USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Ideal Transformer Materials:

Lesson Objectives: {List materials that students will
{Target 1 or 2 learning objectives for the day} need to complete this lesson.}
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Ballpen, Notebook, Calculator

1. determine the properties of ideal transformer. References:

2. analyze the emf equation of transformer. {List of references used for the
3. interpret phasor diagram of ideal transformer under load lesson}
and no load operation. 1. A Textbook of Electrical
Technology Vol. 2 -
Theraja

Productivity Tip:

Where you study matters. If you have a private room, it's fairly easy to shut the door
and concentrate on what you're doing.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
{ welcome the student to the lesson; name the topic; connect this lesson to the preview lesson; list
the learning targets, state the relevance for the students}
In this lesson, we shall study two winding ideal transformer under no load condition as well
as under load condition. Induced voltages in primary and secondary are obtained, clearly
identifying the factors on which they depend upon. The ratio between the primary and secondary
voltages are shown to depend on ratio of turns of the two windings. At the end, how to draw
phasor diagram under no load and load conditions, are explained. Importance of studying such a
transformer will be highlighted. At the end, several objective type and numerical problems have
been given for solving.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

{*Teachers write down 2-3 questions on the second column about the topic for the day and ask
students to write in the first column what they know. The third column is left blank at this time.
**Teachers’ questions can relate to information, processes, hypotheses, opinions, feelings,
procedures, reasoning, solutions, and others.}

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. What are the factors on
which the primary and
secondary induced
voltages depend.
2. How the number of turns
in the winding affects
induced voltages.
3. What is an ideal
transformer?

B.MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
{* Pre-printed and complete content which can be articles, excerpts, lecture notes, a case study, a
situationer, a set of procedures, data, graphs.
** Include instructions for note-taking, highlighting, or outlining.
*** Vary the presentation of content to sustain student attention and interest. Maximize use of
graphic organizers and illustrations to aid comprehension.}

EMF Equation of a Transformer

Consider that an alternating voltage V1 of frequency f is applied to the primary as shown in Fig. 3-2b. The sinusoidal
flux produced by the primary can be represented as:

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)

From the above equations of induced emf, we have,

The constant K is called voltage transformation ratio. Thus if K = 5 (i.e.

N2/N1 = 5), then E2 = 5 E1.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Concept of Ideal Transformer

A transformer is said to be ideal if it satisfies following properties:

i) It has no losses.
ii) Its windings have zero resistance.
iii) Leakage flux is zero i.e. 100 % flux produced by primary links with the secondary.
iv) Permeabitity of core is so high that negilgiblc current is required to establish the flux in it.

NOTE:
For an ideal transformer, the primary applied voltage V1 is same as the primary induced emf E1 as there are no
voltage drops.

For ideal transformer:

Volt-Ampere Rating

Transformer rating is specified as the product of voltage and current and called VA rating.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

The full load primary and secondary currents whichjindicate the safe maximum values of currents which transformer
windings can carry can be given as:

Ideal Transformer on No Load

Consider an ideal transformer in Fig. 3-5. For no load I2 =0. I1 is just necessary to produce flux in the core, which is called
magnetising current
denoted as Im. Im is very small and lagsvV1 by 900 as the winding is purely inductive.
According to Lenz's law, the induced e.m.f.opposes the cause producing it which is supply voltage V1. Hence E1
and E2 are in antiphase with V1 but equal in magnitude and E1 and E2 are in phase.

Fig.3-5

This can be illustrated in the phase diagram as shown below:

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Ideal Transformer on Load

Let us connect a load ZL across the secondary of an ideal transformer as shown in Figure below:

The secondary emf E2 will cause a current I2 to flow through the load:

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

The Phasor diagram for the ideal transformer on load is shown in Figure (ii) above.

The secondary current I2 lags behind V2 (or E2) by . It causes a primary current I1 = KI2 = I2 (for K=1) which is in
antiphase with it.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Example 2.1. The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000-volts, 50-Hz single-phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2. If
the e.m.f. per turn is 8 volt, determine (i) primary and secondary turns (ii) area of the core.
(Electrical Engg.-I, Nagpur Univ. 1991)
Solution. (i) E1 = N1 × e.m.f. induced/turn N1 = 250/8 = 32; N2 =
3000/8 = 375
(ii) We may use E2 = − 4.44 f N2 Bm A
∴ 3000 = 4.44 × 50 × 375 × 1.2 × A; A = 0.03m2.

