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Section 7 Conditions of Stability

1. A ship is stable if when heeled by an external force and that force is removed, it returns to its upright position. This occurs when the ship's center of gravity (G) is below its transverse metacenter (M), resulting in a positive initial metacentric height (GM). 2. A ship is in a neutral condition if when heeled, it comes to rest at an indeterminate angle. This occurs when G is at the same height as M, resulting in a GM of zero. 3. A ship is unstable if when heeled, it continues to heel further even after the external force is removed. This occurs when G is above M, resulting in a negative

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194 views4 pages

Section 7 Conditions of Stability

1. A ship is stable if when heeled by an external force and that force is removed, it returns to its upright position. This occurs when the ship's center of gravity (G) is below its transverse metacenter (M), resulting in a positive initial metacentric height (GM). 2. A ship is in a neutral condition if when heeled, it comes to rest at an indeterminate angle. This occurs when G is at the same height as M, resulting in a GM of zero. 3. A ship is unstable if when heeled, it continues to heel further even after the external force is removed. This occurs when G is above M, resulting in a negative

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SECTION 7 -CONDITIONS OF STABILITY

INTRODUCTION
In the previous section, transverse statical stability was discussed in terms of a ship that was in a
stable condition only. It is essential to discuss the behaviour of a ship when it may become
unstable.

A ship may become unstable if the centre of gravity (G) is allowed to rise too high. There are a
number of possible causes of this, principle ones being the loading of too much weight high up in
the ship and the effect of free surfaces in slack tanks.

This section simply discusses stability and instability in terms of the relative positions of G, Band
M.

Learning Objectives
1. Understand the term 'stable condition:2.
Understand the term 'neutral condition:
3. Understand the terms 'unstable condition' and 'angle of loll:

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 7 Conditions of Stability 57


7.1 STABLE CONDITION

A ship is in a stable condition of stability if, when heeled by an external force in still water to a small
angle of inclination, it returns to the upright when the force is removed.

Consider a ship that is floating upright in still water, with the positions of G and B as shown, where
the initial transverse metacentre (M) is above G.

KM -KG = GM; which has a positive value.

481

~Wf

Fig. 7.1

The ship is now heeled by an external force to a small angle of inclination.


r-- 181

11

tWf

Fig. 7.2
Consider the lines of action of weight force (Wf), acting downward from G, and buoyancy force
(Bf), acting upwards from ~ through the initial transverse metacentre (M). The ship will want to
return to the upright condition when the external force is removed.

In this stable condition the righting lever GZ is acting to right the ship.
G is below M; initial GM is positive.

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 7 Conditions of Stability 58

Iii
~
.e.
7.2 NEUTRAL CONDITION

A ship is in a neutral condition of stability if, when heeled


by an external force in still water to a small angle of
inclination, it comes to rest at an indeterminate angle of
heel within small angles of inclination.

Consider a ship that is floating upright in still water with


G and B as shown. The initial transverse metacentre (M)
is at the same height as G.

KM-KG=O; GM=O

Fig. 7.3
The ship is now heeled by an external force to a small
angle of inclination.

Since the ship has no GM, the lines of action of Wf and


Bf remain in he same vertical; there is no horizontal
separation between them when the ship is heeled within
small angles of inclination. Thus, righting lever GZ will
not exist.

In this neutral condition the righting lever GZ will not


exist. G is at the same height as M; the ship has zero
GM. The ship will settle at an indeterminate angle of heel
within small angles when acted upon by successive
rr external forces.
Fig. 7.4
If the ship is heeled beyond small angles the centre of buoyancy (8) will move outboard of the
centre of gravity (G). This causes a positive righting lever, GZ, to take effect to return the ship back
to some indeterminate small angle of heel once the external force is removed.

Fig. 7.5

~
When heeled beyond the initial small angles of inclination the initial transverse metacentre (M) no
longer applies -hence the term initial. At these larger angles of heel M can be assumed to be at
some indeterminate position on the line of action of buoyancy force (Bf) at any instant -it just
depends where the point of intersection of the lines of action of buoyancy force are at that
particular instant as the ship is in the process of heeling!

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 7 Conditions of Stability


,
59

D
i.e.
7.3 UNSTABLE CONDITION AND ANGLE OF LOLL

A ship is in an unstable condition if, when heeled by an external


force in still water to a small angle, it continues to heel fulther
when the external force is removed.

Consider a ship that is floating upright in still water with G and B


as shown. The initial transverse meta centre (M) is below G.

KM -KG = GM; which has a negative value.

The ship now heels to a small angle of inclination.


Fig. 7.6
Consider the lines of action of Wf and Bf. They are acting in
such a way to cause the ship to heel further over. GZ is a
capsizing lever!

The question that now comes to mind is: Will the ship capsize?

Possibly! As the ship continues to heel, the centre of buoyancy


(8) will move outward as the underwater volume of the ship
changes shape.

Fig. 7.7
Provided that the centre of buoyancy can move sufficiently
outboard to attain a new position vertically below G then the
capsizing lever will disappear and the ship will come to rest at
an angle of loll. If the centre of gravity were very high then the
ship would possibly capsize.
LJ

Fig. 7.8
If the ship is heeled beyond the
angle of loll the centre of buoyancy
(8) will move outboard of the
centre of gravity (G). This causes a
positive righting lever (GZ) that will
act to return the ship back to the
angle of loll.

~ A ship lying at an angle of loll


is in a potentially dangerous
situation. If wind and/or waves Wf \ f.~:;,1

were to cause the ship to roll through F.


Ig. 7. 9
the vertical it would, in theory, come to rest at the same angle of loll on the other side. However,
the momentum of the ship as it rolls over may be sufficient to cause it to capsize. In any event,
cargo shift would be likely which would cause the situation to worsen further.

The effects of 'free liquid surfaces' in slack tanks are a principal cause of instability in ships.
Section 9 considers free surface effect in detail. Whenever instability is suspected the procedures
in Section 15 must be strictly followed.

CLASS 2/1 STABILITY -SECTION 7 Conditions of Stability


,
60

i.e.
C?

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