.

Vu = 66 . 1 > <P 2Ve (stirrups are required)

2in.
H Wu = 10.45 kips/ft

., ·• ·
~ • p ~ . ' • ... • p

5@6" 2@8" 3@ 12''

I

4:_ _ 9 _ f t_ __,.I
R=94k

~
51.5k ¢> V
-f-= 15.8k

X = 1.50 ft

Figure 5.21
 5. IO Requirements for Design Procedure 131

Since s is between 6 in. to 12 in. the code is limited; the maximums is not
greater than d/2. In this example, the d/ 2 = 24/ 2 = 12 in. is the
maximum chosen, that related with Vu as mentioned early. To compute
the actual spacing between 6 in. to 12 in. are 12, 10, 8 and 6 in.
1 - Smax. = 12 in
Vs = A v/yd= 0.22 (60) 24 = 316.8 = 26 .4 kips
s s 12
Vu = ¢ (Ve + Vs)= 0.75 (42.2 + 26.4) = 51.5 kips

= 51.5 (9 X 12) _ .
94 - 59 .2 m.

From the center of beam:

59.2 - 1.50 (12) = 41.2 in.
41.2 .
U = 3.4 stirrups use 3 stirrups

3 X 12 = 36 in.
2 - s = 10 in.

316.8 31 k"
Vs = ~ = .7 1ps
Vu = 0.75 (42.2 + 31.7) = 55.4 kips
= 55.4 (108) _ 63 .
X10 94 - ·7 m.

63 .7 - 36 - 18 .0 = 9.6 in.

9.6 .
= 0.96 stirrups (no stirrups are required)
10
3 - s = 8 in.

-- -316.8
--- 39 .6 k1ps
"
8
= 0.75 (42.2 + 39.6) = 61.4 kips

= 61.4 (108) = 70 5 .
94 · m.
70.5 - 36 - 18.0 = 16.5 in.

16.5
- - = 2.06 stir. (use 2 stirrups)
8
2 X 8 = 16 in.
J32 5.11 Shear - Friction

4 - s = 6 in. The remaining distance

108 - 36 - 18.0 - 16 - (0.5 support= 8 in.)= 30 in.
30 S .
6 = Stlf.
(use 5 stirrups)

5 X 6 = 30 in.

5.11 SHEAR - FRICTION

The shear friction is concerned with direct shear that is useful for precast
composite material and the diagonal tension crack may be occurred in the
composite construction without vertical steel reinforcement on the diagonal
crack to prevent shear failure.

Welded Bars h
d
AvJ--..._....~~ . ,.

·1

r . .

.,

·1

Figure 5.22 Shear - Friction in corbel or bracket.

Figure 5.22 shows concentrated load acting on cantilever of reinforced

concrete and the expected crack started from adhere cantilever to main
construction. The area of shear friction reinforcement Av/ is placed across on
assumed crack to prevent shear-friction failure.
 5.11 Shear - Friction 133

Figure 5.23 shows the concrete block without reinforcement shear. Failure
plane occurs at the center of concrete block, but the friction reinforcement
Avf should be placed in the dashing line to prevent shear failure plane.

Friction reinforcement A vf
..--
''
Slip ''

Shear failure plane

Shear reinforcement

A vj f v

Figure 5.23 Shear - Friction in block of concrete.

The coefficient of friction µ is related with expected crack and composite

material; the ACI code limited µ as following.

Smooth and hardened concrete 0.6 >.

Rolled structural steel by steel bars 0.7 >.
Roughened and hardened concrete for surface clean 1.0 >.
Cast concrete (monolithic) 1.4 >.
The value of,,\ is equal to

Normal - eight concrete >. = 1.0

Sand - lightweight concrete >. = 0.85
All lightweight concrete >. = 0.75

The nominal shear friction strenght Vn is:

Vu= <p Vn

Vn = A vj /y µ < 0.2/c Ac (5.38)

or < (800 psi) Ac

Vn < 5.5 A c (N) SI (5.39)
J34 5.11 Shear - Friction

Where Ac is the area of failure section of concrete, and Avt is the area of
shear friction reinforcement. N and P are factored loads and fy should be
less than or equal to 60 kips.

Example 5.8
Design precast beam for shear - friction across the crack at angle 20°,
fy = 60 ksi, /~ = 4.5 ksi, use normal - weight concrete, temperature
and shrinkage Ts = 15 kips. The dead load and live load are 60 and 50
kips and the depth at bearing 21 in. by 11 in. wide.

· I' · . . •· ·•·
~ • p

. '. , ·. ,• ,· : . ,• p.