Example 2.2. The core of a 100-kVA, 11000/550 V, 50-Hz, 1-ph, core type transformer has a cross-section of 20 cm
× 20 cm. Find (i) the number of H.V. and L.V. turns per phase and (ii) the e.m.f.
per turn if the maximum core density is not to exceed 1.3 Tesla. Assume a stacking factor of 0.9.
What will happen if its primary voltage is increased by 10% on no-load ?
(Elect. Machines, A.M.I.E. Sec. B, 1991)
Solution. (i) Bm = 1.3 T, A = (0.2 × 0.2) × 0.9 = 0.036 m 2

∴ 11,000 = 4.44 × 50 × N1 × 1.3 × 0.036, N1 = 1060

550 = 4.44 × 50 × N2 × 1.3 × 0.036; N2 = 53
or, N2 = KN1 = (550/11,000) × 1060 = 53
(ii) e.m.f./turn = 11,000/1060 = 10.4 V or 550/53 = 10.4 V
Keeping supply frequency constant, if primary voltage is increased by 10%, magnetising current will increase
by much more than 10%. However, due to saturation, flux density will increase only marginally and so will the
eddy current and hysteresis losses.

Example 2.3. A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area of the
core is 60 cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 50-Hz supply at 520 V, calculate (i) the peak value of flux density
in the core (ii) the voltage induced in the secondary winding. (Elect. Engg-I, Pune Univ. 1989) Solution. K = N2/N1 =
1000/400 = 2.5

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

(i) E2/E1 = K ∴ Ε2 = ΚΕ1 = 2.5 × 520 = 1300 V

(ii) E1 = 4.44 f N1 BmA
or 520 = 4.44 × 50 × 400 × Bm × (60 × 10−4) ∴ Bm = 0.976 Wb/m2

Example 2.4. A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is
connected to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and secondary currents, the secondary e.m.f. and the
maximum flux in the core. Neglect leakage drops and no-load primary current. (Elect. & Electronic Engg., Madras Univ.
1985)
Solution. K = N2/N1 = 50/500 = 1/10
Now, full-load I1 = 25,000/3000 = 8.33 A. F.L. I2 = I1/K = 10 × 8.33 = 83.3 A
e.m.f. per turn on primary side = 3000/500 = 6 V
∴ secondary e.m.f. = 6 × 50 = 300 V (or E2 = KE1 = 3000 × 1/10 =300 V) Also, E1 = 4.44 f N1Φm; 3000 =
4.44 × 50 × 500 × Φm ∴ Φm = 27 mWb

Example 2.5. A single phase transformer has 500 turns in the primary and 1200 turns in the secondary. The cross-sectional
area of the core is 80 sq. cm. If the primary winding is connected to a 50 Hz supply at 500 V, calculate (i) Peak flux-density,
and (ii) Voltage induced in the secondary.
(Bharathiar University November 1997)
Solution. From the e.m.f. equation for transformer,
500 = 4.44 × 50 × φm × 500 φm = 1/222 Wb
(i) Peak flux density, Bm = φm / (80 × 10−4) = 0.563 wb/m2
(ii) Voltage induced in secondary is obtained from transformation ratio or turns ratio

V2 N2
V1 = N1

or V2 = 500 × 1200/500 = 1200 volts

Example 2.6. A 25 kVA, single-phase transformer has 250 turns on the primary and 40 turns on the secondary winding.
The primary is connected to 1500-volt, 50 Hz mains. Calculate (i) Primary and Secondary currents on full-load, (ii)
Secondary e.m.f., (iii) maximum flux in the core. (Bharathiar Univ. April 1998)
Solution. (i) If V2 = Secondary voltage rating, = secondary
e.m.f.,
V
= , giving V2 = 240 volts

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

(ii) Primary current = 25000/1500 = 16.67

amp
Secondary current = 25000/240 = 104.2
amp
(iii) If φm is the maximum core-flux in Wb,
1500 = 4.44 × 50 × φm × 250, giving φm = 0.027 Wb or 27 mWb

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
{*Teacher designs tasks around the Content that develop learning, build skills in comprehension,
critical thinking, creativity, and communication, practice technical skills, and foster value
formation.
** There can be more than one activity. Ex. First activity can be organizing information from the
content into a chart and the second activity can be answering the guide questions.
*** Teacher adds this prompt for self-assessment: “Check your answers against the Key to
Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.”}

Problem Solving. Solve the following.

