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Metal
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ABRASION RESISTING
HEAT RESISTING
CORROSION RESISTING

Phone 1-800-423-0992
Fax 1-800-240-0212

Click here to visit www.meehanitemetal.com

MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK
Revised 2000

Copyright © 2001 by Meehanite Metal Corporation.

Printed in the United States of America.
All rights on this CD are reserved.

For information, write to:

Meehanite Metal Corporation
10936 N. Port Washington Rd. #141
Mequon, WI 53092 Phone 800-423-0992

The trade marks

[MEEHANITE
METAL ]
M
[METAL ] [DUCTLIRON] [ALMANITE]
and [MEEHANITE] are registered with the
U.S. Patent Office and designate products
made under the direction and in accordance
with the prescribed standards of
Meehanite Worldwide.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Meehanite Metal Corp. gratefully extends
sincerest thanks to all Meehanite foundries
for permission to reproduce their
photographs in this CHandbook of
Meehanite Metal.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:23 AM Page 3

PREFACE

The Meehanite Metal Corporation has been in business for over

seventy years, developing a family of high performance cast ductile
and flake irons described in the following sections. This handbook
of Meehanite Metals has been prepared for
designers, engineers and purchasing executives
who strive to improve product performance and
reduce manufacturing costs. It presents the
mechanical & physical properties of each type
of Meehanite Metal in a clear and concise
manner in order to aid in the selection of the
particular type of Meehanite® which will most completely meet the
buyer’s requirements.
Meehanite Metals furnish industry with engineering materials of
known and consistent properties on which casting design can be
safely based. They have proved their value the world over from not
only the viewpoint of dependable service, but economy as well.
The following pages outline some of the advantages to be gained
by the use of Meehanite® and explain why this versatile material is
so widely recognized and used throughout industry.
To compliment the development of these materials, Meehanite
licenses only qualified foundries to produce these products. Every
licencee is required to undergo a strict traing regimen before they
are permitted to produce any grade of Meehanite. Further to this,
an ongoing program of auditing is followed, to ensure that the stan-
dards required for production are maintained.
If you are interested in obtaining a Meehanite license, you can
find out what is involved and the services we provide by going to
page 88 - The Meehanite Connection.

3
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:23 AM Page 4

CONTENTS

The Meehanite Process

General Engineering Meehanite Metal 14
Nodular Graphite
Type SF 60 (SF 400) High ductility, shock resistance 15
Type SP 80 (SP 600) High strength and toughness 16
Type SH 100 (SH 700) Superior hardenability, high strength 17
Type SH 100 (SH 800) Heat treated SH type metal – a good
(Heat Treated) combination of hardness, strength and
toughness 18
Type AQS High endurance strength and air hardening 20
Flake Graphite
Type GM 60 (GM 400) High compression and tensile strength 23
Type GA 50 (GA 350) High strength and density 24
Type GC 40 (GC 275) All purpose metal, good strength and density 25
Type GE 30 (GE 200) Good machinability and damping capacity 26
Type GF 20 (GF 150) Exceptional machinability 27
Type AQ Machinable “as-cast”, air hardens 28
Abrasion Resisting Meehanite Metal (Almanite) 31
Type W Exceptional hardness, moderate shock
resistance 31
Type WS High hardness, strength, toughness 32
Type WSH High impact strength 33

Heat Resisting Meehanite Metal 34

Type HS Maximum resistance to scaling 41
Type HSV High mechanical heat strength 42
Type HR Scale and creep resistance 43
Type HE Thermal shock resistance 44

Corrosion Resisting Meehanite Metal 46

Type CC Moderately corrosion resisting 48
Type CR Resistance to corrosion and erosion 49
Type CRS High strength and corrosion resistance 50
Type CHS Recommended for use in acidic conditions 51

4
More>
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:23 AM Page 5

Austempered Ductile Iron 52

K300 High Impact with Good Strength 54
K400 54
K500 Exceptional Strength and Hardness 54

Engineering Data 56
Effect of Section Thickness 56
Thermal Conductivity 58
Thermal Expansion 60
Specific Heat 63
Sub-zero Impact Properties 65
Damping Capacity 68
Dimensional Stability 71
Magnetic Properties 71
Machinability and Machining 74
Machining Practice and Tool Design 74
Speed Feed Relationship 76
Preparation and Sharpening of Tools 76
Machining Allowances 77
Rolling Friction Galling and Seizing 78
Galling, Seizing and Pickup 79
Heat Treatment Data 82
Temper Brittleness 84
Stress Relieving 86
Surface Hardening 87
Coatings, Welding 87

The Meehanite Connection 88

5
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:23 AM Page 6

6 Meehanite® pump impeller and casing.

MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:23 AM Page 7

INTRODUCTION

The Meehanite Process

Meehanite Metal castings cover For this reason, Meehanite
any casting within the overall cast Metal has conveniently been
iron composition range that have divided into a number of broad
been produced by the Meehanite type classifications each with its
process. typical properties which enables
This process involves a number the engineer to select that type of
of patented procedures seeking to metal most suited to his particular
control and produce the desired application.
graphite distribution and the On the basis of use, the follow-
desired matrix structure in the ing broad categories apply:
casting. It depends primarily on 1. General Enginnering Prefix G
the establishment of a melt of 2. Wear Resisting Prefix W
desired degree of undercooling 3. Heat Resisting Prefix H
often referred to as constitution 4. Corrosion Resisting Prefix C
and the controlled nucleation of These categories relate to the
this melt, usually by means of end use of the casting and are
alkaline earth silicide additions. further sub-divided on the basis
It requires very careful selection of of metallurgical structure and
raw materials, meticulous process property values.
controls and a very thorough
knowledge of the foundry
behavior of cast iron.
The Meehanite process involves
the use of standard procedures in
all phases of casting manufacture
including gating and risering
techniques, sand control testing
methods and many specialized
molding procedures. It seeks to
eliminate guesswork, thereby
resulting in an engineering prod-
uct of high integrity and reliability.
Meehanite Metal Types
While the Meehanite process is a
closely integrated procedure and
will produce a truly quality
casting, it is necessary for the
engineer to have at his disposal
exact figures on the physical and
mechanical properties of
Meehanite Metal so that he may
design with confidence.

7
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 8

INTRODUCTION

Meehanite Units system will sooner or later be

This revised issue of the universal and we already have
“Handbook of Meehanite Metal” had many requests for metric data.
has adopted the metric system It would appear necessary to
along with the English system. present the relations between
The adoption of the metric system metric measures of length, area,
(International System of Units, or mass and derived units, and
abbreviated as SI in all language) English units.
is due to the fact that the metric

BASE UNIT
UNITS & SYMBOLS FORMULA
QUANTITY SI ENGLISH SI ENGLISH
LENGTH meter, m
centimeter, cm foot, ft
milimeter, mm inch, in

MASS kilogram, kg pound, lb

gram, gm
TIME hour, hr
minute, min same as metric
second, sec
TEMPERATURE Centigrade, °C Fahrenheit, °F

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

QUANTITY ENGLISH UNIT TO SI UNIT SI UNIT TO ENGLISH UNIT
LENGTH 1 in 25.4 mm 1 mm 39.37 x 10-3 in
1 ft 304.8 mm 1 mm 3.28 x 10-3 ft
MASS 1 lb 0.454 kg 1 kg 2.20 lb
1 lb 453.6 gm 1 gm 2.20 x 10-3 lb
TEMPERATURE °F 5/9 (°F-32) °C 9/5°C + 32
▲ °F ▲ °C
5/9▲ ▲ °C ▲ °F
9/5▲
AREA 1 in2 645.2 mm2 1 mm2 1.55 x 10-3 in2
ENERGY 1 BTU 252 cal 1 cal 3.97 x 10-3 BTU
FORCE 1 lbf 4.45 newton 1 newton, N 0.225 lbf
MACHINING
Feed 1 in/rev 2.54 cm/rev 1 cm/rev 0.394 in/rev
Speed 1 s.f.m. 0.31 m/min 1 m/min 3.3 s.f.m.
PRESSURE 1 psi 6.895 x 10-3 1 N/mm2 145 psi
N/mm2
IMPACT STRENGTH 1 ft lbf 1.36 N.m 1 N.m 0.737 ft lbf
WORK 1 ft lbf 1.36 N.m 1 N.m 0.737 ft lbf
SPECIFIC HEAT 1 BTU/lb/°F 0.309 cal/gm/°C 1 cal/gm/°C 3.24 BTU/lb/°F
THERMAL 1 BTU/hr/ft2/ 0.34 x 10-3 cal/ 1 cal/sec/ 2.94 x 103 BTU/
CONDUCTIVITY (°F/in) sec/cm2/(°C/cm) cm2/(°C/cm) hr/ft2/(°F/in)

More>

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 9

INTRODUCTION

DERIVED UNIT
UNITS & SYMBOLS FORMULA
QUANTITY SI ENGLISH SI ENGLISH
AREA sq. centimeter cm2 in2
sq. millimeter sq. inch mm2
ENDURANCE newton per pound-force per
LIMIT sq. millimeter sq. inch (psi) N/mm2 lbf/in2 (psi)
ENERGY Joule British thermal N.m ft lbf
unit, BTU
FORCE newton, N pound-force, lbf kg. cm/sec2 lb ft/sec2
IMPACT STRENGTH newton-meter foot-pound-force N.m ft lbf
MACHINING
Feed centimeter inch per
per revolution revolution cm/rev in/rev
Speed surface meter surface foot
per minute per minute, s.f.m. m/min ft/min
s.m. min
MODULES OF ELASTICITY
tension newton per pound-force per
sq. millimeter, E sq. inch, E N/mm2 psi
torsion N* N* N/mm2 psi
PRESSURE newton per pound-force per N/mm2 psi
sq. millimeter sq. inch, psi
STRESS newton per pound-force per N/mm2 psi
sq. millimeter sq. inch, psi
SPECIFIC HEAT calorie per gram– BTU per pound cal/gm/°C BTU/lb/°F
Celsius Fahrenheit
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY thermal flux
(calorie per thermal flux
second) per sq. (BTU per hour)
centimeter– per sq. foot– cal/sec/cm2 BTU/hr/ft2/
(Celsius per (Fahrenheit per (°C/cm) (°F/n)
centimeter), inch), K value
K value
WORK newton-meter foot-pound-force N.m ft lbf

*The possible confusion with this meaning of the symbol N and the newton N if not clear from the context must be
avoided by the use of “torsion modulus of elasticity” instead of N.

9
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 10

Each type of Meehanite Metal is made

to a predetermined structure thereby
assuring uniform and dependable
properties to precise engineering
specifications. Four typical examples
are shown below.

MEEHANITE TYPE AQ
MEEHANITE TYPE GM 60 (GM 400)
Tensile Strength 60,000 psi Tensile Strength (Heat Treated) 65,000 psi
(400N/mm2) (448N/mm2)
BHN (normal) 230 BHN Up to 550

MEEHANITE TYPE SH 100 (SH 700) MEEHANITE TYPE WS

Tensile Strength 90/170,000 psi Tensile Strength 60/80,000 psi
(620/1172N/mm2) (414/552N/mm2)
BHN 263/600 BHN 400/525

10
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 11

INTRODUCTION

General Engineering Types Sub-divisions are:

This Meehanite Metal series is Flake Graphite “G” Types
classified into flake graphite
metals designated by the prefix G Type GM 60 (GM 400)
and nodular graphite metals –flake graphite, sorbo pearlitic
designated by the prefix S. matrix or tempered martensite
The G, or flake graphite, metals if heat treated.
are subdivided according to the Type GA 50 (GA 350)
tensile strength because this is the –flake graphite, pearlitic matrix.
most convenient method. This Type GC 40 (GC 275)
method of division is used even –flake graphite, pearlitic matrix.
though the engineer may be more Type GE 30 (GE 200)
interested in specific properties –flake graphite, pearlitic matrix.
other than tensile strength. Type GF 20 (GF 150)
Tensile strength is given in –flake graphite, ferritic/pearlitic
minimum values, but it should be matrix.
realized that Meehanite Metal G Type AQ
may be produced to any specific –flake graphite, pearlitic/
minimum value either exactly bainitic matrix.
corresponding to any specific type The relationship between
or to values that may fall exactly tensile strength (forming the basis
in between designated types. of classification) and other
In short, all properties show a pertinent properties are given in
gradual transition from the the appropriate section of this
highest tensile value to the lowest Handbook.
tensile value and are separated The sub-numerals 60, 50, 40,
into various types only for the etc., indicate the PSI units on
purpose of specification. equivalent standard test bars for
Since we use the metric system each type and 400, 350, 300, etc.,
along with the English system in indicate the minimum tensile
this edition of the Handbook, the strength in N/mm2 units.
For example:
Meehanite Metal series has
GM 60 (GM 400) means type
accordingly adopted numerical
GM metal has approximate
symbols for the metric designa-
tensile strength 60,000 psi or
tion. This designation includes
400 N/mm2.
only the Meehanite Flake Graphite
G Types and Nodular Graphite
S Types. More>
The Meehanite Wear Resisting
Types, Heat Resisting Types and
Corrosion Resisting Types remain
the same as the previous designa-
tions because they do not involve
the numerical symbols.

11
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 12

INTRODUCTION

Nodular Graphite “S” Types Wear Resisting Types

(Ductliron®). (Almanite®).
Sub-division in this series again is This series produced primarily for
for specification convenience. wear resistance while having
Specific property values of any specific mechanical properties is
value within the ranges given may broadly classified according to
also be provided. metallurgical structures which, in
Relationship between tensile turn, determines the wear
strength and other properties may resistance.
be found in the engineering data These metals may contain free
section of the Handbook. carbon as graphite or as carbides
Type SF 60 (SF 400) or both. Those containing carbides
–nodular graphite, ferritic as the major properties of free
matrix. carbon are white irons.
Type SP 80 (SP 600) Subdivisions are:
–nodular graphite, pearlitic/ Type W 1
ferritic matrix. –carbidic, pearlitic matrix.
Type SH 100 (SH 700) Type W 2
–nodular graphite, pearlitic –carbidic, martensitic matrix.
matrix, or tempered martensite Type W 4
if heat treated. –carbidic, austenitic matrix.
Type AQS Type WS
–nodular graphite, pearlitic/ –nodular graphite, martensitic
bainitic, martensite matrix. matrix.
Type WSH
–nodular graphite, austenitic
matrix.

Rubber cutting discs cast in Meehanite crankshafts.

Meehanite nodular iron.

12 More>
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 13

INTRODUCTION

Heat Resisting Types Corrosion Resisting Types

While even the General This series is sub-divided very
Engineering irons do have some broadly according to structure,
good heat resisting properties, the but composition may be varied
heat resisting types of Meehanite considerably to suit exact condi-
are specifically produced to meet a tions of service. This should be
wide range of high temperature done on the basis of consultation
service conditions. with your casting supplier.
Sub-division is on the basis of The austenitic nickel types CR
type of application, but is and CRS may be modified to meet
characterized by structure, thus: all standard engineering society
Type HR specifications for this type of
–carbidic/pearlitic (heat with material.
wear). Type CC
Type HS –flake graphite, pearlitic.
–nodular graphite, ferritic. Type CR
(temperature up to 1800°F –flake graphite, nickel/
(981°C). austenitic.
Type HSV Type CRS
–nodular graphite, ferritic/ –nodular graphite, nickel
pearlitic. austenitic.
Type HE Type CHS
–flake graphite, pearlitic (heat –nodular graphite, ferritic.
shock).

Almanite WSH rod mill guides Ductliron sprocket for ship engine

13
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 14

Meehanite Nodular Graphite “S” Types (Ductliron®)

Ductliron®, a registered
Meehanite trade-name for a
group of high carbon ferrous
materials containing graphite in
the form of nodules or spheroids
is also known as ductile iron and
nodular iron.
This versatile engineering
metal possesses high strength,
ductility, castability and other
properties that make it outstand-
ing for many of industry’s
toughest applications.
Four types of Meehanite
Ductliron for General
Engineering purposes are
available: SP 80 (SP 600), SH 100
(SH 700), SF 60 (SF 400) and AQS.
They offer a full range of
matrix structures and properties,
as shown on the following pages.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 15

GENERAL ENGINEERING/NODULAR GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type SF 60 (SF 400)

This type possesses high ductility, Typical Applications:
exceptional resistance to shock For components subjected to
and provides maximum toughness both thermal and mechanical
and machinability. Its structure is shock and for pressure castings,
essentially ferritic and it is not valves, cylinders, parts for auto-
readily flame hardened. motive, machine tool, marine and
This material meets the where soft-steel castings, steel
requirements outlined in the weldments or malleable iron has
following specifications: been used.

ASTM A536 (60-40-18, 65-45-12)

ASTM: A395 (60-40-18)
ASME: SA395
ASM: 5315*2

MEEHANITE TYPE SF60 (SF400)

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 60,000 (>400)
Yield strength (tension)–psi (N/mm2) 40,000 (>310)
Yield strength (compression)–psi (N/mm2) 54,000 (>370)
Modulus of elasticity (tension), 106 psi (E x 106) 23 (0.17)
Modulus of elasticity (torsion), 106 psi (N x 106) 9.5 (0.07)
Elongation in 2˝ or 50 mm bar, min % 15-20 15-20
Endurance limit (unnotched) psi (N/mm2) 0.50 0.50
(45° notch) 0.35 0.35
Poisson’s ratio 0.32 0.32
Brinell hardness range, HB 140/190 140/190
Impact strength–Charpy,
ft lbf (N/m) 10 mm2 bar “V” notch 7-15 (9.81-20.60)
Specific gravity 7.18 7.18
Solid contraction in/ft (mm/n) 1/32-3/32 (13)
Patternmaker’s shrinkage, % 0.20-0.80% 1-3

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 16

GENERAL ENGINEERING/NODULAR GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type SP 80 (SP 600)

This type possesses in the as-cast Typical Applications:
condition more than twice the Recommended for use where
strength of conventional gray cast severe stresses, shock or high
iron in combination with internal pressures are encountered,
exceptional toughness. such as heavy duty gears,
It has a predominantly pearlitic sprockets, crankshafts, connecting
structure and is readily machin- rods, cams, car journal boxes,
able. It responds easily to surface differential housings, compressor
hardening by nitriding or by flame cylinders and components for
or electric induction heat heavy machinery, diesel, auto-
treatment. motive and related industries.
This material meets the require-
ments outlined in the following
specifications:

ASTM: A536 (80-50-06)

MIL: 1-11466B
ASM: 5316

MEEHANITE TYPE SP80 (SP600)

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Tensile strength, min., psi (N/mm )
2
80 550
Yield strength (tension), min., psi (N/mm2) 60 410
Yield strength (compression), min., psi (N/mm2) 72,000 500
Modulus of elasticity (tension), min., x 106 psi (E x 106) 25 0.18
Modulus of elasticity (torsion), min., x 106 psi (N x 106) 9.6 0.07
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm bar, min., % 3-10 3-10
Endurance limit, unnotched, psi (N/mm2) 39,000 (269)
Endurance ratio, unnotched 0.49 0.49
Endurance ratio, 45° notch 0.35 0.35
Poisson’s ratio 0.37 0.37
Brinell hardness range, HB 170/230 170/230
Impact strength–Charpy,
ft lbf (N.m) (10 mm2 bar “V” notch) 1-5 (1.37-6.87)
Specific gravity 7.20 7.20
Solid contraction, in/ft (mm/m) 1/16 -1/8 6-13
Patternmaker’s shrinkage allowance, % 0.50%-1.00% 1-5/3

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 17

GENERAL ENGINEERING/NODULAR GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type SH 100 (SH 700)

Characterized by its exceptional Typical Applications:
hardenability. Type SH 100 Specify for hard wearing
(SH 700) is particularly suited castings requiring increased
where high strengths are desired strength and hardness over that in
in relatively heavy section the as-cast condition: heavy duty
castings. gears, spinning mandrels, pump
In the as-cast condition, SH 100 liners, rolls, dies, clutch drums,
(SH 700) has a fully pearlitic pistons, brake drums, agricultural
structure. Any hardness value may implement parts.
be obtained ranging from that of a
free machinable iron to that of the
fully hardened tool steel.
This material meets the require-
ments outlined in the following
specifications:

ASTM: A536 (100-70-03)

MIL: 1-11466

MEEHANITE TYPE SH100 (SH700)

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm ) 2
100,000 >700
Yield strength (tension)–psi (N/mm2) 70,000 >450
Yield strength (compression)–psi (N/mm2) 85,000 >593
Modulus of elasticity (tension), 106 psi (E x 106) 25 (0.18)
Modulus of elasticity (torsion), 106 psi (N x 106) 4.8 (0.04)
Elongation min., % in 2 in or 50 mm bar 3 min 3 min
Endurance limit (unnotched) psi (N/mm2) psi 43,000 (297)
Endurance ratio, (unnotched) 0.33 0.33
(45° notch) 0.25 0.25
Poisson’s ratio 0.37 0.37
Brinell hardness range, HB 240-300 240-300
Impact strength–Charpy,
ft lbf (10 mm2 bar “V” notch) 1-3 (1.37-4.12)
Specific gravity 7.22 7.22
Solid contraction, in/ft (mm/m) 1/8 -3/16 13/19
Patternmaker’s shrinkage, % 1.0 -1.5% 1.0 -1.5%

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 18

GENERAL ENGINEERING/NODULAR GRAPHITE

A good combination of hardness, 1100°F (593°C), the lower tempera-

strength and toughness can be had ture sufficing to relieve hardening
by an oil quench from 1650°F strains without reducing the
(898°C) and drawing at 750°F maximum hardness value, while
(399°C). the 1100°F (593°C) draw will result
The drawing temperature will in hardnesses of approximately
range from 400°F (204°C), to 300 Brinell.

MEEHANITE TYPE SH100 (SH800)

Properties (Heat Treated) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 100/170,000 (700/1190)
Elongation, % 1-5 1-5
Yield strength–psi (N/mm2) 70/130,000 (483/900)
Brinell hardness range, HB 260/340 260/340
Impact strength–Charpy,
ft lbf (Joules/cm2) (10 mm2 bar “V” notch) 1-3 (1.36-4.07)
Pattern Makers Shrink 1.0 -1.5%

Figure 1
EFFECT OF QUENCH
AND TEMPERING ON TENSILE STRENGTH
200 1380
TENSILE STRENGTH, 1000 x psi

SH 100 (H.T.)
160 1144
AQS

120 858
N/mm 2

80 572

40 286

0
900 1000 °F
AS CAST

HARDENED

400 500 600 700 800

204 260 315 371 428 482 538 °C

TEMPERATURE, °F/°C

More>
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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 19

GENERAL ENGINEERING/NODULAR GRAPHITE

Figure 2
EFFECT OF QUENCH
AND TEMPERING ON HARDNESS
600

SH 100 (H.T.)
500

AQS
400
BHN

300
SP 80
(SP 600)

200

100
900 1000 °F
HARDENED

400 500 600 700 800

204 260 315 371 428 482 538 °C

TEMPERATURE, °F/°C

Type SH100 (SH800) Meehanite three-way switch casting for overhead

conveyor system requiring superior strength and wear resistance.

19
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 20

GENERAL ENGINEERING/NODULAR GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type AQS

This is an air hardening metal Typical Applications:
possessing high strength, For components subject to
toughness and hardness. cyclic stresses of a high order and
It may be fully air quenched requiring good wearing surfaces,
throughout casting section after such as crankshafts, cams, gears,
machining to a wide range of and spinning mandrels or where
strength and hardness values that resistance to abrasion by non-
are uniform with little or no risk of metallics is mandatory, the high
cracking or distortion. hardness and fatigue strength of
Its endurance strength is higher AQS is especially valuable.
than most types of ductile iron (Figure 3)
and AQS also provides an excel-
lent degree of abrasion resistance
due in part to its work hardening
characteristics.

MEEHANITE TYPE AQS

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm )2
80/180,000 (550/1240)
Yield strength–psi (N/mm2) 70/140,000 (480/960)
Elongation in 2˝ or 50 mm bar, min., % 1-3 1-3
Brinell hardness range, HB 225/500 225/500
Impact strength–Charpy,
ft lbf (10 m2 bar “V” notch) (Joules/cm2) 1-3 (1.37-4.12)
Pattern Makers Shrink 1.0 -1.5%

More>

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 21

GENERAL ENGINEERING/NODULAR GRAPHITE

Figure 3
UNNOTCHED FATIGUE LIMIT OF AQS

60 414
STRESS, 10 3 psi

N/mm 2
55 380

53,000 psi (365 N/mm 2)

50 345

10 5 10 6 10 7
NO. OF CYCLES

This 6680 lb. Meehanite mandrel was cast in type SH 100. Machined “as cast.”
Hardened to 430-500 Brinell and then ground to size.

21
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 22

Meehanite Flake Graphite Types

There are six types available.
Their properties are presented in
the following pages.
Types GM 60 (GM 400), GA 50
(GA 350), GC 40 (GC 275), GE 30
(GE 200), GF 20 (GF 150), and AQ
have been developed so as to
provide specific materials to meet
the broad requirements of
industry.
They are unique in their
combination of physical proper-
ties in so far as they bridge the
gap between steel and cast iron,
combining the most desirable
properties of each in varying
degrees.

22
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 23

GENERAL ENGINEERING/FLAKE GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type GM 60 (GM 400) ASTM: A48 (Class 60)

This is the most versatile of the ANSI: G25.1
general engineering types. It may FEDERAL: QQ-1-652c
be cast uniformly solid to any
section thickness from 5/8˝ Typical Applications:
(16 mm) up to any reasonable Type GM 60 has replaced both
cross-sectional dimension. steel castings and forgings, high
Having a dense, fine grain tensile bronzes and other
structure, this material possesses non-ferrous materials where its
exceptionally high physical particular combination of
properties including good impact properties is advantageous.
strength and shock resistance. It is used extensively for heavy
Machining to a very fine finish service gears, sheaves, cable
is recommended for heavy cast- drums and crane wheels, kiln tires
ings where pressure tightness is and rollers, stamping, drawing,
required. Type GM 60 responds to pressing, blanking and heading
heat treatment and may be surface dies; lathe spindles, chucks, ball
hardened by chilling, flame or mill heads and gudgeons,
induction heat treatment. hydraulic cylinders and rams;
This material meets the require- crankshafts, high pressure cham-
ments outlined in the following bers and valves; straightening,
specifications: bending and shaping rollers, etc.

MEEHANITE TYPE GM60 (GM400)

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 55,000 (400)
Proportional limit–psi (N/mm2) 0.01% permanent set 25,000 (179)
Modulus of elasticity, 106 psi (E x 106) 21.5 (0.15)
Modulus of rigidity, 106 psi (N x 106) 9.5 (0.07)
Poisson’s ratio 0.33 0.33
Modulus of rupture–106 psi (N x 106) 93,000 (640
Compression strength–106 psi (N x 106) 200,000 (1379)
Fatigue strength–106 psi (N x 106) 25,000 (172)
Shear strength–106 psi (N x 106) 53,000 (366)
Impact strength–Charpy, ft lbf (N.m) 8.0 (10.8)
Single impact–Izod 0.79˝ (20 mm) Dia. Unnotched Bar 30-40 (41.2-55.2)
Brinell hardness range, HB 210/280 210/280
Machinability rating 50 50
Torsional strength–0.75˝ Dia. x 14.5˝ Long (19 mm x 368 mm)
Ultimate Torsional Fiber Stress 65,000 (448)
Degrees Twist 99.3 99.3
Specific gravity 7.34 7.34
Solid contraction, in/ft (mm/m) 5/32-6/32 (13-16)
Patternmaker’s shrinkage, % 1.1-1.5 1.1-1.5
Thermal properties see page 54
Electrical properties see page 67

23
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 24

GENERAL ENGINEERING/FLAKE GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type GA 50 (GA 350)

This is a general utility iron This material meets the require-
combining high strength, ments outlined in the following
toughness, wear resistance and specifications:
machinability. Solid and depend- ASTM: A48 (Class 50)
able castings can be made to any ANSI: G25.1
thickness over 1/2˝ (12.7 mm). FEDERAL: QQ-1-652c
If designed with good
judgment, it can be used to replace Typical Applications:
certain steel forgings, steel castings Outstanding examples of its use
and weldments to good advan- occur in machine tool tables,
tage. Because of its structural saddles, racks and chucks, etc.,
homogeneity, GA 50 retains high press and drawing dies (cast to
dimensional accuracy in service. form), compressor and diesel
It responds to heat treatment and engine cylinders and liners;
may be hardened locally or on the camshafts and crankshafts; also
surface by either flame or the high pressure castings at
induction process. temperatures up to 700° (371°C).

MEEHANITE TYPE GA50 (GA350)

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 50,000 (350)
Proportional limit–psi (N/mm2) 0.01% permanent set 20,000 (138)
Modulus of elasticity–106 psi (E x 106) 20 (0.14)
Modulus of rigidity–106 psi (N x 106) 8.75 (0.06)
Poisson’s ratio 0.32 0.32
Modulus of rupture–106 psi (N x 106) 90,000 (621)
Compression strength–106 psi (N x 106) 180,000 (1242)
Fatigue strength–106 psi (N x 106) 22,000 (152)
Shear strength–106 psi (N x 106) 50,000 (350)
Impact strength–Charpy, ft lbf (N.m) 7.2 (9.8)
Single impact–Izod 0.78˝ (20.3 mm) Dia. Unnotched Bar 25/35 (34/48)
Brinell hardness range, HB 190/250 190/250
Machinability rating 48 48
Torsional strength–0.75˝ Dia. x 14.5˝ Long (19 mm x 368 mm)
Ultimate Torsional Fiber Stress 58,000 (400)
Degrees Twist 98.7 98.7
Specific gravity 7.31 7.31
Solid contraction in/ft (mm/m) 1/8-5/32 13/16
Patternmaker’s shrinkage, % 1.0 -1.4 1.0 -1.14
Thermal properties see page 54
Electrical properties see page 67

24
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 25

GENERAL ENGINEERING/FLAKE GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type GC 40 (GC 275)

This is an all-around versatile iron This material meets the require-
for small and medium size ments outlined in the following
castings. specifications:
It may be cast uniformly solid in ASTM: A48 (Class 40)
castings varying from 3/8˝ to 21⁄2˝ ANSI: G25.1
(9.5 to 51 mm) thick. Combining FEDERAL: QQ-1-652c
good strength with low coefficient
of friction and self-lubricating Typical Applications:
properties, Type CG 40 finds wide Excellent for use in machine
application in engineering compo- tool beds, head stocks, tables,
nents where metal-to-metal friction press frames, bed plates, crank-
develops thermal shock, such as cases, flywheels, engine cylinders
heavy brake drums, clutch plates, and small cylinder liners, brake
pistons and cylinder liners, etc. drums, clutch plates, cams, pis-
Because of its relatively high tons, pulleys, hydraulic valves.
density and solidity, it is particu- This type finds general use due
larly suited to small types of to its useful combination of good
pressure castings where sectional all-round properties with adapt-
dimensions do not exceed 21⁄2˝ ability to large or small quantity
(64 mm). productions.

MEEHANITE TYPE GC40 (GC275)

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 40,000 (275)
Proportional limit–psi (N/mm2) 0.01% permanent set 14,500 (100)
Modulus of elasticity–106 psi (E x 106) 16.5 (0.11)
Modulus of rigidity–106 psi (N x 106) 7.25 (0.05)
Poisson’s ratio 0.30 0.30
Modulus of rupture–106 psi (N x 106) 80,000 (600)
Compression strength–psi (N/mm2) 150,000 (1,035)
Fatigue strength–psi (N/mm2) 17,500 (117)
Shear strength–psi (N/mm2) 40,000 (300)
Impact strength–Charpy, ft lbf (N.m) 4.5 (6.2)
Single impact–Izod 0.78˝ (20 mm) Dia. Unnotched Bar 12/20 (17/28)
Brinell hardness, BHN 170/230 170/230
Machinability rating 47 47
Torsional strength–0.75˝ Dia. x 14.5˝ Long (19 mm x 368 mm)
Ultimate Torsional Fiber Stress 47,000 (324)
Degrees Twist 64.3 64.3
Specific gravity 7.25 7.25
Solid contraction in/ft (mm/m) 7/64 -5/32 11/16
Patternmaker’s shrinkage, % 0.9-1.3 0.9-1.3
Thermal properties see page 54
Electrical properties see page 67

25
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 26

GENERAL ENGINEERING/FLAKE GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type GE 30 (GE 200)

This material is available as an improved strength and density
alternative and superior material and assures uniform dependable
for all applications replacing performance.
ordinary gray cast iron. This material meets the require-
Type GE 30 is manufactured ments outlined in the following
under the same strict control as specifications:
the other Meehanite types and ASTM: A48 (Class 30)
therefore offers the benefits of ANSI: G25.1
structural uniformity and sound- FEDERAL: QQ-1-652c
ness. It permits higher feeds and
speeds because of the uniformity Typical Applications:
and complete absence of hard Suitable for any size casting
spots, corners and edges. from the lightest repetitive to the
Type GE 30 (GE 200) combines large heavy individual casting.

MEEHANITE TYPE GE30 (GE200)

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 30,000 (2000)
Proportional limit–psi (N/mm2) 0.01% permanent set 11,500 (79)
Modulus of elasticity–106 psi (E x 106) 13 (0.097)
Modulus of rigidity–106 psi (N x 106) 5.5 (0.038)
Poisson’s ratio 0.27 0.27
Modulus of rupture–psi (N/mm2) 61,000 (421)
Compression strength–psi (N/mm2) 120,000 (840)
Fatigue strength–psi (N/mm2) 13,500 (93)
Shear strength–psi (N/mm2) 30,000 (210)
Impact strength–Charpy, ft lbf (N.m) 2.1 (2.9)
Single impact–Izod 0.79˝ (20 mm) Dia. Unnotched Bar 6/12 (7.9/15.7)
Brinell hardness, BHN 160/210 160/210
Machinability rating 38 38
Torsional strength–0.75˝ Dia. x 14.5˝ Long (19 mm x 368 mm)
Ultimate Torsional Fiber Stress 38,000 (262)
Degree Twist 49.2 49.2
Specific gravity 7.06 7.06
Solid contraction in/ft (mm/m) 1/10-1/8 (10/13)
Patternmaker’s shrinkage, % 0.8-1.2 0.8-1.2
Thermal properties see page 56
Electrical properties see page 58

26
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 27

GENERAL ENGINEERING/FLAKE GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type GF 20 (GF 150)

This material is designed It also possesses a high damp-
principally for high machinability ing capacity and is therefore
and is used where ultimate useful where vibration and noise
strength is not an important factor. of operation may be under
For maximum machinability, an consideration.
annealing treatment may also be
specified although this metal Typical Applications:
because of its excellent foundry Recommended for components
characteristics is free from hard requiring high machinability.
spots and edges even in compara-
tively light sectioned castings.

MEEHANITE TYPE GF20 (GF150)

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 20,000 (150)
Proportional limit–psi (N/mm2) 0.01% permanent set 9,500 (66)
Modulus of elasticity–106 psi (E x 106) 9 (0.062)
Modulus of rigidity–106 psi (N x 106) 4 (0.028)
Poisson’s ratio 0.24 0.24
Modulus of rupture–psi (N/mm2) 41,000 (283)
Compression strength–psi (N/mm2) 90,000 (621)
Fatigue strength–psi (N/mm2) 11,000 (76)
Shear strength–psi (N/mm2) 21,550 (149)
Impact strength–Charpy, ft lbf (N.m) 1.5 (1.96)
Single impact–Izod 0.79˝ (20 mm) Dia. Unnotched Bar 4/9 (5.9/12.8)
Brinell hardness, BHN 150/200 150/200
Machinability rating 30 30
Torsional strength–0.75˝ Dia. x 14.5˝ Long (19 mm x 368 mm)
Ultimate Torsional Fiber Stress 31,000 (207)
Degree Twist 35 35
Specific gravity 6.80 6.80
Solid contraction, in/ft (mm/m) 5/64-1/8 (8/13)
Patternmaker’s shrinkage, % 0.60/1.00 0.6/1.00
Thermal properties see page 56
Electrical properties see page 58

27
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:24 AM Page 28

GENERAL ENGINEERING/FLAKE GRAPHITE

Meehanite Type AQ
This is a wear and abrasion recommends itself where abrasion
resisting iron that is readily resistance is required at elevated
machinable “as-cast,” but may be temperatures up to 1000°F (538°C).
“air hardened” after machining
with little or no risk of cracking Typical Applications:
or dimensional change. Components requiring good
Heat treatment is simple strength and abrasion resistance,
consisting of cooling by air blast such as are used in conveyor and
from a temperature of 1650°F road making and agricultural
(898°C). equipment, etc. Type AQ is highly
Castings may also be locally recommended for parts that must
hardened for improved service of be machined and subsequently
working faces or edges of such hardened without distortion such
parts as dies, punches, cams and as cams, spinning mandrels,
rollers, etc. sheaves, wheels, dies, punches,
Retaining a good hardness rollers, engine liners and for
“hot”, as shown by the chart equipment in service at elevated
(Figure 4), this material especially temperatures up to a dull red heat.

MEEHANITE TYPE AQ
Properties As-Cast Heat Treated
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 50,000 (345) 65,000 (448)
Fatigue strength–psi (N/mm2) Unnotched 30,000 (207)
Brinell hardness, BHN Up to 280 Up to 500

DRAWING TEMPERATURE, °F/ °C

Figure 4
93°C 204 315 426 538 648
500

400

CONVENTIONAL
CAST IRON
BHN

300
AS QUENCHED
AS CAST

200

200°F 400 600 800 1000 1200

28 More>
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 29

GENERAL ENGINEERING/FLAKE GRAPHITE

Two Meehanite halves of an

outer head cover for turbine.
Castings weigh 53,000 pounds each.

29
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 30

Meehanite Metal Abrasion or Wear Resisting Types (Almanite®)

Wear is a general term, not a There are three types of
specific property of a material that Meehanite Metal recommended
can be expressed in absolute units. for abrasive applications: Types W,
It does not exist apart from WS, WSH. Type W is further
conditions in service and so far as subdivided into W1, W2, and W4
metals are concerned, selection according to the microstructure.
must be determined by the limit- These abrasion-resistant metals
ing mechanical abrasive condition. trade-named “ALMANITE”, offer
This means that exact condi- practically any combination of
tions of service must be known hardness and toughness.
if that material is to be selected For more detailed information
which will give maximum life than is presented on the following
at lowest cost. pages, refer to Bulletin 60. Copies
Broadly, abrasive wear available upon request.
conditions can be placed in three
groups . . .
a. metal to metal, where
lubrication is not involved;
b. erosion, where suspended
solids are carried in a liquid
or gas;
c. dry abrasion, such as
involved in the crushing of
materials, etc.
It must be recognized, however,
that there is no clear line of demar-
cation between these groups and
that experience or good judgement
is necessary when one overlaps
the other.

30
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 31

ABRASION RESISTING

Meehanite Type W (ALMANITE®)

This is a series of austenitic- modified to give a martensitic
martensitic white irons character- matrix by heat treatment or by
ized by high hardness and freezing.
relatively good impact strength. Hardness values above 650
ALMANITE W has better wear Brinell result from this treatment
resistance than nickel-chromium and, in the as-cast condition,
white irons and is a most econom- machining . . . while still difficult
ical material for general purpose . . . is considerably easier than in
abrasion resistant applications any other white iron.
involving scratching with slight The carbides in W4 are of the
impact, as encountered in end trigonal and orthorhombic type
liners, wear shoes, sand-pump giving it a toughness higher than
impellers and similar parts. that usually associated with white
ALMANITE W is conveniently iron.
separated into Types W1, W2 and
W4. All of these are white irons Typical Applications:
with excess carbon in the form of Recommended for severe
hard wearing carbides. abrasive wear, dry or wet, with
Type W1 has a pearlitic matrix; moderate impact: liners, muller
W2 has a martensitic matrix, and wheels, pan bottoms, pug-mill
W4 is highly alloyed to provide an knife blades, wear shoes, and
austenitic matrix in the as-cast sand-pump impellers, etc.
condition which may be further

MEEHANITE TYPE W (ALMANITE)

Properties (As Cast) English SI Unit
Type W1
Tensile strength, min, psi (N/mm2) 50/60,000 (345/414)
Impact strength, 1.2 in. Izod, ft lbf (30 mm Izod, N.m) 30-50 (39-69)
Brinell hardness range, HB 500-600 500-600
Microstructure Pearlitic
Type W2
Tensile strength, min, psi (N/mm2) 50/60,000 (345/414)
Impact strength, 1.2 in. Izod, ft lbf (30 mm Izod, N.m) 40-60 (59-79)
Brinell hardness range, HB 500-600 500-600
Microstructure Martensitic
Type W4
Tensile strength, min, psi (N/mm2) 60/80,000 (345/550)
Impact strength, 1.2 in. Izod, ft lbf (30 mm, Izod, N.m) 40-70 (59-156)
Brinell hardness range, HB 400-700 400-700
Microstructure Austenitic (as-cast)
Martensitic (heat treated)

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 32

ABRASION RESISTING

Meehanite Type WS (ALMANITE®)

ALMANITE WS is a martensitic ALMANITE WS can be machined
iron with free carbon in the by conventional means, but with
nodular form. difficulty. It may be rendered more
The hardness value of WS is machinable by an anneal at 1600°F
lower than that of Type W, but this (871°C) followed by a slow cool in
is accompanied by a very high the furnace. After machining, it is
impact strength three to four times necessary to normalize or air
that shown by competitive harden to produce high hardness
materials, with improved values.
resistance to metal flow
and wear. Typical Applications:
ALMANITE WS is an ideal Crusher jaws, crusher rings and
metal to use for service conditions rolls, liners of all types, hammers
involving high impact and in impact, pulverizers, slusher-
abrasion. scraper parts, etc.

MEEHANITE TYPE WS (ALMANITE)

Properties English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 60/80,000 (414/552)
Yield strength–psi (N/mm2) 50/65,000 (345/448)
Modulus of elasticity–106 psi (E x 106) 24 (0.17)
Elongation, % 2-4 2-4
Brinell hardness, BHN 400/525 400/525
Impact strength–1.2˝ Izod, ft lbf (30 mm Izod, N.m) 180 (up to 245)
Impact strength–Charpy unnotched ft lb 20

Almanite WS coal
pulverizer rings
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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 33

ABRASION RESISTING

Meehanite Type WSH (ALMANITE®)

ALMANITE WSH is an austenitic Type WSH is extremely difficult
nodular iron possessing superior to machine. Procedures used for
tensile strength, toughness and austenitic manganese steels should
ability to work harden under con- be followed. It is conventional to
ditions of severe pounding impact. finish grind wherever possible.
It has the same basic character-
istics as austenitic manganese Typical Applications:
steel, but it has a much superior Crusher liners, hammers,
yield point and a lower wearing blades, dredge buckets,
elongation. dipper teeth, etc.
It may be regarded as an
extension of Type WS for use
where shock and stresses in
service are unusually severe.

MEEHANITE TYPE WS (ALMANITE)

Properties English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 100,000 (690)
Yield strength–psi (N/mm2) 75,000 (517)
Elongation, % 4-10 4-10
Brinell hardness, BHN 350-500 350-500
Impact strength–1.2˝ Izod, ft lb. (30 mm Izod, N.m) 120 (up to 167)

In service in a crusher installation 1100 lbs (500 kg), ALMANITE WSH jaw crusher castings
of the type shown above are used to crush 8˝ (203 mm) rock to 11⁄2˝ (38 mm) size in a single
pass. They have worked for 57 days, crushing for 8 to 10 hours per day at 100 tons per hour
without substantial wear.
33
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 34

Meehanite Heat Resisting Types

Selection of the most suitable Class 1.
material to withstand the various Castings Subjected to Thermal
conditions of heat influence in Shock (Rapid heating and
service presents unusual problems cooling). Type recommended for
because of the varied temperature this service is HE. The individ-
and corrosive gases encountered. ual characteristics and industrial
These conditions may include uses of each of these will be
thermal shock (rapid heating and dealt with separately.
cooling)–continuous heating Class 2.
(scaling and growth)–low or high Castings Subjected to
temperature effect, local flame Continuous Heating (Scale and
impingement under high or low growth resistance). Types
pressures–contact with gases, recommended for such service
chemicals or metals and so on. are HS, HR and HSV.
Unfortunately, no one material There are, of course, certain
has yet been developed suitable to conditions of service that overlap
meet all of these conditions and between each group. Choice must
very often a compromise must be be made only with full considera-
made in order to meet a particular tion of actual service requirements.
service requirement. Up to 750°F (400°C)
To meet these varied conditions, In this temperature range, all
Meehanite has developed a types of Meehanite Metal will per-
number of Heat Resisting irons, form satisfactorily. It is customary
each having a different combina- to use the General Engineering
tion of properties. types rather than the special Heat
The Meehanite metals are Resistant types. It is not particu-
designated: larly important whether heating
Type HSV, HS, HR, and HE and conditions are steady or cyclic.
are divided into two main classes.
More>
34
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 35

HEAT RESISTING

750°F to 1250° (400°C to 675°C)

At temperatures above 750°F little emphasis is given to short-
(400°C), the loss of hardness and time mechanical strength values.
strength in all metals is quite rapid. Values given are typical for
As creep strength is considerably various types of Meehanite Metal
more important in this range, very suitable for use in this range.
(Figure 5)
TABLE 1 TYPICAL HARDNESS VALUES FOR MEEHANITE
Temperature Brinell Hardness
°F (°C) GA 50 GC 40 HR
750 (399) 225 212 288
900 (482) 205 197 260
1000 (538) 182 180 230
1100 (593) 139 134 176
1250 (675) — — 133

Figure 5 TENSILE STRENGTH FROM 750°F to 1250°F

(399°C to 675°C)
454°C 510 565 620 675
TENSILE, psi x 10 3

40 276

N/mm 2
30 207
HS
HR
20 138
GA 50

850°F 950 1050 1150 1250

Figure 6 ELONGATION & TENSILE STRENGTH OF

MEEHANITE METAL
426°C 538 648
TENSILE, psi x 10 3 (N/mm 2)

80 SH 100 60
(552) SP 80 (SH 700)
ELONGATION %

70 (SP 600) 50
(483)
60 SF 60
(414) (SF 400) 40
50 El. 30
(345)
40 20
(276)
30 SF 60
(207) (SF 400) 10

800°F 1000 1200

More>
35
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 36

HEAT RESISTING

Resistance to plastic flow or Figures 5 and 6.

creep is a major design considera- The heat resistant types “HR”,
tion in the 750°F to 1250°F (399°C “HS” are recommended for use in
to 677°C) range. the upper region of this tempera-
While the General Engineering ture range because of their overall
types are not normally considered heat resisting ability.
for use in the upper end of this Creep is usually expressed as
range, the “S” types of Meehanite, the stress to rupture at various
in particular, have good tensile temperatures for various times.
strengths and data on these of This is shown in Figure 7.
short-term tensile is given in
Figure 7 x 10 3
LARSEN MILLER PARAMETER, T 120 + log II, T in °K, t in Hours
5 10 15 20 25 30 35

PSI x 1000
N/mm 2
100
90
690
80
70
60
50
40

30

20

10 69
9
8
°F °C 7
20 6
100 50 5
200 100 4
300 150
3
400 200

500 250 2

600 300
350
700
400
SF 1 6.9
800
450
900
500 SP
1000 550 SH
1100 600
1200 650 HR
700
1300
HS
1400 750
800
1500
850
1600
900
1700
950
1800
1
1, 10, 00,
1000

10 100 000 000 000

1900
1050
0.

1
1

2000 1100
2100 1150 10 0 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
10

10
-1

2200 1200
1250
TIME – HOURS
2300

CREEP VALUES FOR MEEHANITE METAL

(Stress to Rupture)

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 37

HEAT RESISTING

Surface Crazing Examples of GA 50 (GA 350)

Some surface crazing may occur Meehanite compared to soft and
at the upper end of this tempera- chilled cast irons in a special test
ture range, particularly if the rate from 1200°F (649°C) are shown.
of temperature change is severe. Surface oxidation in tempera-
In general, the denser, higher tures up to 1250°F (675°C) is not
strength engineering metals– normally a serious consideration.
GM 60 (GM 400), GA 50 (GA 350), The “S” types of Meehanite are
SP 80 (SP 600), and SH 100 more resistant than the “G” types
(SH 700) are most resistant to because the rounded graphite
surface crazing at temperatures retards oxide penetration from
up to 1250°F (675°C). the surface.

TEST RESULTS SHOW RESISTANCE OF

TYPE GA MEEHANITE TO SURFACE CRAZING.

SOFT CAST CHILLED

IRON IRON

TYPE GA50
More>
37
MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 38

HEAT RESISTING

1250°F to 1600°F (675°C to 870°C)

Loss of strength and hardness “HS” and “HSV” are giving good
above 1250°F (675°C) is quite service as dies in hot forming of
severe in all metals. In design titanium and other metals in this
involving load at these tempera- temperature range and higher.
tures, allowance must be made for Short-time tensile strength of
low bearing capacities. “HS” and “HSV” Meehanite
Despite low strength values, varies according to the curves
Meehanite Metal types “HR”, shown below. (Figure 8)

Figure 8 TEST TEMPERATURE SHORT-TIME HIGH

TEMPERATURE STRENGTH
649°C 760 871
20 138

15 103
TENSILE, psi x 10 3

HSV

N/mm 2
10 67.0

HS

5 34.5

0
1200°F 1400 1600

Figure 9 TIME IN HOURS AT 1600°F (870°C)

0.020

SOFT CAST IRON

GROWTH IN in/in (mm/mm)

0.015

0.010 SF 60
(SP 400)

0.005
HR

0 HS

-0.005
100 200 300

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HEAT RESISTING

As 1600°F (871°C) temperature Oxidation and scaling can

is within the plastic range, flow become severe in the 1600°F
under load becomes quite rapid. (871°C) temperature range. The
Creep data on types “HR” and scale resistant ability of Types
“HS”, the only types recommend- “HS”, “HSV” and “HR” is
ed for service involving mechan- excellent under most conditions.
ical loads, is given. (Figure 9) The behavior of Type “HS”
Surface crazing can occur in Meehanite is well illustrated in a
this range to a more marked special test conducted where a
degree and where cyclic tempera- sample is repeatedly heated to and
tures influence occurs, a full cooled from 1600°F (871°C) in an
anneal is always recommended oxidizing atmosphere. (Figure 10)
before the casting is put into Type “HS” forms a tight adher-
service. Of particular interest is ing oxide scale that effectively
the excellent behavior of prevents further deterioration due
Meehanite Metal for glass molds to oxide penetration towards the
and plungers. center of the sample.

Figure 10

Type HS Meehanite casting heated to and

cooled from 1600°F (871°C) for a period of
300 hours shows no growth or scaling.

Alloy iron casting given same test shows

considerable growth and scaling.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 40

HEAT RESISTING

1600°F to 1800°F (871°C to 981°C)

For temperatures in the range Type HE Meehanite is recom-
above 1600°F (871°C), mechanical mended for cyclic heating
properties fall off so rapidly that applications involving severe
they become of questionable use shock. Large, continuous graphite
in design. flakes contained in the metal
Selection of the right material structure dissipate heat stresses.
for a given application becomes Because of this, it has relatively
a matter of judgment based on moderate mechanical strength-
proven experience in similar tensile–30,000 psi (207 N/mm2),
applications. compression–130,000 psi
For service in this range, only (897 N/mm2).
two types of Meehanite are Manufacturing procedures
recommended. used give Type HE the optimum
Type HS Meehanite, which type of structure. It is particularly
compares very favorably from a suited for applications such as
strength standpoint with any heat ingot molds, slag pots, bottle
resisting metal, is recommended molds, etc.
for applications at temperatures In bottle molds, it is customary
above 1650°F (898°C) and under to densify the working or
conditions of furnace gases and machined surface of the mold by
when intermittent heating and the use of chills. Type HE, when
cooling and continuous heating chilled, will give the desired
may be encountered without combination of density and ability
thermal shock. to absorb heat stresses.

Figure 11 COMPRESSION YIELD STRENGTH

OF MEEHANITE TYPE HS
815°C 871 926 981
20 138
COMPRESSION YIELD
STRENGTH, psi x 10 3

HS
N/mm 2

10 59

0 0
1500°F 1600 1700 1800

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 41

HEAT RESISTING

Meehanite Type HS, (Ductliron®) conditions. It machines easily and

Type HS compares very favorably provides maximum resistance to
from a strength standpoint (Figure scaling and growth. (Figure 9)
8) with any heat resisting metal
and is recommended for applica- Typical Applications:
tions at temperatures up to 1800°F For blast furnace parts, boxes,
(981°C) under both conditions of trays, dampers, doors and frames,
cyclic and continuous heating hot gas valves, rails and skids,
without thermal shock. reduction pots, glass molds,
Compositional adjustments are annealing pots, drums, sagger
made to suit the exact service bottoms, retorts, floor castings, etc.

MEEHANITE TYPE HS
Properties English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 60/100,000 (414/690)
Yield strength–psi (N/mm2) 45/75,000 (310/517)
Modulus of elasticity–106 psi (E x 106) 23 (0.16)
Elongation, % 2-10 2-10
Brinell hardness range, HB 200/280 200/280
Impact strength–Charpy, ft lbf (N.m) 10 mm2 bar “V” notch 1-7 (1.4-9.8)

Tube support made in Type HS Meehanite. Weight 500 pounds.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:25 AM Page 42

HEAT RESISTING

Meehanite Type HSV

This is an iron developed essen- excellent combination of proper-
tially for engineering parts that ties at room temperature as well
are subjected to long, continuous as good strength and hardness at
heating at temperatures up to elevated temperatures.
1600°F (871°C). It has been
designed to have the maximum Typical Applications:
load bearing ability. Hot forming dies, turbo and
Castings may be produced in supercharger castings, furnace
any shape. They are readily parts.
machinable, and possess an

MEEHANITE TYPE HSV

Properties English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 100/120,000 (670/828)
Yield strength–psi (N/mm2) 50/80,000 (345/512)
Elongation, % 2-10 2-10
Brinell hardness range, HB 200/280 200/280
Thermal conductivity, 50°F-450°F (10°C-232°C)
°C/cm, btu/hr/ft, °F/in (cal/cm2/sec) 278 (0.095)
Co-efficient of thermal expansion
per °F from 100°F to 1000°F
(°C from 38°C to 538°C), x 106 6.7 (12.1)

Grate bars removed from service at temperature above 1200°F (648°C).

Bar #1 is alloy steel (25% chrome – 12% nickel), Bar #5 is cast in HSV.
Note freedom from growth and distortion.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 43

HEAT RESISTING

Meehanite Type HR
Type HR is a strong, dense iron conditions where intermittent
of high rigidity and excellent heating and cooling and continu-
resistance to scaling under most ous heating may be encountered
conditions. Type HR is non- without thermal shock–furnace
growing for temperatures up to skid bars, stoker dead plates,
1350°F (734°C). It possesses good stocker tuyeres and extension
load carrying ability. plates, retorts, tube supports,
furnace parts, etc.
Typical Applications:
Recommended for service

MEEHANITE TYPE HR
Properties English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 40,000 (300)
Compression strength–psi (N/mm2) (1,138)
Modulus of elasticity, 106 psi (E x 106) 21 (0.15)
Brinell hardness range, HB 300/370 300/370
Thermal conductivity 235 BTU/hr.ft.2 0.08 cal/cm.sec.°C

Meehanite type HS annealing basket used to support over

2000 lbs. of bar stock during heat treat cycles at 1450°F.
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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 44

HEAT RESISTING

Meehanite Type HE
This material withstands rapid Type HE possesses a high
heating and cooling without degree of refractoriness and a
premature failure. HE is an all- useful range of strength properties
around material for general use. at various temperatures. It is
It is also advantageous where freely machinable in the “as-cast”
dimensional stability or a fine condition.
machine surface is required.
The constitution of this iron is Typical Applications:
so designed that the structure of Ingot molds, slag pots, hot
the iron readily accommodates plates, parts heated rapidly by a
itself to sudden changes of naked flame as in certain salt
thermal stress which cause rapid baths, lead or zinc pots, sintering
expansion and contraction of grates, pig casting machine parts,
the casting. coke oven doors and liners, etc.
MEEHANITE TYPE HE
Properties (Room Temperature) English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 25,000 (172)
Modulus of elasticity, 106 psi (E x 106) 14 (0.10)
Brinell hardness, BHN (as-cast) 170/210 170/210

Meehanite Type HS bracket provides good heat resistance and resists warping.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 45

Sagger bottoms cast in Type HS resist scaling and warping at 1600°F.

Waste gas disposal headwall casting made in Type HS Meehanite

provides excellent service at 1450F and higher.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 46

Meehanite Corrosion Resisting Types

Meehanite castings, in general, but being so dependent on exact
possess good corrosion resisting environmental conditions that
properties compared with such corrosion resistance can only be
materials as steel and ordinary expressed on a comparative basis.
cast iron. In addition, they have The unit of comparison is usually
the advantage of density, solidity in mils per year, 1 mil = 0.001 in.
and uniformity of mechanical The rate of corrosion is affected
properties due to their purity, by concentration, temperature,
close-gained structure and rate of movement of the corrosion
controlled dispersion of graphite. media, and by the tendency of the
For mildly corrosive conditions, metal to become passive under the
Type CC is an all-round inexpen- particular conditions of corrosion.
sive general engineering material, Because of the general complex-
but for more severe corrosive ity of corrosive action, it is recom-
conditions, Types CR and CRS mended that specific cases be
should be used. discussed directly with your
These types are austenitic casting supplier or with Meehanite
nickel-bearing irons corresponding Metal who may have case
to ASTM Specifications A436 and histories corresponding to your
A439 and for convenience are application available in their
further sub-divided into types extensive engineering library.
according to these specifications. The extent of corrosion that
Type CHS is a higher strength may be expected is best gauged
material recommended for use in from test results on the behavior
acidic conditions at high of Type CR (austenitic-nickel) in
temperatures. various chemicals. Ranges given
Corrosion is a complex vary because of concentrational
phenomenon generally considered differences and are given only
to be electro-chemical in nature, as a broad guide.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 47

CORROSION RESISTING

CHEMICAL mil/year mm/year Choice of Meehanite Types

MINERAL ACIDS To Suit Corrosive Conditions
Hydrochloric 10-370 0.25-9.40
Sulphuric 5-50 0.13-1.30
Mineral Acids: Type CC has
Nitric 70-2300 1.78-58.42 excellent corrosion resistance to
Phosphoric 20-100 0.51-2.50 100% sulphuric acid at tempera-
ORGANIC ACIDS 1-120 0.03-3.05
tures up to 250°F (121°C).
WATER
Fresh 0.06 0.001 Corrosion increases with increas-
Salt 8-10 0.20-0.25 ing temperature and decreasing
Mine & Industrial 5-40 0.13-1.02
acid concentration. Types CR and
ALKALIES
Sodium Hydroxide 0.1-90 0.003-2.29 CRS resist corrosion by cold dilute
Ammonia 0.05-90 0.001-2.29 sulphuric acid.
Calcium Hydroxide 0.2 0.006
Organic Acids: Types CR and
CHLORIDES
Ammonium 3-10 0.08-0.25 CRS resist corrosion by acids such
Barium 40 1.02 as formic, acetic, oxalic, etc., better
Calcium 1-4 0.03-0.10
Sodium 0.04-4 0.01-0.10 than low alloy gray irons.
Zinc 20-80 0.51-2.00 Alkalies: Type CC is not corrod-
SULPHATES ed by dilute alkali solutions at any
Aluminum 2-16 0.05-0.41
Ammonium 0.07-6 0.002-0.15 temperature. Hot solutions [above
Copper 35-490 0.89-12.45 150°F (65°C)] exceeding 30% con-
Manganese 550 13.97
Zinc 560 14.22
centration are mildly corrosive.
PAPER CHEMICALS 0.8-40 0.02-1.02 Industrial Waters: For industrial
PETROLEUM
CHEMICALS 0.1-400 0.003-10.16
waters of low acid concentration,
Type CC is satisfactory. Types CR
or CRS are used in applications
where the pH is low, or in strongly
acidic conditions. In applications
where the component is subject to
high velocity or abrasion, Type CR
or CRS should be specified.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 48

CORROSION RESISTING

Meehanite Type CC
While not considered corrosive sulphuric acid at temperatures up
resisting in the normal sense, this to 250°F (121°C).
is a general utility material with a
minimum of alloying elements to Typical Applications:
give an improvement in corrosion Acid pans, kettles, pumps,
resistance over that which would valves, fittings, evaporators,
normally be expected from the condensers, retorts, filter presses,
General Engineering types of stills, reaction vessels, etc., for
Meehanite Metal. It can be used handling chemicals, mine and sea
for slightly acid solutions, alkali water, carbonators, causticizers,
solutions at temperatures up to and generally for solutions of less
150°F (65°C) and concentrated than 2 pH.

MEEHANITE TYPE CC
Properties English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm2) 40,000 (276)
Brinell hardness, BHN 190/230 190/230

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 49

CORROSION RESISTING

Meehanite Type CR
Type CR is an austenitic material copper sulphate, or ammonia, a
especially designed to meet a wide close look at the exact corrosion
variety of corrosion, wear and heat conditions is called for.
applications. It has flake graphite In general, Type CR is used for
and chemical analysis conforming all applications, with modification
to ASTM Specification A436-78. of CR types being used for
Where ranges are broad and occasional special conditions of
high at one end of the scale; e.g., service.

MEEHANITE TYPE CR
Properties English SI Unit
Tensile strength–psi (N/mm )
2
25,000 (>172)
Brinell hardness, BHN 130/180 130/180

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 50

CORROSION RESISTING

Meehanite Type CRS

This is an austenitic material with Other properties, electrical
graphite in the nodular form. characteristics and thermal
It conforms to ASTM designation properties are available on request
A439-80 and provides much from Meehanite Metal Corp.
higher strength than Type CR with
excellent resistance to corrosion, Typical Applications:
wear and heat. Types CR and CRS are recom-
The CRS types are approxi- mended for components which
mately the same as the CR types involve handling acid and alkali
when it comes to corrosion solutions at temperatures up to
resistance, but they show excellent 1300°F (704°C) for abrasive
heat resistance and also have slurries, salt water and other heat
superior physical and mechanical and wear applications with or
properties. without corrosive media.

MEEHANITE TYPE CRS

Properties English SI Unit
Tensile strength, min, psi (N/mm )
2
58,000 (>400)
Yield strength, min, psi (N/mm2) 30,000 (>207)
Elongation, % >8.0 (>8.0)

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 51

CORROSION RESISTING

Meehanite Type CHS

This corrosion resistant type is a Typical Applications:
higher strength material with Types CHS is recommended for
good shock resistance. use for components subjected to
Compositional adjustments are concentrated sulphuric acid or
made to suit exact service oleum.
conditions.

MEEHANITE TYPE CHS

Properties English SI Unit
Tensile strength, min, psi (N/mm )
2
60/100,000 (414/690)
Yield strength, min, psi (N/mm2) 45/75,000 (310/517)
Modulus of elasticity, min, x 106 psi (E x 106) 23 (0.16)
Elongation, % 2-10 2-10
Brinell hardness range, HB 200/270 200/270
Impact strength, Charpy, ft lbf (N.m) (10 mm2 bar “V” notch) 1-7 (1.4-9.8)

Meehanite metal possesses good corrosion resisting properties and is used

throughout the world for pumps, impellers, volutes and casings.
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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 52

Austempered Ductile Iron

Austempered ductile iron is a under the right circumstances,
ductile iron which is processed wear better than the quoted hard-
by alloying and special heat nesses would suggest, and so
treatment. The heat treatment A.D.I. will often out wear other
requires an interrupted quench materials of the same hardness.
usually into a salt bath. The result- Typical applications for A.D.I.
ing material has a combination of are where high strength is needed,
exceptional strength and tough- and where excellent wear resis-
ness, meeting and often exceeding tance and fatigue strength are
those of alloy steels. required. Such an application is
Austempered ductile can be gears, and A.D.I. has been used
made in sections up to about with great success. This tough
seven inches, but to achieve fully work hardening material has
Austempered microstructures in proved to be an excellent replace-
sections over three and a half ment for hardened steels. The use
inches, requires a specialized and of A.D.I. can result in less weight,
proprietary Meehanite heat treat- reduced number of components,
ment process along with carefully and quieter running, because
controlled alloying. A.D.I. has a lower modulus than
For applications where wear steel, better face to face contact
resistance is the major issue, it is a can be achieved which reduces
simple matter to adjust the heat Hertzien or contact stress on the
treatment to obtain higher teeth surfaces. Also A.D.I. will
hardness and strength values, but work harden which adds to the
this is achieved with some contact fatigue strength. As a
sacrifice to toughness. It should result, gear face widths and
also be remembered that this diameters can be reduced which
material will work harden on the will make the gear run better
surface, and so the material will, axially and reduces weight, and at

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 53

Austempered Ductile Iron

the same time provide better good fatigue strength, and reason-
protection under overload condi- able machinability.
tions. The superior tribological The railroad industry has an
properties of A.D.I. have resulted immense application both in
in the elimination of bronze bear- retarders and rolling stock. A.D.I.
ing bushings, and will allow the is very popular for retarder brake
gears to run temporarily without shoes, where its superior quiet-
lubrication. Due to the type of ness and wear resistance is well
matrix structure, the softer grades received in urban semi residential
of A.D.I. can be shot-peened to communities. A.D.I. brake beams
double the root fatigue strength. have also been shown to outlast
One caveat to be aware of is that steel beams, and withstand the
A.D.I. is not suitable for heat cold weather, at more than 20%
applications where the service less cost.
temperature will reach 350° C. Another type of major use of
Another common application A.D.I. is for shells and projectiles.
of A.D.I. has been crankshafts and Also steel forged track shoes are
axles. The majority of sealed-for- being replaced with A.D.I. Track
life refrigeration units are made shoes in A.D.I. have also been
with austempered crankshafts. very successful both in military,
Axle applications benefit from the construction, and earth moving
materials lack of notch sensitivity, equipment.

Other typical applications are:

Abrasive Protection Liners Ground Engaging Tools

Bearing Sleeves Guide Rollers
Brake Shoes Hydraulic Pump Bodies
Bushing Sleeves Piston Sleeves
Cable Drums Pulleys
Camshafts Pump Impellers
Chain Sprockets Rack and Pinion Gearing
Connecting Rods Railroad Car Wheels
Crankshafts Rollers and Sprockets
Cultivating Tools Shredder Knives
Differential Spiders Steering Knuckles
Drive Shafts Trolley Wheels
Engine Mounting Brackets Wear Plates and Guides
Friction Blocks Wire Guides

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 54

Austempered Ductile Iron

Machining of A.D.I.
Machining of A.D.I. is generally surface work harden and thus
speaking, possible, using normal wear better than its hardness
machining techniques. Only the would suggest. Though all ductile
tapping of small diameter holes irons benefit from shot peening to
(especially dead end) and scraping improve fatigue strength this
of the softest type is very difficult material especially benefits from
due to work hardening. It is this practice. Bending fatigue
however common practice to strength is almost doubled by
machine to near final size and shot peening and in fact raised to
then heat treat. This is possible the same level achieved by the
because the heat treatment is con- K500 Grade.
sidered “soft”, and the consequent This is an ideal material for gears
volume changes are small, and of all types, crankshafts, couplings
predictable with volume or any application where high
expansion of between only impact and fatigue strengths are
0.2% - 0.4%. required.

There are three specifications of K400

Meehanite austempered ductile This is the middle grade specified
iron and these are defined most for high strength combined with
conveniently by their average moderate elongation and impact
hardness values. values. Often specified for
applications such as differential
K300 spyders, bearing rolls, annular
This is the softest of the three type gears, structural suspension
grades, with the highest parts, disc brake rotors, retarder
elongation and exceptional impact shoes, axe heads.
values. Though the tensile The ability to cast this material
strength is no higher than can be into complex shapes makes it a
achieved with normal quenched perfect replacement for many
heat treated ductile. The much steels reducing casting volume
higher impact and elongations and weights.
make this an attractive material for
extreme applications. As the softest K500
of the three grades with the highest This is the hardest and strongest
content of austenite (30%-40%) it is grade specified at a minimum of
the grade most readily able to 230,000 psi but capable of reaching

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 55

Austempered Ductile Iron

Austempered Ductile Iron Properities

Type K300 K400 K500

UTS (x 1000) 130 (900) 175 (1200) 230 (1600)

Yield (x 1000) 98 (675) 140 (960) 185 (1275)

% Elongation 8 - 14 4 -10 0-4

HBN 260 - 310 360 - 430 450 - 550

Endurance Limit
Un Notched 63 (440) 74 (510) 85 (580)
Notched 39 (270) 51 (360) 62 (430)

Endurance ratio 0.49 0.48 0.46

Charpy Unnotched ft. lbs. 75 - 90 45 - 70 0 - 40

Charpy Notched 5-7 4-6 1-5

in excess of 250,000 psi, while ideal for crushing and grinding

maintaining impact values typical applications, but not for impact.
of a regular pearlitic type ductile To maximize impact resistance the
iron. material should be specified at the
This is a material designed for lower hardness ranges (i.e.,
severe wear applications, such as 450 Hb - 500 Hb). In this form the
crushing and grinding. It should material is even used for gears.
be understood that this material at Other applications include
its highest hardness will probably snowplough runners, coal mill
contain some martensite which is hammers, and muller wheels.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 56

Meehanite
Engineering
Data

Effect of Section Thickness On Strength and Solidity

For every type of metal there is a With the Meehanite process,
maximum section thickness the structure and strength are
beyond which solidity and controlled to fit the sections
strength properties fall. In foundry involved in the casting with certain
parlance, this is called “mass limitations.
influence.” Where uniformity of solidity
Mass influence results in open (density) and machinability are
grain, lack of density and drastic required, these sections are given
decrease in unit strength in heavier below in Table II.
sections, unless the metal has Table III (see next page) displays
adequate “solidity penetration a simple chart permitting the selec-
power”. tion of the type of Meehanite Metal
This property is of great signifi- according to the tensile strength
cance where high pressures are to and the thickness of the sections of
be encountered and where the the casting involved.
design is to secure minimum
weight with assured safety.
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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 57

ENGINEERING DATA

Assuming that certain require- ment of the minimum section

ments indicate the section of the and/or consideration of the
casting will vary considerably; ultimate tensile value available in
for example, from 1⁄2˝ (12.7 mm) to 3˝ the heaviest section, a decision can
(76.2 mm) section can readily be cast be made as to type of metal which
in Type GC and uniformity will be is most economical and best to do
obtained in the 3˝ (76.2 mm) section, the job.
but the allowable stress value will be From these data, one can select
based on a 35,000 psi (241 N/mm2) the type of Meehanite Metal for a
ultimate tensile value. However, if the particular casting which will result
3˝ (76.2 mm) section could be reduced in efficient use of both weight and
to 2˝ (50.4 mm) and Type GA 50 (GA the available characteristics.
350) used, the allowable stress would Further data on mass effect is
be based on a 40,000 psi (276 N/mm2) available in B-58 Meehanite
ultimate. Thus, by proper adjust- Castings Quality Guide.

TABLE II
RECOMMENDED MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM CASTING SECTION
Type of Minimum Maximum
Meehanite Casting Section Casting Section
in (mm) in (mm)
GM 60 (GM 400) 3/4 (19) to 30 (762)
GA 50 (GA 350) 1/2 (13) to 8 (203)
GC 40 (GC 275) 1/4 (7) to 3 (76)
GE 30 (GE 200) 1/8 (3) to 1.5 (38)
GF 20 (GF 150) 3/32 (2) to 3/4 (19)
SP 80 (SP 600) 3/8 (10) to 12 (305)
SF 60 (SF 400) 1/4 (6) to 12 (305)

TABLE III
SELECTION OF TYPE OF MEEHANITE ACCORDING TO
CASTING THICKNESS
Ultimate
Tensile
1 1
Strength in ⁄4 ⁄2 1 2 3 4 6
psi(N/mm2) mm 6 13 25 51 76 102 152
75,000 (517) SF 60 SP 80 SP 80 SP 80 SP 80 SH 100 SH 100
65,000 (448) SF 60 SF 60 SP 80 SP 80 SP 80 SP 80 SH 100
55,000 (380) SF 60 GA 50 GM 60 GM 60 GM 60 GM 60 GM 60
50,000 (345) GC 40 GC 40 GA 50 GA 50 GM 60 GM 60 GM 60
45,000 (310) GC 40 GC 40 GA 50 GA 50 GA 50 GA 50 GA 50
40,000 (276) GE 30 GC 40 GC 40 GA 50 GA 50 GA 50 GA 50
35,000 (241) GE 30 GE 30 GC 40 GC 40 GC 40 GA 50 GA 50
30,000 (207) GE 30 GE 30 GE 30 GC 40 GC 40 GC 40 GA 50
20,000 (138) GF 20 GF 20 GE 30 GE 30 GE 30 GE 30 GC 40

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:26 AM Page 58

ENGINEERING DATA

Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity may be The previous points have been
defined as the heat-conducting made not to de-emphasize the
power of a uniform, or homoge- importance of the thermal conduc-
neous, substance per unit of cross- tivity of the metal, but to illustrate
sectional area. that normally other factors are
Values arrived at for thermal more important to heat transfer
conductivity under controlled than thermal conductivity.
laboratory testing methods may be With Meehanite Metal, both the
used as a comparison between chemistry and the microstructure
different materials, but they give affect the thermal conductivity
little indication of how much heat with graphite content, silicon
conductivity power the metal will content, and matrix structure the
have in a particular application. most important factors.
This is because the heat-conduc- Graphite has the highest
tivity in service depends on many conductivity of any constituent in
factors such as: Meehanite and increasing the
1. The rate of heat input. amount of graphite increases the
2. The temperature gradient thermal conductivity.
between the two walls of the Increases in carbon content will
casting and the actual raise the thermal conductivity only
temperature of the metal. if these increases enlarge the
3. The shape of the casting. number or size of the graphite
4. The condition of the surfaces flakes. If the carbon change results
of the casting. in an increase in the pearlite in the
5. The type of gas, liquid or matrix, then thermal conductivity
solid, that is supplying the is decreased because the cementite
heat units to the casting. composing the pearlite has a much
6. The thermal conductivity of lower thermal conductivity than
the metal. ferrite.
We see that in any heat conduc- Flake graphite irons have
tivity consideration, the thermal greater thermal conductivity than
conductivity of the metal is only a nodular irons, and a random
relatively small factor. graphite orientation conducts
In steam chests, for example, better than undercooled, or rosette
the importance of design, steam graphite.
temperature and flow rate, and the The addition of almost all other
condition of the casting surface are alloying elements lowers the
considered more important than thermal conductivity. These
the thermal conductivity of the include silicon, manganese,
metal comprising the chest. phosphorus, aluminum, copper,
In air-cooled engines, the design nickel and chromium.
of the cooling fin is considered to Molybdenum and tungsten seem
be the most important single factor. to give slight increases.
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ENGINEERING DATA

When both the silicon content ness, or calories per second per
and the graphite are increased such square centimeter per degree
as when going from Type GA 50 Centigrade for one centimeter of
(GA 350) to Type GE 30 (GE 200), the thickness.
the effect of silicon on lowering Conversion factors that may be
thermal conductivity over-balances helpful are as follows:
an increase due to more graphite as BTU/(hr) (ft2) (°F per in)
long as the matrix remains x 0.00034 = gm-cal/(sec) (cm2)
pearlitic. Ferritization of the matrix (°C per cm)
increases the thermal conductivity. x 0.124 =kg-cal/(hr) (M2)
For best thermal conductivity, (°C per M)
specify a high carbon, fully ferritic x 0.0833 =BTU/(hr) (ft2)
flake iron such as GF 20 (GF 150) (°F per ft)
with low silicon and no other alloy Cal/(sec) (cm2) (°C per cm)
content. x 2941 =BTU/(hr) (ft2)
However, since the thermal (°F per ft)
conductivity of the metal is usually Typical values for thermal
a minor point in the overall heat conductivity at 100°C for
transfer of a component, the type Meehanite Metal are listed in
of Meehanite is more frequently Table IV.
chosen for its other physical Annealing to produce a fully
properties in preference to its ferritic matrix from a fully pearlitic
thermal conductivity. one increases the thermal
Ingot molds are an exception to conductivity by approximately
this; however, and a high carbon 0.01 cal/(sec) (cm2) (°C per cm) or
iron is chosen because of its high 30 BTU/(hr) (ft2) (°F per in).
thermal conductivity. Raising the mean temperature
Thermal conductivity is normal- of the metal from 100°C to 400°C
ly expressed as either BTU’s per lowers the thermal conductivity by
hour per square foot per degree approximately 0.01 cal/(sec) (cm2)
Fahrenheit for one inch of thick- (°C per cm).

TABLE IV
BTU/(hr) (ft2)
Type (°F per in) Cal/cm.sec.°C
GM 60 323 0.108
GA 50 290 0.112
GC 40 325 0.120
GE 30 365 0.127
GF 20 365 0.131
HR 210 0.080
HE AS-CAST 298 0.100
HE ANNEALED 332 0.130
SF 60 249 0.090
SP 80 221 0.085
SH100 0.080
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ENGINEERING DATA

Thermal Expansion
When a solid material is subjected The expansion curves for the
to a change in temperature, it flake-type General Engineering
undergoes a change in volume, irons, GA 50 (GA 350), GC 40 (GC
which corresponds to the magni- 275), and GE 30 (GE 200) will fall
tude of the temperature variation. in area 2. These materials undergo
This expansion is usually abrupt rate changes at the critical
expressed as inches per inch of temperature above which they
linear elongation. expand, as indicated in area 3.
The expansion of cast iron is Above 800°F (426°C) increased
quite complex. Irons may contain alloy content decreases the rate of
ferrite, carbides (either uncom- expansion, as does nodularity.
bined or in pearlite), free graphite, Expansion curves for the follow-
and varying amounts of inclu- ing types of Meehanite lie in area
sions, such as MnS. In addition, 4, AQ, GM 60 (GM 400), HS, SP 80
these irons may be heat treated or (SP 600), and SH 100 (SH 700).
alloyed to produce ferritic, It is interesting to note that
pearlitic, bainitic, martensitic, or quenching influences the rate of
even austenitic structures. expansion only until the time at
The behavior of cast iron is which the hardened structure has
further complicated by a magnetic completely tempered, after which
change in cementite, which occurs expansion is the same as in the as-
at 210°C and the changes of crystal cast condition. These rates are also
structure, which occur as heating applicable upon recycling; the
progresses. only change will be a vertical
Several factors also contribute displacement of the curves after
to volume changes which, unlike each cycle due to the permanent
the reversible expansion, result in growth.
a permanent growth. Among them Table V lists the approximate
are structural changes such as rates of expansion for some typical
decomposition of pearlite and Meehanite Metals.
internal oxidation. The following are some general
As can be seen in the summary observations which are applicable
graph, all Meehanite Metals to Meehanite Metal:
(except austenitic CR), regardless
of structure or composition, initial- 1. Increased carbon equivalents
ly expand at about the same rate. result in lower expansion in
This rate will fall in the area desig- nodular irons.
nated as 1 on the graph (Figure 12) 2. Nodularity results in a higher
above 800°F (426°C); however, the rate of expansion at low
expansion is not so regular. temperatures and a lower rate

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ENGINEERING DATA

Figure 12

SUMMARY OF VARIOUS TYPES

93°C 204 315 426 538 648 760 871 981

3
.015

.014
4
.013

.012 2

.011
ELONGATION, (inch per inch)

.010

.009

.008

.007

.006

.005
1

.004

.003

.002

.001

200°F 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

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ENGINEERING DATA

at high temperatures than that

of a flake iron of similar
composition.
3. Alloys increase the rate of
expansion to about 800°F
(426°C), above which they
decrease the rate.
4. Manganese contents in excess
of 0.8 percent have more effect
on expansion than do copper
and chromium. Likewise, the
influence of copper is greater
than that of chromium.

TABLE V
APPROXIMATE RATES OF THERMAL EXPANSION
ROOM TEMPERATURE TO °F/°C
200°F 400°F 600°F 800°F 1000°F 1200°F 1400°F 1600°F
Type 93°C 204°C 315°C 426°C 538°C 648°C 760°C 871°C
in./in per °F x 10-6 (µm.n.k)
GE 30 5.85 5.95 6.35 6.80 7.90 9.05
(10.53) (10.71) (11.43) (12.24) (14.22) (16.29)
GC 40 5.45 5.75 6.25 6.70 7.60 9.0
(9.81) (10.35) (11.25) (12.06) (13.68) (16.20)
GA 50 5.05 5.35 6.10 6.50 7.20 7.80
(9.09) (9.63) (10.98) (11.70) (12.96) (14.04)
GM 60 5.00 5.30 6.00 6.40 7.05 7.50 7.80 8.30
(9.00) (9.54) (10.80) (11.52) (12.69) (13.50) (14.04) (14.94)
AQ 5.00 5.65 6.35 6.50 6.75 7.20 7.70 8.30
(9.00) (10.17) (11.43) (11.70) (12.15) (12.96) (13.86) (14.94)
AQ (1) 6.65 9.40 10.95 9.75 8.15 8.20 8.40 9.10
(11.97) (16.92) (19.71) (17.55) (14.67) (14.76) (15.12) (16.38)
AQ (2) 5.85 5.95 7.70 7.75 7.05 7.20 7.55 8.20
(10.53) (10.71) (13.86) (13.95) (12.69) (12.96) (13.59) (14.76)
CR 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.20 10.10 10.30 10.60
(18.00) (18.36) (18.72) (18.36) (18.18) (18.54) (19.08)
HR 5.85 5.95 6.15 6.35 7.15 7.75 8.25 9.30
(10.53) (10.71) (11.07) (11.43) (12.87) (13.95) (14.85) (16.74)
HS 5.85 6.25 6.35 6.50 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.50
(10.53) (11.25) (11.43) (11.70) (12.60) (12.96) (13.32) (13.50)
SP 80 5.85 5.95 6.15 6.40 6.85 7.05 7.25 7.35
(10.53) (10.71) (11.07) (11.52) (12.33) (12.69) (13.05) (13.23)
SH 100 6.55 6.65 6.75 6.80 7.40 7.80 8.25 8.50
(11.79) (11.97) (12.15) (12.24) (13.32) (14.04) (14.85) (15.30)
SF 60 5.85 6.10 6.25 6.50 6.95 7.10 7.35 7.40
(10.53) (10.98) (11.25) (11.70) (12.51) (12.78) (13.23) (13.32)
AQ(1) WATER QUENCHED
AQ(2) AIR QUENCHED

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ENGINEERING DATA

Specific Heat
The amount of heat required to MACHINE OIL 0.400 cals/gm/°C
raise a unit mass of material one PINEWOOD 0.670 cals/gm/°C
degree in temperature is called the The various constituents that go
heat capacity of that material. to make up the structure of cast
The ratio of this amount of heat iron have quite different specific
to that required to raise a unit heat values, for example:
mass of water one degree at some 150°C 850°C
specified temperature is the PURE IRON
specific heat of the material. (FERRITE) .121 .194 cals/gm/°C
For most engineering purposes, AUSTENITE .130 .159 cals/gm/°C
heat capacities may be assumed CEMENTITE .149 .220 cals/gm/°C
numerically equal to specific GRAPHITE .254 .454 cals/gm/°C
heats. In general, specific heat Actually, the specific heat of
varies with temperature but for these materials will vary more as
moderate ranges, a mean value the temperature changes than
may be taken. these figures would indicate.
While specific heat may not be For example, pure iron will
regarded as important engineering show a gradual increase to 750°C
wise as thermal conductivity, or and will then increase extremely
thermal expansion, it nevertheless rapidly to a peak in the range of
is a factor that must be given some 750 to 775°C, dropping down
consideration in certain engineer- again beyond 800°C.
ing applications involving heat. Similarly, the specific heat of
Any material with a high spe- graphite changes quite rapidly as
cific heat is capable of absorbing the temperature rises, thus:
more heat units before its temper-
ature rises and, consequently, its at 20°C 0.170 cals/gm/°C
properties would not be likely to at 138°C 0.254 cals/gm/°C
change as severely or as soon as at 642°C 0.455 cals/gm/°C
materials having lower specific at 896°C 0.454 cals/gm/°C
heat. Values given for specific heats
The differences involved may of materials are usually the mean
be appreciated by comparing or average values over a given
widely different materials, for temperature range.
instance: As graphite has a different
BRASS 0.0883 cals/gm/°C value for specific heat than ferrite
CORK 0.485 cals/gm/°C (iron) or cementite, it follows that
MARBLE 0.210 cals/gm/°C the amount of graphite in the
GLASS 0.199 cals/gm/°C matrix and also its distribution
NICKEL STEEL 0.109 cals/gm/°C could have an effect on the overall

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ENGINEERING DATA

specific heat value. One would It is also a fact that the amount
expect a high carbon cast iron to of phosphorus has an influence on
have a higher specific heat than a the specific heat of a cast iron, for
low carbon cast iron. Actually, this example:
is not so and, in fact, a higher .15% Phosphorus cast iron 0.118
carbon cast iron usually has a cals/gm/°C
lower specific heat than a low .55% Phosphorus cast iron 0.104
carbon cast iron. Some investiga- cals/gm/°C
tors claim that below 500°C, this Phosphorus, therefore, lowers the
position is reversed. specific heat of cast iron.
Various types of Meehanite
show the specific heat temperature
relationship. (Figure 13)

Figure 13 CENTIGRADE, 0°C

0.4
SPECIFIC HEAT, CALS/GM/°C

TYPE GC 40 (GC 275)

0.3
TYPE
HR
0.2

TYPE HE
0.1

0
200 400 600 800 1000

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ENGINEERING DATA

Sub-Zero Impact Properties

It is generally known that The toughness of Types GM 60
temperatures below freezing tend (GM 400) and GA 50 (GA 350)
to lower the strength and impact actually increased as the tempera-
resistance of most metals. ture decreased to -320°F (-196°C)
Impact test results per sé can be as at normal room temperature. In
vague and misleading because of design, normal room temperature
the many variables in the test impact values may be used for
itself. Factors such as the type of these metals.
test bar, the temperature of testing When designing with
and the method of applying the Meehanite nodular irons which
load are sometimes varied quite are ductile for operation at sub-
indiscriminately. This has intro- zero temperatures, it is necessary
duced an element of uncertainty in to consider factors affecting the
assessing test results. “transition temperature” of the
Izod impact tests on a 0.798˝ iron. The transition temperature is
(20 mm) diameter unnotched bar temperature below which the
on the flake graphite types of material behaves in a brittle way
Meehanite over a range of and exhibits a different appearing
temperatures from room fracture. Above this temperature,
temperature to -320°F (-196°C) the material behaves in a ductile
are shown. (Figure 14) manner.

Figure 14 TEMPERATURE °F/°C

40 TYPE GM 60 (GM 400)

IZOD IMPACT, ft lbf (N.m)

(55.2)

30
(41.4) TYPE GA 50 (GA 350)

20
(27.6) TYPE GC 40 (GC 275)

10
(13.8) TYPE GE 30 (GE 200)

+70 0 -70 -140 -210 -280 -350°F

+21 -18 -57 -96 -134 -173 -212°C

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ENGINGEERING DATA

Figure 15

In illustration Figure 15, the dark temperature tests for SF 60 (SF

fractures are typically ductile 400). Tests are conducted on a
whereas the lighter fractures notched bar. With the normal
which have been tested at a lower composition for average use as in
temperature exhibit the typical Curve 3, the transition tempera-
appearance of a brittle fracture. ture occurs at about 40°F (4.4°C).
In dealing with the more ductile Where chemistry is suitably
materials, the chemistry as well as altered, as in the curve marked
the metallurgical structure No. 2, the transition temperature
becomes important in determining may be lowered about -30°F
the impact strength and the (-34°C).
transition temperature. Therefore, Special heat treatments can also
in applications where toughness is be used to further lower the
a factor, a material is chosen transition temperature of SF 60
whose transition temperature (SF 400) to about -80°F (-62°C),
occurs below its normal operating as in Curve 1.
temperature. The heat treatment in this case
In the Meehanite nodular irons, consisted of heating to 1300°F
Type SF 60 (SF 400) is designed to (704°C), holding for 1⁄2 hour and
maintain its toughness even down water quenching, then reheating
to sub-zero temperatures. to 400°F (204°C) and holding at
Types SP 80 (SP 600) and SH temperature for 24 hours. This
100 (SH 700) are primarily heat treatment not only lowers the
designed for high strength, and transition temperature, but also
their toughness characteristics do raises the impact strength.
not suit them for sub-zero The lesson to be learned from
applications with high shock these comparisons is that materi-
loadings; however, they can be als, such as nodular iron, which
used in sub-zero applications are supposed to have good tough-
where high strength is required ness, may exhibit severe brittle-
but there is no shock loading. ness if there composition is not
Figure 16 shows transition related to service temperature.

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ENGINGEERING DATA

Nodular iron castings having General Engineering irons which

the silicon a little too high have are not ductile to start with behave
been known to fracture with a in a very rational and predictable
light blow on a cold day, although manner in low temperature
tests taken from the same metal service.
were well above specification and While due allowance in design
exhibited normal ductility values. must be made for the fact that
When a design engineer they do not offer a high degree of
designs for impact or shock shock resistance, they can be
resistance and he does not get it, expected to conform to design
the result may be catastrophic. On conditions even at abnormally low
the other hand, the flake graphite temperatures.

Figure 16
TEMPERATURE °F/°C
50
Low Silicon
Special Treatment

40 *1
Low Silicon

*2
*3
30

20

Normal Composition
10 *SF 60 (SF 400)

0
-100°F -60 -20 +20 +60 +100
-73°C -51 -29 -6.7 +16 +38

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ENGINEERING DATA

Damping Capacity
Damping capacity is that property capacity helps to prevent stresses
which permits a material to absorb from getting out of control. Of
vibrational stresses. course, strength is also necessary
With Meehanite Metal, its to control stresses and this is
combination of high damping where the basic principles of the
capacity and strength puts it in a Meehanite Process are important
unique position and supplies the because the uniform distribution
Meehanite foundry with a very or graphite in Meehanite Metal
valuable sales tool. enables it to maintain the high
In order to understand the damping characteristics of gray
principle of damping vibration, iron together with high tensile
consider what would happen to a strength.
tuning fork made of Type GE 30 To better understand the value
(GE 200) Meehanite: When struck, of damping capacity, consider the
it would vibrate for a few seconds application of a crankshaft in a
only. A similar fork made of Type combustion motor.
GA 50 (GA 350) Meehanite would If the crankshaft is made of
probably vibrate for a second Meehanite Metal with high
longer–one of a nodular type damping capacity, then the
perhaps another second longer. amplitude of the vibrations caused
A fork made of steel would by operation are more readily kept
vibrate five to eight times longer within the fatigue limit of the
and one of aluminum about material.
twelve times longer. If the same crankshaft were
The high damping capacity of made from a material of similar
Meehanite Metal is a result of its strength, but with lower damping
controlled metallurgical structure; properties, then the stresses might
i.e., random graphite distribution build up to exceed the fatigue
in a uniform matrix. limit and ultimately cause failure.
Although it is possible to Materials having high damping
express the damping capacity in values are able to be deformed to
fairly precise terms of energy of a higher degree than Hooke’s law
amplitude absorption, as predicts without being damaged.
determined in a laboratory While there are several methods
investigation, it is difficult to make of measuring damping, all meth-
use of this information in a quanti- ods involve applying a known
tative manner. stress and then measuring the
Along with ductility and reduction in stress accompanying
impact resistance, damping one or more cycles of vibrations.

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ENGINEERING DATA

A curve, such as that shown in particular type. Stress relief

Figure 17, is obtained from such treatments produce about a 20%
a test. reduction in damping capacity.
It can be seen that as the On the other hand, annealing to
applied stress is increased, then produce a fully ferritic structure
the specific damping capacity increases the damping capacity.
increases. The amount of applied The same is true of quenching to
stress is just one factor that can produce martensite; however, as
change the damping capacity of a the structure is tempered and
type of Meehanite once it has quenching stresses reduced, the
solidified with a defined graphite ability to absorb vibration also
size and distribution. decreases.
For example, heat treatment can The damping capacity for
be used to alter the matrix and various materials expressed as the
hence the damping capacity of a percent of energy dissipated on

Figure 17
SPECIFIC DAMPING CAPACITY
FOR MEEHANITE METAL & STEEL
N/mm 2
35 69 103 138 172
35
MEEHANITE TYPE GE
SPECIFIC DAMPING CAPACITY PERCENT

30

25
MEEHANITE TYPE GA
20

15

10 0.23% CARBON STEEL

5,000 PSI 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

MAXIMUM TORSIONAL FIBER STRESS

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ENGINEERING DATA

the first cycle is given in the Meehanite foundryman should

following Table VI. know that unless a metal with a
Common gray iron also shows pearlitic matrix is used, little, if
the high damping characteristics any, advantage is gained because
of Meehanite Metal; but unless it the heavier section and slower
also shows the high strength of cooling rate would produce a
Meehanite Metal, it cannot main- weaker casting.
tain its damping efficiency at high Meehanite Metal with its
stresses. various types makes it possible for
Take the example of a power the design engineer to select for a
hammer frame which failed when given strength an iron of high
made from common gray iron: damping capacity, and provides a
Engineers would immediately much wider range of choice in this
recommend increasing sections of respect than all other engineering
the replacement casting, but a materials.

TABLE VI
DAMPING CAPACITY
(Percent of Energy Dissipated on the First Cycle)
TORSION TORSION
20,000 psi 10,000 psi
(138 N/mm2) (69 N/mm2)
Torsional Stress Load Load
Soft Gray Iron 40.0 28.2
1020 Carbon Steel 8.0 5.5
Aluminum 42.0 29.4
GF 20 (GF 150) 32.0 19.2
GE 30 (GE 200) 28.0 16.3
GC 40 (GC 275) 24.0 12.0
GA 50 (GA 350) 21.0
GM 60 (GM 400) 14.0
SF 60 (SF 400) 12.0
SP 80 (SP 600) 11.0
SH 100 (SH 700) 11.0
GE 30 (GE 200) Stress Relieved 26.0
GA 50 (GA 350) Quenched 32.0
GA 50 (GA 350) Q & T (370°C/700°F) 28.0

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ENGINEERING DATA

Dimensional Stability
Maintenance of accuracy of National Physical Laboratory, the
dimension in service is of first movement of Meehanite Type 50
importance in most modern (GA 350) samples was found to be
engineering components. as follows:
In measurements made at the

CONDITION TIME MOVEMENT

AS-CAST 28 Months 4 x 10-5˝/ft (3.33 x 10-3mm/m)
STRESS RELIEVED 20 Months 2 x 10-5˝/ft (1.66 x 10-3mm/m)

Magnetic Properties
While it is well realized that chemistry and metallurgy giving
Meehanite Metal is not produced the engineer only vague magnetic
primarily for its magnetic proper- properties limits unless he
ties, and does not compare as such specifies the material’s chemistry
to materials made specifically for himself.
this purpose, cases arise when it It is somewhat easier to com-
forms part of a magnetic circuit pare magnetic terms to electrical
and it is still important to be terms that are more familiar. In
familiar with its magnetic magnetism, flux (Maxwells) is
properties. analogous to current, permeability
It is frequently necessary for the (Gauss) analogous to conductivity,
engineer to consider other factors and magnetic field or force
such as (1) cost (2) machinability (Oersteds) analogous to voltage.
(3) ease of manufacturer and (4) The most commonly used mag-
damping capacity, and it may well netic properties are illustrated by
be that he will choose Meehanite means of the conventional magne-
for certain components carrying tization curve and hysteresis loop.
magnetic flux in spite of its lesser (Figure 18)
magnetic properties. 1. Field strength or magnetizing
An advantage of Meehanite force (Symbol H) is expressed as
over ordinary cast iron lies in the oersteds, gilberts/cm, ampere
fact that each type of Meehanite turns/cm or ampere turns/inch.
Metal is made to definite chemical 2. Saturation intensity (gauss) is
and metallurgical properties and, the value of flux density (B)
therefore, each type has well when saturation is reached
defined magnetic properties, while (point A).
cast iron covers a broad range of
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ENGINEERING DATA

3. Permeability (µ) (gauss) is the 60 cycles for a given flux

ratio of B to H at any point on density, usually 10,000 gauss.
the magnetization curve OA. 7. Flux (maxwell or line) is the
It is quite common to quote val- total quantity of magnetism in a
ues of B for particular values circuit.
of H (magnetizing force). Its 8. Flux density (gauss or
value is unity for air or other maxwell/sq. in) (Symbol B) is
nonmagnetic media. the induction of magnetic
4. Remanence (gauss) is the flux intensity.
density remaining after satura- Conversion and interrelation of
tion and removal of the applied magnetic units is as follows:
field (value = line OC).
1 2.54
5. Coercive force (oersteds) is 1 oersted = –––– a.t/cm = –––– a.t/inch
0.4π 0.4π
the field strength required to
demagnetize after saturation field in oersteds = 0.4π field in a.t./cm =
(value = line OD). 0.4π field in a.t./in
6. Hysteresis loss (ergs/cc/cycle) 2.54
is the energy lost and dissipated 1 gauss = 6.45 lines/sq. in
as heat through one cycle, and is flux density in
proportional to the area of the flux density in gauss = lines/sq. in
loop = area in gauss x oersteds/ 6.45
8π. It is more commonly 1 gauss = 1 maxwell/sq. in = 1 maxwell/sq. cm
expressed as watts/lb at 50 or 1 oersted = 1 gilbert/centimeter

Figure 18

B
A
C

D
O F H

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ENGINEERING DATA

TABLE VII
Flux Density at Varying B (lines/sq. in) Coercive Hysteresis
MAX. Magnetizing Force H-oersteds at Remanence Force ergs/cc/watts/lb
PERM 10 20 50 100 200 40 at/in 100 at/in (gauss) (oersted) Cycle at 60

GA 50 as-cast 300 2200 4800 8000 10000 12000 31000 51000 5400 15 26000 9
GA 50 annealed 550 5250 7100 9000 10500 12500 45500 58000 6500 4-7 12000 4
GA 50 quenched 80 400 1000 7000 9000 9500 6500 44500 5900 50 6000 20
GA 50 quenched
& 275 1200 5000 8200 10250 12200 32000 53000 7000 18 30000 10
tempered
GC 40 as-cast 220 1600 4300 7500 9500 10000 27700 48500 5100 12.5 24000 8
GC 40 annealed 500 5000 7000 9000 10500 11000 45000 58000 5000 4-7 9000 3
GE 30 as-cast 200 1600 4000 6900 9000 9600 25800 44500 4700 12 22000 7
GE 30 annealed 400 4000 5600 7500 9200 9900 36000 48500 5000 4-6 9000 3
SP 80 1450 7500 9100 11500 13500 15000 58500 74000 3600 2.0 7000
SF 60 425 4200 7000 10200 12700 14000 45000 66000 6000 7.5 28000

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ENGINEERING DATA

Machinability and Machining

The machinability of Meehanite ity ratings are of little value with-
Metal castings is one of their most out information on the practical
valuable properties and the details of the machining operation.
Meehanite organization is actively Emphasis, therefore, is being laid
engaged in devising ways to help- on the provision of the best
ing machine shops to obtain the combination of speed, feed, depth
utmost benefit from this property. of cut, etc., for the different types
It is recognized that machinabil- of Meehanite.

Figure 19 End Cutting Edge

Angle

Width
Front Nose
Clearance Radius A
Side Cutting
Angle Edge Angle

Back
Side Rake Rake
Angle Angle
Height

Section A-A Base

Side
Clearance
Angle

Machining Practice and Tool Design

Tool shapes for roughing cuts, Steel and on Cemented Carbide
based on the use of High Speed Tools, are given above. (Figure 19)

TABLE VIII
HIGH SPEED STEEL TOOLS TUNGSTEN CARBIDE TOOLS
Tool Angle Boring Boring
Lathe Planer Mill Lathe Planer Mill
Side cutting
edge angle 6°-10° 8°-10° 6°-10° 8°-10° 5°-10° 6°-10°
End cutting
edge angle 8°-12° 8°-12° 5°-8° 8°-10° 8°-10° 10°-12°
Front clearance
angle 2°-4° 2°-4° 4°-6° 4°-6° 4°-6° 2°-6°
Side clearance
angle 2°-5° 2°-5° 2°-8° 4°-6° 4°-6° 4°-6°
Back rake angle 4°-8° 3°-5° 0°-4° 0°-4° 0°-8° 0°-2°
Side rake angle 6°-10° 6°-10° 6°-8° 2°-6° 2°-6° 2°-10°
Nose radius 3.2-6.4mm 6.4mm 3.2-4.8 mm 3.2 mm 3.2 mm 0.8-6.4mm
1/8-1/4˝ 1/4˝ 1/8-3/16˝ 1/8˝ 1/8˝ 1/32-1/4˝
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ENGINEERING DATA

The recommended machining milling) using carbide tools is

practice (turning, boring and given below:

TABLE IX
TURNING ROUGHING CUT FINISHING CUT
Type Speed Feed Speed Feed
Meehanite s.f.m. in/rev s.f.m. in/rev
Metal (m/min) (mm/rev) (m/min) (mm/rev)
GM-GA-SP 150-200 0.020-0.030 200-300 0.008-0.020
(46-61) (0.508-0.762) (61-91) (0.203-0.508)
GC 200-250 0.020-0.030 250-350 0.008-0.020
(61-76) (0.506-0.762) (76-107) (0.203-0.508)
GE-HE-SF 200-360 0.020-0.030 250-450 0.008-0.020
(61-110) (0.506-0.762) (76-137) (0.203-0.508)
BORING ROUGHING CUT FINISHING CUT
Type Speed Feed Speed Feed
Meehanite s.f.m. in/rev s.f.m. in/rev
Metal (m/min) (mm/rev) (m/min) (mm/rev)
GM-GA-SP 120-400 0.010-0.020 160-200 0.010-0.020
(37-122) (0.254-0.508) (49-61) (0.254-0.508)
GC 180-240 0.010-0.022 200-250 0.010-0.020
(55-73) (0.254-0.559) (61-76) (0.254-0.508)
GE-HE-SF 200-250 0.015-0.025 250-300 0.010-0.020
(61-76) (0.381-0.635 (76-91) (0.254-0.508)
MILLING ROUGHING CUT FINISHING CUT
Type Speed Feed Speed Feed
Meehanite s.f.m. in/rev s.f.m. in/rev
Metal (m/min) (mm/rev) (m/min) (mm/rev)
GM-GA-SP 150-200 0.008-020 150-250 0.008-0.025
(46-61) (0.203-0.508) (46-76) (0.203-0.635)
GC 180-200 0.008-0.022 180-275 0.008-0.030
(55-61) (0.203-0.559) (55-84) (0.203-0.762)
GE-HE-SF 200-300 0.008-0.025 250-400 (0.008-0.030)
(61-91) (0.203-0.635) (76-122) (0.203-0.762)

Coolants: Many castings may be compounds that have a high

machined dry except for tapping wetting and dispersing quality.
and threading. Increased produc- Meehanite castings may also be
tion is obtained by using estab- machined with high speed steel,
lished water soluble cutting or cast form cutters.

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ENGINEERING DATA

Speed Feed Relationship

The best cutting efficiency is Meehanite Metal GA 50 (GA 350),
obtained by using high feed and GM 60 (GM 400), SP 80 (SP 600) as
adjusting speed to the maximum well as for the softer types GC 40
tool life desired. (GC 275), GE 30 (GE 200) and SF
The speed-feed relationship for 60 (SF 400) are charted in Figure
the engineering types of 20, based on actual turning tests.

Figure 20
SPEED-FEED RELATIONSHIP
mm/rev
0.254 0.508
500 150

CODE
400 120
X=MEEHANITE TYPE
GM, GA & SP
SPEED, S.F.M.

Y=MEEHANITE TYPES
300 90

m/min
GC, GE & SF

200 60
Y
X
100 30

0
0.010 0.020 0.030
FEED, in/rev

Preparation and Sharpening of Tools

Dull tools cost money and waste Use grinding-cutters entirely
time. Correct angles, rakes and dry or under a wheel with ample
clearance are vital to efficient water directed on the cutter.
metal removal. Grinding of tools Avoid forcing cutters against a
must be exact. This requires use of grinding wheel. This overheats
fixtures and competent tool and burns the cutting edge of the
grinders. Hand grinding is tool causing flaking during
undesirable. machining operations.
Avoid water quenching of Check all cutter angles with a
cutters after grinding. This causes cutter grinding gauge.
minute edge cracking and prema-
ture failure in operation.

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ENGINEERING DATA

Machining Allowances
Do not skimp in finish limits. The on bottom face. If only one face
quality of the surface of a casting must be perfect, top limits may be
is usually better on the bottom reduced.
face of the casting. Therefore, Before commencing machining,
design the pattern so that the lay out machine surface at small
important surface may be in the end or side of casting with draft to
most favorable casting position. assure “clean-up” on all surfaces.
Complicated and large castings Castings may not clean up on
require wide tolerance limits. all surfaces if the casting draft is
Castings having large flat areas not taken into account. Machining
require extra finish 1/8"-1/2" allowances involve many
(9.5 mm-12.7 mm) on top face, variables. Consult foundry.
while 1/8" (3.1 mm) may be enough

Meehanite adapter ring for atomic reactor.

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ENGINEERING DATA

Properties Not Measured by P.S.I. Values

Rolling Friction Type of Wear surface disintegration or surface
Such components as gears, fatigue.
sprockets, clutch plates, sheaves, The basic bending strength
trunnions, wheels, worm screws, factors provide an index of
ball races, cable drums, tires and strength in terms of tool shape.
rollers, etc., all involve wear These tests provide compara-
resistance in terms of surface tive data showing the high
behavior as a result of friction resistance of Meehanite castings to
with or without shock, heat or failure from bending stresses in
attrition. both the cast and heat treated
The basic surface stress values conditions and to resist surface
provide an index of resistance to wear and disintegration.

BY THE DAVID BROWN TEST

TABLE X
BASIC SURFACE STRESS FACTOR
Meehanite Type GM 60 “as-cast” 1,600 (11.0)
Meehanite Type GM 60 Heat Treated 400-500 BHN 2,400 (16.6)
Meehanite Type GA 50 “as-cast” 1,450 (10.0)
Meehanite Type GC 40 “as-cast” 1,400 (9.7)
Meehanite Type SP 80 “as-cast” 1,800 (12.4)
Meehanite Type SP 80 Heat Treated 340 BHN 2,500 (17.2)
Meehanite Type SH 100 “as-cast” 2,500 (17.2)
Meehanite Type SH 100 Heat Treated 350 BHN 2,700 (18.5)
Ord. Cast Iron “as-cast” 1,000 (6.9)
Phosphor Bronze, Sand Cast 700 (4.8)
Cast Steel (C 0.35) 1,400 (9.6)
BASIC BENDING STRESS FACTOR
Meehanite Type GM 60 “as-cast” 15,500 (106.9)
Meehanite Type GM 60 Heat Treated 500 BHN 16,000 (110.3)
Meehanite Type GM 60 heat Treated 400 BHN 17,500 (120.7)
Meehanite Type GA 50 “as-cast” 15,000 (103.4)
Meehanite Type GC 40 “as-cast” 14,000 (96.6)
Meehanite Type SP 80 “as-cast” 19,000 (131.0)
Meehanite Type SP 80 Heat Treated 340 BHN 30,000 (206.9)
Meehanite Type SH 100 “as-cast” 22,000 (151.7)
Ord. Cast Iron 5,800 (40.0)
Phosphor Bronze 7,000 (48.3)
Cast Steel (C 0.35) 14,000 (96.6)

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:27 AM Page 79

ENGINEERING DATA

Galling, Seizing and Pickup

In the design of industrial machin- By conditioning the metal so
ery, it is impossible to avoid the that an amorphous non-crystalline
mating of two or more metallic layer known as the Beilby layer
surfaces under conditions that occurs, it is possible to consider-
involve movement and some ably reduce this molecular
degree of friction. attraction and decrease the surface
Under many conditions, this friction between moving parts.
friction may exceed a critical value The ability of a material to be
causing adherence. The tearing so conditioned and any built-in
action that results damages one or lubricative properties it may have
both surfaces and is usually play a vital part in avoiding
referred to as galling. galling action.
Where it is severe enough to Meehanite Metal contains free
cause a welding, this is known as graphite, which gives a certain
seizing. Pickup, scuffing and “built-in” protective feature when
scoring represent various ramifica- metal parts operate together for a
tions of the same problem. short time without lubrication.
Metal surfaces are actually This feature is well illustrated
attracted to one another by the below by the friction torque that
natural tendency of atoms and results when Meehanite slides
molecules to combine. As surface against Meehanite, compared to
molecules are only bounded on when it slides against steel contain-
three sides, they exert a strong ing no free graphite. (Figure 21)
attraction towards similar surface Comparative tests run using
molecules. steel as a rotating member and

Figure 21
RESISTANCE TO FRICTION
227 kg 454 681 908 1135
12 16.50
FRICTION TORQUE, ft lbf

10 13.75
Steel sliding on cast iron
8 11.00
N.m

6 8.25

4 5.49
Meehanite sliding on Meehanite
2 2.75

0 0
500 lb 1000 1500 2000 2500
Load, lb/kg

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ENGINEERING DATA

increasing the working load in 100 that is operative in any galling

pounds (45.4 kg) increments until problem is the surface condition of
seizing occurs show the propor- the mating surface. The effect of
tionate galling values of the surface finish as measured in a
materials listed below. special series of tests is tabulated
By far the most important factor below.

Material Seizing Load, kg (lb)

Meehanite Type GA 50 (GA 350) 1300 (590)
Meehanite Type GE 30 (GE 200) 1200 (545)
Graphitic cast iron 1000 (454)
Navy bronze 800 (363)

Surface Condition Finish, in x 10-6(mm x 10-6) Seizing Load, lb (kg)

Machined 65 (1651) 1000 (454)
Ground 12 (305) Did not seize at 2500 (1135)
Lapped 8 (203) Did not seize at 2500 (1135)

The finer the surface finish, the heavy load, as shown above, may
closer the surface is to having a be regarded as being in the
Beilby layer. Consequently, the “run-in” condition because it
running-in period needed to exhibits a low frictional
develop such a layer becomes co-efficient right from the start.
increasingly more critical as the Heat treatment of Meehanite
original surface becomes rougher. Metal followed by honing gives a
In general, a material having a surface that is virtually gall resis-
finish of 12 micro-inches (305 tant. Additionally, the hardening
micro-mm) or less will not require treatment will result in excellent
a careful “wearing-in” period. wear resistant characteristics.
“Wearing in” may be accomp- Lubrication is obviously impor-
lished by running at light loads for tant in any metal to metal contact.
short periods of time, allowing Meehanite with its “built-in” lubri-
adequate time for rest or recovery cant in the form of graphite, is less
between the running periods. The critical in this regard. Be sure that
graphical illustration shows how lubrication is adequate and that
the friction co-efficient varies only the best lubricants are used.
with “running in”. The final low Metals of high density (specify
co-efficient indicates the gravity 7.15 to 7.4) and with a
production of a Beilby layer on uniform distribution of graphite
the surface. (Figures 22, 23) in an all pearlitic matrix, offer the
On the other hand, a part that ultimate in galling resistance.
has been “superfinished” at a

80
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ENGINEERING DATA

Avoid the use of castings that not possess the best structure to
exhibit excessive variation of resist galling where the conditions
Brinell hardness across a surface of service are such that galling is a
or from section to section. It is problem.
quite likely that such castings will

Figure 22
MACHINED STEEL SLIDING ON MEEHANITE
227 kg 454 681 908 1135
0.3
181 kg (400 lb) load cycle
CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION

0.1
454 kg 45 min. rest period
(100 lb) no galling

0
500 lb 1000 1500 2000 2500
Load, lb/kg

Figure 23
SUPERFINISHED STEEL SLIDING ON MEEHANITE
227 kg 454 681 908 1135

6.8 kg
CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION

(15 lb) load

0.2 seized

45.4 kg
(100 lb) load
0.1

0
500 lb 1000 1500 2000 2500
Load, lb/kg

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ENGINEERING DATA

Heat Treatment Data

Meehanite Types SP 80 (SP 600), obtained by tempering in the
GM 60 (GM 400) and GA 50 (GA range 716°F (379°C) to 806°F
350) respond to heat treatment in (430°C).
the same way as Carbon Steels. By Where improved wearing
proper treatment, improved properties are required but
toughness and/or hardness may machining is necessary, tempering
readily be obtained. in the range 1000°F (538°C) to
The effect of heat treatment on 1100°F (593°C) will give Brinell
the tensile strength and hardness hardness figures around 280
is illustrated in Figure 24 for Type to 300.
GA 50 (GA 350) Meehanite. Where hardness is required in
It will be noted that hardness is combination with improved
not influenced by tempering at toughness, this may be obtained
temperatures up to 400°F (204°C); by quenching from above the
therefore, when full hardness is critical temperature direct into a
required in a casting, tempering molten lead or salt bath at 500°F
treatment at this temperature is (260°C) to 720°F (382°C) where it
recommended to remove harden- should remain one or more hours,
ing stresses. Maximum combined according to the degree of
toughness and strength are hardness or toughness desired.

Figure 24 HARDENED AND DRAWN AT °F/°C

38°C 149 260 371 482 593

80,000
(551.7)
CHARPY
70,000 BHN IMPACT
(482.8)
ft
TENSILE, psi (N/mm 2)

60,000
(413.8) lbf N.m

50,000 500 10 13.5

(344.8)
40,000 400 8 10.8
(275.9)
30,000 300 6 8.1
(206.9)
20,000 200 4 5.4
(138.0)
10,000 100 2 2.7
(69.0)
0 0 0 0.0
AS CAST 100°F 300 500 700 900 1100
The effect of quench and draw treatment on the impact strength and
hardness of Type GA 50 (GA 350) Meehanite is portrayed above.
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ENGINEERING DATA

General Heat Treatment Instructions

Preheat the casting to 1100°F complexity of the casting to avoid
(593°C). Raise the temperature to overstress causing cracking.
1575°F (858°C) to 1600°F (871°C) as To temper hardened castings to
quickly as possible. When the cast- remove stresses without losing any
ing temperature blends with the fur- hardness, reheat in oil at 400°F
nace, quench in oil or water accord- (204°C) for 1 to 2 hours per inch
ing to the degree of hardness re- (0.4 to 0.8 hour per cm) of casting
quired. Withdraw from the quench- thickness.
ing bath while warm–above 300°F) Small castings in Meehanite Type
149°C)–and temper immediately. GC 40 (GC 275) also respond to heat
The quenching medium used; treatment, but all castings to be so
i.e., oil, cold or warm water, should treated should be specified on the
be modified according to the castings order.

Annealing For Improved

Machinability has been previously heated to full
There are two kinds of annealing annealing temperature or else the
for the purpose of improved temperature of the preheating furnace
machinability: may be raised as quickly as possible
Low Temperature Anneal– to the full annealing temperature.
Improves machinability without This procedure is recommended to
markedly affecting the hardness, but avoid excessive thermal shock with
may cause about ten percent loss in the possible development of cracks in
strength properties. the casting.
High Temperature Anneal– Table XI shows the recommended
May cause loss of both strength and temperature for annealing for
hardness to a marked extent if improved machinability.
annealing time is excessive. In the Heating time should not exceed
case of high temperature annealing, one hour per inch of casting section
which involves heating through the following by a slow cooling.
critical range, it is recommended No Meehanite casting should
practice to heat slowly to 1200°F require annealing for softening for
(648°C) and allow to soak at this machining purposes except in
temperature. unusual cases, in which case the
The casting may then be foundry supplying the castings
transferred to another furnace which should be advised.

TABLE XI
Low Temp. Anneal High Temp Anneal
Type °F (°C) °F (°C)
GE 30 (GE 200) 1230/1260 (664/681) 1550 (842)
GC 40 (GC 275) 1240/1280 (670/692) 1580 (860)
GA 50 (GA 350) and
GM 60 (GM 400) 1250/1300 (675/704) 1600 (871)
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ENGINEERING DATA

Temper Brittleness
In the treatment of ferrous metals, Figure 25 shows the change in
it is possible to develop an Izod impact value with increasing
unexpected degree of brittleness in tempering temperature.
an otherwise ductile material. In curve “B”, the sample is
Basically, three types of brittle- slowly cooled from each tempera-
ness may occur; viz., the ductile- ture; whereas, in curve “A”, it is
brittle inversion which occurs at rapidly cooled.
near zero or sub-zero tempera- It is evident, therefore, that rapid
tures, brittleness that results on cooling from the drawing tempera-
tempering or drawing a previously ture produces higher toughness. It
hardened part, and brittleness in a has been recognized that a steel may
ductile part resulting from slow be susceptible to temper embrittle-
cooling after the annealing ment and a measure of susceptibility
treatment. has been proposed.
There is some similarity The susceptibility ratio is the
between these three types of comparison between the impact
brittleness; and up to now, no strength after water quenching from
completely satisfactory answer has a tempering of 1200°F (650°C) and
been found to this phenomenon. the impact strength after slow
However, its existence has been cooling from this temperature.
recognized and means of avoiding Alloys such as chromium,
it are being used. manganese, and phosphorus
In a flake graphite cast iron, the increase susceptibility to temper
question of temper brittleness may brittleness–carbon, nickel, silicon,
be ignored because the graphite and vanadium have little effect
flakes themselves are so effective while molybdenum has a very
in lowering toughness or impact marked effect in preventing this
strength that the effect of brittleness. It has, therefore, become
secondary factors, such as temper a standard addition to steels where
embrittlement, is completely embrittlement must be avoided.
masked. In nodular cast irons where the
In steels and in nodular cast structure is ferritic, and where good
iron, however, care must be taken elongaton and impact strengths are
during heat treatment to avoid the desired, this embrittlement also is an
development of this unexpected important factor. It may occur in
brittleness. hardened nodular irons which are
In steels which may be consid- drawn at temperatures ranging from
ered as closely parallel to nodular 840°F to 930°F (450°C to 500°C) or in
irons, temper embrittlement was ductile nodular irons which are
first observed on drawing back slowly cooled through this tempera-
steels, which had been hardened ture range after an annealing
by an oil quench treatment. treatment.
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ENGINEERING DATA

An iron quenched from 1200°F increased by additions of

(650°C) is more ductile than one phosphorous and silicon, but
cooled slowly from this tempera- phosphorus is more harmful than
ture. Maximum ductility and the silicon.
lowest impact transition tempera- The addition of molybdenum
ture will result when the sample is inhibits embrittlement obtained in
water quenched from 1200°F the 843°F to 932°F (450°C to 500°C)
(648°C) and then aged for 24 hours range, providing that other
at 400°F (204°C). composition factors such as silicon
Embrittlement produced in an and phosphorus are normal.
iron by tempering at 840°F (450°C) Glavanizing embrittlement
may be removed by quenching occurs in irons which are galva-
from 1200°F (650°C). nized primarily because treatment
The susceptibility of nodular during galvanizing involves heat-
irons to temper embrittlement is ing in the critical 843°F to 932°F

Figure 25
CHANGE IN IMPACT VALUE
WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE
80 109.6

70 95.9

8.2 N/mm 2 IMPACT TOUGHNESS, N.m

1200 IMPACT TOUGHNESS, ft lbf

60 82.2

A
50 68.5

40 54.8

30 41.1
B

20 27.4

10 13.7

0 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
TEMPERINGING TEMPERATURE, °C

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK 1/3/01 9:27 AM Page 86

ENGINEERING DATA

(450°C to 500°C) range during While embrittlement may not

immersion in the galvanizing bath. normally be a factor in producing
Galvanizing embrittlement may commercial nodular irons, it is
be reduced or eliminated by a pre- important to recognize that it can
quenching treatment from 1200°F occur and, where impact strength
(650°C) before the galvanizing requirements are important, it
treatment. In addition to this, a may be advisable to avoid the
minimum time in the galvanizing temper embrittlement range by
bath is desirable because embrittle- cooling rapidly from above this
ment, in general, increases with range and also to keep the compo-
the time of exposure of the part sition where the iron will be less
in the embrittlement range. susceptible to such embrittlement.

Stress Relieving
Where a casting is complex in The temperature and time of
form involving abrupt section holding depend upon the type
changes, internal stress may result of Meehanite used, the size of the
from varying cooling rates during casting, and on the degree of stress
solidification in the mold. relief required.
Holding at a specific tempera- Heating time should be such
ture followed by slow cooling is that no casting will be held at the
the correct scientific method of specified temperature longer than
removing casting stress (See Table XII). is necessary to penetrate all
The older method of aging or sections uniformly. Castings
weathering is relatively useless. should then be slowly cooled.

Table XII RECOMMENDED TEMPERATURES

°F (°C)
Type GE 30 (GE 200) 950/1000 (510/538)
Type GC 40 (GC 275) 1020/1070 (549/576)
Type GA 50 (GA 350) and GM 60 (GM 400) 1080/1150 (582/620)

Welding
Meehanite castings may be welded (or at least of the parts to be weld-
by means of the electric arc using a ed) should be done to a dull red
steel or alloy rod, or special cast heat. Allow to cool slowly after
iron rod, or by gas, using cast iron, welding.
Meehanite or bronze rods. For more information, refer to
It is recommended that in gas Bulletin No. 59–Welding
welding, pre-heating of the casting Meehanite.

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ENGINEERING DATA

Surface Hardening
Meehanite castings may be hard Points to be remembered about
surfaced by: castings for flame hardening are:
1. Chilling. 1. Extra metal is desirable on
2. Induction or flame light castings to take care of
hardening. warpage and ensure clean-up
3. Welding hard alloy such as on machining.
stellite on the surface. 2. Holes cause difficulty but, if
Flame hardening is fundamen- necessary, should be counter-
tally a simple process employing sunk and should not be too
an oxy-acetylene flame direct near the edge of a casting.
against the surface to be hardened. 3. Designs which involve
Rapid cooling is affected by sudden changes of light and
contact with a suitable quenching heavy sections should be
medium (usually water spray) avoided.
immediately after heating. 4. If full hardness is desired on
The zone of maximum surface the extreme ends of hardened
hardness obtained with flame or surfaces, it must be specified.
induction hardening is usually 5. Wall sections and ribs
one-half to three-quarters of the adjoining a hardened surface
total depth of the case and is should not be less than half
file-hard. an inch thick.

Coatings
Meehanite Metal is suitable metal spraying, aluminizing or
for coating by welding high chromizing, etc., to increase its
chromium alloys to the surface resistance to heat and chemical
or by tinning, chrome-plating, attack.

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The Meehanite Connection

THE MEEHANITE CONNECTION

Meehanite metal is a superior engi- that this is no “get rich quick deal”!
neering cast iron, including nodular This is a carefully planned, gradual
cast iron, flake graphite cast iron and approach to the overall improvement
white cast iron. It is made to exact and of your operations – one that will sur-
well-defined engineering specifica- vive the test of time, and one that will
tions and, in the minds of experienced leave you with a better foundry, mak-
casting buyers, represents quality and ing better castings at a better profit!
dependability. Each type of Meehanite Plan of Action
metal has a definite identity, but what The first step is a careful analysis of
is perhaps more important is that any your operations. This is followed by a
cast iron specification can be pro- plan of action for systematic correc-
duced by the Meehanite process, and tion of your practice at a pace that you
can probably be made better by this can keep up with, and in such a way
process than by any other procedure. that you do not experience any costly
Now, the Meehanite process is being delays or any major upset of your
applied very successfully to the man- established routine. When the overall
ufacture of steel castings. plan has been decided and agreed
There is no question about the engi- upon, we begin the procedure of
neering acceptability of Meehanite implementing it and gradual conver-
castings and there can be very little sion to the Meehanite process. We are
question about the relative merit of not talking only about your metal or
the Meehanite process. Consider only your sand control – we are talking
the fact that there are now over two about every single facet of your
hundred Meehanite licensees operation, including that oft neglected
throughout the world and that close area of casting sales. This is a
to fifty of these licensees have been complete package leading to overall
using the Meehanite process for over quality improvement.
twenty-five years, while about one Metal Control
hundred have been using it for more We usually begin with the metal and
than ten years. To them, at least, it melting; we show you where it could
must be a worthwhile proposition. be improved, and we teach your
This is an association of progressive people by on-the-spot demonstration,
foundries that is very much alive and by lectures and by the use of training
up-to-date. In over 70 years of doing courses which will ensure a standard
business, the Meehanite Metal of competency in your key employ-
Corporation has been granted seventy ees. We establish a quality control
three United States patents relating to procedure that will give you day-to-
foundry methods and foundry tech- day consistency of operation at a high
nology. Today, it has many new devel- level of quality. Remember that there
opments on file, and we continue to is no single individual in your
lead the way in progressive foundry foundry who has our combined
techniques. Suppose now we consider experience in the melting and process-
exactly what happens when you take ing of molten metal, and we have
out a Meehanite license so that you been able to successfully pass on this
can understand just how we operate, experience in foundries all over the
and you can then evaluate what our world, operating under a great variety
services might mean to you in the of conditions.
long run. It should be emphasized
More>
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The Meehanite Connection

Gating and Risering engineers who are also experience not

We then usually proceed to gating and only in training to the ISO standards,
risering practice, sand practice, mold- but also experienced in operating
ing practice and all of the technologi- under this and similar quality sys-
cal phases of foundry operations. The tems. We provide very practical
exact sequence of installation will be
down-to-earth guidance, which will
governed by your needs, and by the
extent of your problems. Having lead you to, and through ISO 9000 cer-
installed the process in hundreds of tification.
foundries, we know what to do and Technology Training
when to do it. A license will provide you with the
Standardization advantages of training your people in
All of the operations of the Meehanite better methods and procedures imple-
process are standardized in that they mented with written instructions on
follow definite principles. Our techni- all phases of your operation. It will
cal instruction books containing these provide lectures and discussion on
standards are well-written and are any foundry subject, and a technolog-
clear and concise regarding the techni- ical training program is available to be
cal details of the process. We will pro- used at home by your key people, so
vide you with standardized methods
that their knowledge may be
for all operations and will set up con-
increased, and so that the quality of
trol limits and a testing program to
maintain a very high standard of their performance in their daily tasks
quality in your product. will be enhanced. Standardization of
normal operations will allow them
Quality Management Traning
more time to devote to a continuous
(ISO 9000)
Not only can Meehanite provide the improvement of your product both in
casting technology but we are also quality and in reduced cost of manu-
experienced at training to the new facture. It is only a group effort, as
quality system standards including typified by the Meehanite organiza-
ISO 9000, Ford Q1, and so on. tion, that makes such a program avail-
We have our own quality program able even to the relatively small
which we call the Meehanite foundry operations.
Acceptance Criteria, which, when S.P.C. TRAINING
achieved, will meet all the require- Meehanite has years of experience in
ments of ISO 9000, but contains much the use of S.P.C. and we have definite
more emphasis on continuous programs for dealing with S.P.C. in
improvement, which as we all realize, the jobbing foundry environment. We
is the only road to survival. We pro- will train your personnel.
vide complete guidance, and all the
documentation necessary. We train in The efficient use of S.P.C. when
the use of statistics and other manage- applied correctly can be the basis for
ment techniques designed to improve developing effective continuous
quality and solve problems. Our train- improvement programs. We will help
ingmeans implementation of the qual- you implement and integrate S.P.C.
ity program, without additional staff. into your quality system, so that you
We are probably the only group of receive the most benefit from this
experienced professional foundry technology.

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MEEHANITE METAL HANDBOOK

Revised 2000

Copyright © 2001 by Meehanite Metal Corporation.

Printed in the United States of America.
All rights on this CD are reserved.

For information, write to:

Meehanite Metal Corporation
10936 N. Port Washington Rd. #141
Mequon, WI 53092 Phone 800-423-0992

The trade marks

[MEEHANITE
METAL ]
M
[METAL ] [DUCTLIRON] [ALMANITE]
and [MEEHANITE] are registered with the
U.S. Patent Office and designate products
made under the direction and in accordance
with the prescribed standards of
Meehanite Worldwide.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Meehanite Metal Corp. gratefully extends
sincerest thanks to all Meehanite foundries
for permission to reproduce their
photographs in this CHandbook of
Meehanite Metal.

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