Figurre 5.24

Solution.

Vu = 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L

1.2 (60) + 1.6 (50) = 152kips
Ts = 1.2 ( 15) = 18 kips
To determine temperature and shrinkage, choose the ACI-02 factor
load, which is 1.2 multiply by Ts effect.
Vu 152 .
Vn = ¢ = _ = 202.7 kips
0 75
Vn = Avth µ
Whereµ= 1.0 (normal - weight concrete)
A = Vn _ 202.7 _ . 2
f
V /y µ 60 ( 1) - 3•38 1Il
Temperature and shrinkage Ts= 18 kips, and the reinforcement to
resist effective area of the concrete A c equal to
Tis = Anh

An =
J;,Ts_~-03·
- 60 - . m 2
 5 .12 Design Procedure for Corbel or Bracket J35

For uniform distribution along expected crack:

As = An+ Avf = 0.3 + 3.38 = 3.68 in 2
use 5 # 8 (From Table 2.5)

As= 3.95 in 2

y. . ,. . Y· . As

Check for shear-friction in concrete:

Vn < 0.2/c Ac
Ac= bd = 21 11 = 231 in2
X

1
0.2 (4500) (231) = 208 kips
1000
Vn = 202. 7 k < 208 k O.K

5.12 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR CORBEL OR BRACKET

From equilibrium equation for vertical shear:

Vn = µ T (5.40)
T = AvJh
Vn = µ AvJfy (5.38)
The ACI-11.9.1 lirnited the shear span to depth
a/d < 1.0 (5.41)
Where a is depened on bearing strength if not increased d

Where Nuc is tensile force and d take it from surface of support.

Mu = Vua + Nuc (h - d) (5.42)
J36 5.12 Design Procedure/or Corbel or Bracket

From Eq. (5.38) the Vu equal to:

V11 < 0.2fc Ac< 800 Ac
Where Ac is equal to bw multiply by d, and the equation is computed by:
Vn :S 0.2 fc bwd :S 800 bwd

a
' .. Nuc = horizental force
. ·-------, -··----·····---

' ..
... . .
~
- .
Shear· . ·
plane
~
..

d h

' .·

Compression strut - - · · 1
't · ••
a/ d < 1.0
. '

Figure 5.25 Forces on a Bracket.

The tensile force Nuc is less than </> As /y, but Nuc is computed to a live load
and greater than 0.2 Vu.
(5.43)
2
As= AvJ+An (5.44)
3
The area of tension reinforcement As, should be taken the greater of the Eq.
(5.43) and (5.44).

The total area A1i of closed stirrups should be greater than

Ah ~ 0.5 (As - An) (5.45)
 5.12 Design Procedure/or Corbel or Bra_cket J37

Reinforcement ratio pis greater than 0.04 fjfy

As O 04 f~ (5.46)
p = bd > . fy

Where As is main tension of bar and bis width of column

Example 5.9
Design a bracket shown in Fig. 5.26 that carries a dead load and live
load of 25 kips and 35 kips. Compressive strength is 4.5 ksi and /c
yield stress!;, is 60 ksi. Assume bearing plate 3 in and Nuc = 15 kips.

' .· Vu
. a
. '
'
.3'#7

I\ I\ ••
'.·
. '
2in. h = 12.5 in.
. . . .. ·r ..,·_. .

. .. . .
'l-., • fl
~-@• •25
•• IJ.
.
••

12"

Figure 5.26

Solution.
a - Determine the total factor loads
Vu 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L
1.2 (25) + 1.6 (35) = 86 kips
1.6 (15) = 24 kips
Vu 86 .
= -=-= 114.7kips
¢ 0.75
138 5}2 Design Proced_urefor Corbel or Bracket _

b - Compute shear-friction reinforcement:

_ Vn
µ = 1.0
fy µ

- 114.7 . 2
- 60 ( 1) = 1. 91 m

a = 1 (3) + 1.0 = 2.5 in2

c - Determine the depth of bracket and assume 12 in square column
Vn = 0.2 le bwd
= 0.2 (4500) bwd = 900 bwd > 800 bwd

Use 800 bwd to determine depth of bracket:

Vn = 800 (12) d

114700 .
d = 800 (12) = ll. 9 m. use 11 in.

a
d< 1.0

2.5
O.K
11 = 0.23 < 1.0

d - Compute minimum reinforcement ratio Pmin.

Pmin.
le
= 0.04 Jy = 0.04 6() = 0.003
4.5

The column has 12 in. x 12 in.:

Ai= 0.003 (12 x 11) = 0.4 in 2

A = Nuc = 24 = 0.53 in2

n ¢ fy 0.75 (60)

As = Ai+ An = 0.4 + 0.53 = 0.93 in 2

2 2 . 2
As =
3 Avf +An=
3
1.91 + 0.53 = 1.8 m

Take the greater of As

As = 1.8 in 2
 5.12 Design Procedure/or Corbel or Bracket J39

Use 3#7 bars, As = 1.8 in 2

e - Determine Ah by Eq. (5.45) for closed Stirrups.

Ah 2: 0.5 (As - An)
Ah = 0.5 (1.8 - 0.53) = 0.64 in 2

Use 3 # 5 bars, Ah = 0.93 in2

From ACI 11.9.4. Determine the spacing of stirrups

~ 2.5 in
1
2/3 \ = 2.44 in

try h 11 + 1 (cover) + 0.5 (dim. bar)

11 + 1 + 0.875/2 = 12.4 in. use 12.5 in.

Use outer face of a bracket, is half of overall depth h

f h 12.5 .
Front ace = = - - = 6.25 m.
2 2

Example 5.10
Design a bracket shown in Fig.5.27. If/y = 60 ksi,f~ = 5 ksi, live load = 30
kips and Vu= 100 kips. Use length of bearing 12 in. x 4 in. and bw = 13 in .

. .., . .
beam
. "'.·. . I" :--:.....
. ., ., .·
.... .. . . .,
. ~

h
••• d

., ·.·

. ~

.13''..

' .·

Figure 5.27
J40 5 .12 Desil{n Procedure for Corbel or Bracket

Solution.

Vu = 100 kips

Nuc = 1.6 (L.L) = 1.6 (30) = 48 kips

Vn = Vu = lOO = 133.3 kips

</> 0.75

Compute shear-friction reinforcement and minimum reinforcement,

assume sand-lightweight concrete >. = 0.85

µ = 1.0 (0.85) = 0.85

Vn 133 3
Av! -- · = 2.61 in2
fyµ 60 (0.85)
I

Pmin. = 0.04 f C = 0.04 2- = 0.003

fy 60

Mu Vua + Nuc (h - d)

a (~) 4 + 1.0 = 3 in

Try h = 16in,d = 14in

3
a/d = 14 =0.21 < 1.0 O.K

Mu = 100 (3) + 48 (16 - 14) = 396 in-kips

Ai = 0.003 (13 x 14) = 0.55 in2

where b is equal to 13 in. for column:

396 . 2
Aj = 0.85 X60 X 14 = 0 ·55 In

A = Nuc = 48 = 1.07 in2

n </> fy 0.75 (60)

As = Ai+ An= 0.55 + 1.07 = 1.61 in2

As = 2/3 Avf +An=~ (2.61) + 1.07 = 2.81 in2

 5.12 Design Procedure/or Corbel or Bracket 141

Choose the greater of As:

As = 2.81 in 2

Use 3 # 9 bars, As = 3.00 in2

Compute for shear reinforcement Ah:

Ah ~ 0.5 (As - An)

2
Ah = 0.5 (3 .00 - 1.07) = 0.97 in

Use 4 # 5 bars, Ah= 1.24 in2

Smax. = 2(14)
3 4 = 2.3 4.m. use 2.5 in. stirrups

I" 6"
·... Y ·1

.. .. ·
·

4" + i' II
I

beam
.3 ff 9.. >
··r···
. ~
.
· -r
.
.
. . .
. -11

.' . .. .

,_.....
.
___,. :/
' . ~.
........,..
. /. .
.·
h = 16 in .
,·.· /,
.
.
~:···.·;
. ·. .
..
.

. . 13".

- ~ - - - ' ''v',----

Choose 8 in. = ~ for exterior bracket.

or
h = embedded plate + d + bar radius (1 ·~ 8
)
J42 5.13 Punching Shear

h 1 + 14 + 0.564 = 15.564 in
use h 16 in. O.K

5.13 PUNCHING SHEAR

A heavy concentrated load has a special attention when the area carries that
load is small. The punching shear takes place around the column to effect on
the footing or slab, which causes a shear failure. As a result, the inclined cracks
will be longer where the loads increased and the diagonal crack started from
the top of the footing and extend to the bottom diagonally as shown in Figure
5.28. The ACI code limited punching -shear failure occurs at critical section
d/2 from all exterior sides of the column joined with footing or a slab.

n
t t z t \ t t it S t t
1,,1~~
,.. d/2 ..,..i ..,..i d/2 ..,
Critical Section (b) Slab

(a) Footing

Critical Section

(d)
(c)

Figure 5.28 Punching shear.

ACI 11.12.2.1 determined the punching shear Ve for the smallest of:

(a) Ve = (2+ ;J /i bad (5.47)

Ve = (1 + tJ 0.166 /i bad SI (5.48)

 5.13 Punching Shear 143

(b) (5.49)

SI (5.50)

(c) Ve= 4 /re b0 d (5.51)

Ve = 0.333 /re b0 d SI (5.52)

Where
/3c = long side to short side ratio of the column or reaction area.
as = critical section for 40 interior column, 30 edge column and 20
corner. 4,3 and 2 sides.
b0 = distance from the exterior around faces of column.
d = footing depth.
Ve = punching shear.

!- i
:
d/2
················H
:

I................................... i1d12
: ;
d/zf. ·····················U

d/2

(a) Interior column (b) Edge column

! +d/2
..........................: ~

I~

(c) Comer column

Figure 5.29 Column locations of slabs.

144 5.13 Punching Shear

Example 5.11
Check punching-shear failure for footing and the compressive strength
f cis 3 ksi (20.7 MPa). The dimensions are shown in Fig. 5.30.

Pu = 190 kips (845 KN)

qu (soil pressure)

! J d/ 2
121in .
14in.

! 4 ft (1220 mm)

. ld/ij

6 ft (1830 mm)
I· •I
Figure 5.30

Solution.
b0 = 2 (14+ 12+2d)
112
= 2(14 + 12 + 2(15)) =
12 = 9.34ft
= 190 = 190 = 7 92 k" /f 2
qu 6X4 24 . lpS t

Where qu is the soil pressure of the footing

R = (2.25 X 2.4) qu = 5.4 X 7.92 = 42.8 kips
Vu = 190 - 42.8 = 147.2 kips

The punching-shear failure is:

Ve = 4 Ii b0 d =4
1
1000
= 368 kips
)3000 (112 X 15)
¢ Ve = 0.75 (368) = 276 kips > Vu = 147.2 kips (safe)
 5.13 Punching Shear J45

Pu = 190 kips Pu = 190 kips

i i
. . V'r_----,-....,......,.- .. v·

I•
d/2 . . 14
.. . . .
in. .
, .
d/2 _,
I I•
d/2
., ~
·12 in:
.
d/2 I
I

. '

ttttttttttt ttttttttttt

I• •I• •I• •I
7.5 in. 14 in. 7.5 in. 7.5 in. 12 in. 7.5 in.

29 in. = 2.4 ft ---+ --1•- - 27 in. = 2.25 ft -----.1

Example 5.12
Check punching-shear for solid slab with interior rectangular column
24 in. x 12 in. and /c = 3.5 ksi, the thickness of slab ls = 7 in. and
d = 5.5 in. The shear force V11 is 60 kips.
11
24 X 12''

-------·. . . . .---~ I,,~ i'

b0 = 2 (d + 24 + d + 12) = 94 in.
Figure 5.31
J46 5.13 Punching Shear

Solution.
a - Using Eq. 5.49
asd ) r;;
Ve = ( ho + 2 yfc b0 d

as= 40 (for interior column)

40 5 5 1
Vc = ( ( . )
94
+ 2) VS500 - =
.J.JVV (94 X 5 . 5) -lQOO 132 .7 k.lpS

b - Using Eq. 5.51

Ve= 4 /ic b0 d
1
= 4 vl350Q (94 X 5.5) = 122.3 kips
1000

The smallest of Ve is:

Ve = 122.3 kips
</> Ve = 0.75 (.122.3) = 91.7 kips

</> Ve = 91.7 kips > Vu= 60 kips

c - Determine the punching shear Ve for the smallest of the following

by using Eq. (5.47).

f3e is long side to short side ratio of column

f3e = ~~ = 2
d = 5.5 in. d/2 = 2.75

b 0 = 2 (5.5 + 24 + 5.5 + 12) = 94 in.

1
Ve = ( 2 + ~) vl350Q (94 x 5.5) = 122.3 kips
1000
 5.14 Deep Beams 147

5.14 DEEP BEAMS

Deep beams are defined in ACl-02, 10.7.1 as members loaded on one face
and supported on the opposite face so that compression struts can develop
between the loads and the supports. Deep beams should satisfy one of the
following conditions:
a - Clear span to overall depth ratio ln/ his not greater than 4; or
b - Regions loaded with concentrated loads within twice the member
depth from the face of the support.

I I

l ' .
, , ,I
Id
I.

1'
.. ~
. ' .. '

t ln
lo
J
I

117 -·.
· 11·1____
. --+-----+I

Figure 5.32 Deep beam with distributed load.

148 5.14 Deep Beams

p p
a ~ 2d I I a 5:. 2d
'
·7

·.:.. ·:·~~v· ....··:'._ ..·::. . ' . '

. . . . . . . -. -. r
-12"·>) < d/5 .: .

. . .:....
·1 3" 311 •
·1. '.

2d 2d
'
I

.- ...
.. ..
..
.
' .· .
...
.

d h
. it •.

. •· .. •· .
Figure 5.33 Simply supported beam with concentrated load.

Shear strength of Deep Beams

According to ACI-02, 11.8.1, deep beams shall be designed using either non-
linear analysis or strut and tie model.
Shear strength Vn for deep beams shall not exceed the values given by the
following equations:

inch- pound (5.53)

SI (5.54)

where
bw = width of the beam web
d = depth of the beam (Fig. 5.32)
For simplicity earlier versions of the ACI code can be used to design the shear
reinforcement of deep beams.
 5.14_Deep Beams 149

Simply Supported Deep Beams

The maximum shear force measurad for critical section at a distance x from
the interior face of the support.
X = 0.15 ln :S d (uniform loading beam)
X = 0.5 a :S d (concentrated load)
Vu<¢ Vn
Vn =Ve+ Vs

for (5.55)
Where
Vu = factored shear force
Ve = shear strength of concrete
Vs = shear strength of steel
d = depth of deep beam
ln = clear span
a = distance of shear span from the interior face of support to the load.

For a simplified method; thus

Ve= 2 Fe bwd (5.56)

Ve= (3.5 - 2.5 ~~) ( 1.9 Fe+ 2500 Pw ~j bwd (5.57)

The first part of Eq. 5.57

(3.5 - 2.5 ~~) :S 2.5 (5.58)

and Ve is not greater than Eq. (5.59)

Ve :S 6 Fe bwd (5.59)

Where Mu is the factored moment at the critical section

l
Design procedure for Vs

= Av 1+ In) + Avh (11 - dIn) Ji d

Vs
[ (____A
S 12 12 S2 y
(5.60)
]50 5.14DeepBearns

Where
Av = area of vertical stirrup
s = distance between stirrups
ln = distance between both interior face of supports
Avh = area of shear reinforcement parallel to main reinforcement
with a distance s2
s2 = vertical spacing between stirrups
d = depth of deep beam.

Continuous Deep Beams

For simplifed method: thus

and
Ve= 2 Vic bwd
Vu :S ¢ Ve if not use the following equation

Ve = ( 1.9 Vic+ 2500 Pw ~j bwd :S Vic bwd

3.5

Vs= Avfy d
s
Minimum Shear Reinforcement (ACI-02)
The area of vertical shear reinforcement Av shall not be less than:
Av ~ 0.0025 bws (5.61)

The area of horizontal shear reinforcement (parallel to the span) Avh shall
not be less than:
(5.62)

Where
s = spacing of vertical shear reinforcement
s2 = spacing of horizontal shear reinforcement

The spacings s and s2 should not exceed:

12 inch~ s::; d/5 (5.63)

12 inch ~ s2 :S d/5 (5.64)

 5.14 Deep Beams 151

Minimum Flexural Reinforcement

Minimum flexural tension reinforcement is given by ACI-02, 10.7.3 to be the
same as for other flexural members as:

200 bwd < 3

h - h
/re b d w
inch-pound (5.65)
As,min =

1.4 bwd <

h -
/re
4fy
b d
w
SI (5.66)

Example 5.13
A simply supported beam carries two columns at the spacing of 3 ft. from
the both faces of support, and the columns have live loads of 90 kips. The
clear span of 9 ft, depth d of 30 in. and 15 in. width. Use Jy = 40 ksi and
f~ = 4 ksi. Compute the shear reinforcement and determine the requiremed
steel for both horizontal and vertical reinforcement. The beam has unit
weight 'Ye= 150 lb/ft3 (2400 kg/m 3) and As= 4.68 in 2 (3 # 11 bars).

P = 90 kips P = 90 kips
__,,_
1 1
a= 3 a= 3
' -,
• ••• 'l, : \ • _· 'l, . '
. '

.~ ~ .

..
. .12"..
~

. .i2''.'
~
,~-------- fn = 9 ft --------+-I~

e. <.· . ..• ~

11
h = 33"
• 'l, •• '
d= 30

......
.. 3#11

Figure 5.34
J52 _5 .14 Deep Beams

Solution
. 33 X 15
a - Own weight = (150) = 515.6 lb/ft = 0.515 k/ft
144
ln 9 (12)
h = 33 = 3.27 < 4

Since ~ < 4 the simply support is deep beam.

1 1(3 x 12 ) = 18m.
. < d = 30m.
.
2 a= 2
Critical section is 18 in from interior face of columns.
b - Compute shear force Vu
Vu = VL.L + Vn.L
VL.L = 1.6 (90) = 144 kips
ln a 9
2 - 2 = 2- 1. 5 = 3 ft
Vn.L = 1.2 (0.515 k/ft) 3 ft = 1.85 kips
Vu = 144 + 1.85 = 145.85 kips
Mu = 144 (1.5) = 216 ft-kips
Mu = 216 = 0 _59
Vud 145.85 G~)
Mu
3.5 - 2.5 -d = 3.5 - 2.5 (0.59) = 2 < 2.5 O.K
Vu

Ve = 2 r;;e + 2500 Pw
( 1.9 yf Vud)
Mu bwd

Pw = As = 4.68 = 0.0104
bwd 15 (30)

Ve = 2 [ 1.9 0WOO + 2500 (0.0104) 0.~ ] (1

9
5
':o~io") = 147.5 kips

ln)
max. allowed Vn = 2 ( 10 + d r;;e bwd
yf
3
=~
1
max. Vn (10 + 3.6) v4000 (15 x 30) 1000
= 258.2 kips
max. Vn = 10 /ic bwd = 10 J4000 (15 x 30)
1
1000
= 284.6 kips
Shear force at critical section
145 85
Required Vn = · = 194.5 kips
0.75
 5.14 Deep Beams ) 53

c - Nominal shear strength

Vn = 258.2 kips > Vn = 194.5 kips O.K

and

Vn = 194.5 kips > Ve = 147.5 kips

(horizontal and vertical shear steel is required)

d - Compute for horizontal and vertical reiforcement

Vs= Vn - Ve= 194.5 - 147.5 = 47 kips

Assume no. of bars for horizontal reiforcement then solve vertical
bars.

Try #3 bars horizontally then check for minimum

11
d 30
max. s2 :::;
5 = 5 = 6 in.
use spacing s2 = 6 inch

min. Avh = 0.0015 b s2 = 0.0015 (15 in.) 6 = 0.135 in 2

Use# 3 bars, Avh = 0.11 (2) = 0.22 in 2 > 0.135 in2 O.K

e - Design shear

[~· C~~) + ( ~;') (11}) l

Vs= 47 kips, ~ = 3.6 m, Avh = 0.22 in 2 , b = 15 m and
h = 40000 psi.

[
Asv (1 + 3.6)
12
+ Avh
S2
(11 -123.6)] = 40 47 30 = 0_039
X

Av (4.6) + 6Avh (0.616) ] = 0.039

[---; 12

Av (0.383) + (0.023) = 0.039

s

Av= 0.043
s
154 5.14 Deep Beams

Compute for vertical steel A v

Use# 4 bars, A v = 2 (0.2) = 0.4 in 2

0.4
s = 0.043 =
9·3 m. > 5d = 6.m .
use 6 in.

Check minimum Av

A v = 0.0025 (15) 6 = 0.225 in 2

Av = 0.4 in 2
> 0.225 in 2 O.K
For horizontal !11 = 9 ft
9 ft (12) - 6
. == 17 spaces from 3 in. of support
6m
For vertical d = 30 in. and s = 6 in.
30
= 5 spaces at bottom of no . 3 bar
6
--y.- --y.-~
3ft : I~ 3ft •• I ~
3ft

..
1· .·

. \
' #3 horizon tal bars
' 5 @ 6"
.
\
. Ill: . ,
. ~
3 # 11 17 spacing @ 6 in.
\ #4
.
· Ib
.
vert1ca a~s /
311 3" . fl
·
-~_-I.·_ ~ - - - - - - - -- 1" = 9 n - - - - - - - - - - - +12- ·-·
.'

I
#3
..
- - 1-l.:. ·.. .. "".'
..
# 4 -~i--· . .. ...-~ 1 • . • .

h
.. .."' ·. .
•..
.
I ..
·
3 # 11

I. bw = 1s" ~
I
 5.14 Deep Beams J55

Example 5.14
A continuous beam is to carry distributed factored load Wu = 25 kips/ft.
If / c = 4 ksi, fy = 40 ksi and As= 3 in 2 . Compute the shear
reinforcement and determine the area of steel for both horizontal and
vertical reinforcement.

11
bw = 15
l+-----+I

, ' ... , . .,,. . , . .,,. . ·::,_J.:···· 1d=32in.

·[ h = 36 in.
. .....
. _'. .. :_ ·.

. ' .------------- 14".

14''. .
Zn = 12 ft

Figure 5.35

Solution.

!_,z_= 12 (12) =4
h 36
since ~ :S 4 the continuous beam is deep beam

a - Determine the spacing between face of support and critical section X·

X = 0.15 ln = 0.15 (12) = 1.8 ft < d = 2.67 ft O.K

and the shear factor at critical section Vu is:

150 k
v" = 105 k

critical I
section I 4.2'
1-----------++-----------+

X = 1.8'
J56 5.14 Deep Beams

R= Wul = 25 (12) = 150 kips

2 2
150 Vu
1 Vu= 105 k
6 4.2'

Use simplified method

Ve= 2 Pc b,vd = 2 vf4000 (15 X 32)

1
1000
= 60.7 kips < Vu n.g

It is not enough to carry factored force Vu

Ve= ( 1.9 Pc+ 2500 Pw ~j bwd :S 3.5 Pc bwd

M u -- Wu [7i -- 25 (l 2 )2 -- 327 .3 f t- k (from p·1g. 8.3b)
11 11

Vud = 105 (32) = 0 _85 < 1.0 O.K

M 11 327.3 (12)

Use 3#9 bars, As = 3.0 in 2

3.0
Pw = (l 5 X 32 ) = 0.006

3.5 - 2.5 (0.85) = 1.37

2
Ve = 1.375 [1.9 v40QO + 2500 (0.006) 0.85] (l~O~i ) = 87.7 kips
5 32
3·5 ) 4000 (l 1000
X ) = 106 25 k
· ips
Ve = 87.7 k < 106.25 k O.K
b - Check minimum shear reinforcement
Vu 105 .
Vs=----:;:- Ve = - - - 87.7 = 52.3 kips
'+' 0 .75
Vn = Ve + Vs = 87.7 + 52.3 = 140 kips > V11 = 105 kips O.K

c - Check maximum shear reinforcement

Use the following equation

 5.14 Deep Beams 157
2 1
= (10 + 4.5) V4000 (15 X 32) lOOO = 294 kips
3
¢ Vn = 0.75 (294) = 220.5 kips > 87.7 kips O.K

d - Horizontal shear reinforcement

Use #3 bars A vh = 2 (0.11) = 0.22 in 2

A vh
0.22 _ .
98
0.0015 (15") - · m.
d
s2 < - or 12 in.
-5
32
max. s2 = d/5 = - = 6.4 or 12 in.
5
use s2 = 6 in.

mm. Avh = 0.0015 (15) 6 = 0.135 in2 < 0.22 in 2 O.K

use Avh = 0.22 in2

32
- = 5 .3
d/s = 6 use 5 spaces

use #3 horizontal stirrups at 6 in.

e - Vertical shear reinforcement, use #3 bars, Av = 2 (0.11) = 0.22 in2

Av = 0.0025 bws
0.22 .
s
0.0025 ( 15) 0.0025 (15) = 5 ·87 m.

~=
32
max. s =
5
= 6.4 in. (use 5 in. spacing)

144-4
= 28 spaces
5
Use #3 bars at 5 in. throughout the span of beam.
158 Problems

5 @ 6 in. (#3 horizontal)

. ..
'
~
..
. . ' .·
. , .. ,
' .·
..
..____ . -·- - 1 - - - . ~ ~

11
28 @ 5 throughout 140 in. (#3 vertical) . · . I'--.. 3 # 9

2'' 2'' .
·- .
.. . , .
#3

#3 - ~ .
-

.. .....
~ie

.
.
.•

d = 32 in.

· · ·' 3 #.9 .• .
• . • 4e'.;- -

b = 15 in.

PROBLEMS

5.1 Determine the shear strenght Ve, for the cross section of the beam as
sketched in Fig. PS.I. Assume DL = 3.5 k/ft and LL= 6 k/ft. Use
/y = 55 ksi,f: = 4.5 ksi and As= 3.81 in 2 .

§.}J
Wu 12 in.

* * !,
.,

18 ft .•
-.. .' 19 in .

'' 3#i0
•·. •• . ··
Section A-A

Figure PS.1
 Problems 159

5.2 Recalculate the shear strength Ve for Prob. P5. l by using SI units.

5.3 The beam of Fig. P5.1 is subjected to axial tension force with
Nu= -20 kips and/c = 3.5 ksi. Determine the shear strength Ve.

5.4 What is the spacing of #4 stirrups where Av= 0.4 in 2 (¢ 12 mm, Av= 226
mm 2) for two legs, the factored shear force Vu = 47 kips (209 KN). Use
f y = 60 ksi (420 MPa)/c = 3 ksi (20 MPa) and check for Av,min·

#4 stirrup . . . ;- ·. ' t
d= 17 in.
(430 mm)

b = 13 in. (330 mm)

Figure P5.4

5.5 Determine the spacings to be used for #3 stirrups where

Av= 0.22 in 2 . (¢ 10 mm, Av= 157 mm 2) as sketched in Fig P5.4. Use
V11 = 62 kips (156 KN),h = 50 ksi,/c = 4 ksi and check for Av,min·

5.6 Design the required spacing of stirrups for simply supported beam,
shown in Fig. P5.6 to carry distributed live load of 2.5 k/ft (36.5KN/m)
and distributed dead load of 2.0 k/ft (29.2 KN/m) neglected beam
weight. Iffy= 40 ksi (345 MPa) andfc = 4 ksi (27.5 MPa).
11
14 (355 mm)

ti
12 in.
f

L
f

=
f

24 ft (7.3 m)
f
f,j
...
. '
·I ·

.·... ' '

4#8: ,'
d= 26
(660 mm)
11

1---------------+l

#3 stirrup

Figure P5.6
160 Problems

DLk/ft LL k/ft
Case fc (KN/m) (KN/m)
/y ksi (MPa)

1 3.5 ksi 2 k/ft 2.75 k/ft 40 ksi

(20 MPa) (14.6 KN/m) (25 .5 KN/m) (280 MPa)
2 4 ksi 2.5 k/ft 3.0 k/ft 45 ksi
(25 MPa) (22 KN/m) (29.2 KN/m) (310 MPa)
3 4.5 ksi 2.75 k/ft 3.25 k/ft 45 ksi
(30 MPa) (29 .2 KN/m) (40 KN/m) (310 MPa)
4 5 ksi 3.0 k/ft 3.5 k/ft 60 ksi
(35 MPa) (44 KN/m) (58 KN/m) (420 MPa)

5.7 Design the required stirrups for the beam shown in Fig. P5.7 . Iffy = 50
ksi (350 MPa) andfc = 4.5 ksi (30 MPa). Use #4 U-shape stirrups.

Jill!!
12"
Wu= 10 k/ft

. . . . . . ~· .
.. . . . ' . .
* ++++ ., .
. . . .·... ' ,.

.
.. . . . ~ ' . . . ·. . . . 18"
.
'

. .

·• .·•
3 # 8 bars

Figure P5.7

5.8 Determine the stirrups for T-beam shown in Fig. P5 .8, if f y = 50 ksi (350
MPa) andfc = 4 ksi (27.5 MPa). Use# 4 stirrups and span L = 16 ft.
11
be = 45
1-------

13"
#4 stirrup - -

3#9 L.LJ
b..- = 12''

Figure P5.8
 Problems 161

5.9 Redesign the stirrups in Prob. P5.8 by using SI units.

5.10 Design a bracket shows in Fig. PS. IO to support a dead load of 40

kips (178 KN) and live load of 60 kips (267 KN). Assume bearing
plate 4 in (100 mm) and Nuc = 25 kips (111 KN). If f~ = 4 ksi (27.5
MPa) andf;, = 60 ksi (420 MPa).

14 X 14 in.
·I
a

II . +· ~--'--......_-----a.............,,,._
_..
.

2 _.. . +·--- -~---~-'--~

.. ,

Figure PS.10

5.11 Redesign the bracket, shown in Fig. PS.IO to support DL = 30 k and

LL = 50 kips. Assume Nuc = 17 kips.

5.12 Determine the shear reinforcement and the steel requirement to use
in both vertical and horizontal reinforcement for a simply supported
deep beam to carry dead load of 20 kips (89 KN) and live load of
50 kips (222 KN). Assume the unit weight of the concrete 'Ye =
150 Ib/ft 3 (2400 kg/m3), fc
= 4 ksi (27.5 MPa) and /y = 50 ksi (350
MPa).
J62 Problems

6 ft (1.8 m) 6 ft (1.8 m)

. ,. .'
., .
• •;• •• • f'
h = 33"
. ' . :'
.' . 4#8" ..

b = 14"

Figure P5.12

5.13 Redesign the vertical and horizontal reinforcement for a simply

supported deep beam (Fig. P5.12) to carry distributed load of Wu = 22
k/ft (neglect concentrated load). If/
= 3.5 ksi andfy = 50 ksi.