1. The number of turns on the primary and secondary windings of a 1−φ transformer are 350
and 35 respectively. If the primary is connected to a 2.2 kV, 50-Hz supply, determine the
secondary voltage on no-load.(Elect. Engg.-II, Kerala Univ. 1980)
2. A 40-kVA, 3,300/240-V, 50 Hz, 1-phase transformer has 660 turns on the primary.
Determine
the number of turns on the secondary the maximum value of flux in the core the
approximate value of primary and secondary full-load currents. Internal drops in the
windings are to be ignored.
3. The no-load voltage ratio in a 1-phase, 50-Hz, core-type transformer is 1,200/440. Find the
number of turns in each winding if the maximum flux is to be 0.075 Wb.
4. A 1-phase transformer has 500 primary and 1200 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional
area of the core is 75 cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 400-V, 50 Hz supply,
calculate. (i) the peak value of flux density in the core and (ii) voltage induced in the
secondary winding.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

{This serves as the student’s review and summary of what was learned from the session. The
teacher asks students to monitor how their knowledge has changed by reviewing the questions in
the What I Know Chart from Activity 1 and write their answers to the questions based on what they
now know in the third column of the chart.}
What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)
1. What are the factors on
which the primary and
secondary induced
voltages depend.
2. How the number of turns
in the winding affects
induced voltages.
3. What is an ideal
transformer?

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

{*Teacher creates a short quiz for students to check how well they understood the lesson.
** Teacher adds this prompt for self-assessment: “Check your answers against the Key to
Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.”
*** Check for Understanding may also be a summative test which the teacher will check and grade.
Key to Correction for summative test should only be in the Teachers’ Guide and not in the
SASs.}
1. Calculate all listed values for this transformer circuit:

Vprimary =
Vsecondary =
Iprimary =
Isecondary =
Explain whether this is a step-up, step-down, or isolation transformer, and also explain
what distinguishes the “primary” winding from the “secondary” winding in any transformer.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
{*Teacher directs the student to mark their place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to
help students track how much work they have accomplished and how much work there is left to
do. This tracker will be part of the student activity sheet}

{**To develop habits on thinking about learning, teacher writes a question or two that may ask
students about their learning experience, if they met the learning target, what they found difficult
/ easy about the topic or experience, what strategies worked for them or not, etc.}
Three things I learned:
1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Two things I like to learn more:

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

One question you still have:

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FAQs
{The teacher writes 2-3 Questions with Answers that they anticipate students would ask about the topic.
FAQs help make-up for decreased opportunity for students to ask for clarifications or explore related
topics.}
1. Q: What is the difference between ideal and practical transformer?

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

USTP

Course Code:
Course Title: Electrical Apparatus and Devices
Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

A: An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer which does not have any losses and has 100%
efficiency. A practical transformer is one which do have some ohmic loss in the winding and the
core and copper loss with efficiency less than ideal transformer.
2. Q: What are the losses in transformers?
A: Losses in any transformer are mainly classified based on construction and working. Which are
Variable Loss Constant Loss which is further divided into four majors based on constant and
variable losses. Loss of Copper Core Losses Stray Loss Dielectric losses

TEACHER-LED ACTIVITIES
{These are standard instructions for teachers.}
A. If this session happens to be a face-to-face, in-classroom learning session:
1) Collect completed work in the SAS.
2) Allocate your contact time with students to individual or small group mentoring, monitoring,
and student consultations.
3) You may administer summative assessments (quizzes, demonstrations, graded recitation,
presentations, performance tasks) during face-to-face sessions.
4) You may also explore supplementary activities that foster collaboration, provided that social
distancing is observed.
5) You may provide supplementary content via videos, etc.

It is important to remember that students who cannot make it to face-to-face, in-classroom

sessions for health and safety reasons, should not be given lower grades for missing in-class
activities and should be given alternative summative tests.

B. If this session happens to be an at-home learning session for the students:

1) Check and grade collected SAS and other input from students.
2) Schedule phone calls/virtual calls/virtual chats to individual students or small groups of
students to monitor work, provide guidance, answer questions, and check understanding.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES