Catholic University

Name CHRISTOPHER PAZMIÑO Level _________________ Profesor MA John Moscoso

OHM’s LAW

Ohm's law applies to electrical circuits; it states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage) across the two
points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.

The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is:

where I is the current in amperes, V is the potential difference in volts,and R is a circuit parameter
called the resistance (measured in ohms, also equivalent to volts per ampere). The potential difference is
also known as the voltage drop, and is sometimes denoted by U, E or emf (electromotive force) instead
of V.[1] I is from the German Intensität meaning "intensity".[citation needed]

The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise published in 1827,
described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing
various lengths of wire. He presented a slightly more complex equation than the one above to explain
his experimental results. The above equation is the modern form of Ohm's law.

The resistance of most resistive devices (resistors) is constant over a large range of values of current and
voltage. When a resistor is used under these conditions, the resistor is referred to as an ohmic device (or
an ohmic resistor) because a single value for the resistance suffices to describe the resistive behavior of
the device over the range. When sufficiently high voltages are applied to a resistor, forcing a high
current through it, the device is no longer ohmic because its resistance, when measured under such
electrically stressed conditions, is different (typically greater) from the value measured under standard
conditions (see temperature effects, below).

Ohm's law, in the form above, is an extremely useful equation in the field of electrical/electronic
engineering because it describes how voltage, current and resistance are interrelated on a
"macroscopic" level, that is, commonly, as circuit elements in an electrical circuit. Physicists who study
the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related and more general vector
equation, sometimes also referred to as Ohm's law, having variables that are closely related to the I, V
and R scalar variables of Ohm's law, but are each functions of position within the conductor. See the
Physics and Relation to heat conduction sections below.

1.Elementary description and use

Electrical circuits consist of electrical devices connected by wires (or other suitable conductors). (See
the article electrical circuits for some basic combinations.) The above diagram shows one of the simplest
electrical circuits that can be constructed. One electrical device is shown as a circle with + and -
terminals, which represents a voltage source such as a battery. The other device is illustrated by a zig-
zag symbol and has an R beside it. This symbol represents a resistor, and the R designates its resistance.
The + or positive terminal of the voltage source is connected to one of the terminals of the resistor using
a wire of negligible resistance, and through this wire a current I is shown, in a specified direction
illustrated by the arrow. The other terminal of the resistor is connected to the - or negative terminal of
the voltage source by a second wire. This configuration forms a complete circuit because all the current
that leaves one terminal of the voltage source must return to the other terminal of the voltage source.
(While not shown, because electrical engineers assume that it exists, there is an implied current I, and
an arrow pointing to the left, associated with the second wire.)

Voltage is the electrical force that moves (negatively charged) electrons through wires and electrical
devices, current is the rate of electron flow, and resistance is the property of a resistor (or other device
that obeys Ohm's law) that limits current to an amount proportional to the applied voltage. So, for a
given resistance R (ohms), and a given voltage V (volts) established across the resistance, Ohm's law
provides the equation (I=V/R) for calculating the current through the resistor (or device).

The "conductor" mentioned by Ohm's law is a circuit element across which the voltage is measured.
Resistors are conductors that slow down the passage of electric charge. A resistor with a high value of
resistance, say greater than 10 megohms, is a poor conductor, while a resistor with a low value, say less
than 0.1 ohm, is a good conductor. (Insulators are materials that, for most practical purposes, do not
allow a current when a voltage is applied.)

In a circuit diagram, like the one above, the various components may be joined by connectors, contacts,
welds or solder joints of various kinds, but for simplicity these connections are usually not shown.

2.Physics
Physicists often use the continuum form of Ohm's Law:[2]

where J is the current density (current per unit area, unlike the simpler I, units of amperes, of Ohm's
law), σ is the conductivity (which can be a tensor in anisotropic materials) and E is the electric field
(units of volts per meter, unlike the simpler V, units of volts, of Ohms's law). While the notation above
does not explicitly depict the variables, each are vectors and each are functions of three position
variables. That is, in the case of J, using cartesian coordinates, there are actually three separate
equations, one for each component of the vector, each equation having three independent position
variables. For example, the components of J in the x, y and z directions would be J x(x,y,z), Jy(x,y,z) and
Jz(x,y,z).

The potential difference between two points is defined as

with the element of path along the integration of electric field vector E. In the case where the electric
field is independent of the choice of path (as it is in a circuit),

where is the distance between points of interest. Since the current per unit area, J, is equal to I / A (A
being the cross section of the conductor), Ohm's Law becomes:

The electrical resistance of a conductor is defined in terms of conductivity, length, and cross sectional
area:

From this, it can be seen that Ohm's law takes on the more familiar, yet macroscopic and averaged
version:
The continuum form of the equation is only valid in the reference frame of the conducting material. If
the material is moving at velocity v relative to a magnetic field B, a term must be added as follows:

See Lorentz force for more on this and Hall effect for some other implications of a magnetic field. This
equation is not a modification to Ohm's law. Rather, it is analogous in circuit analysis terms to taking
into account inductance as well as resistance.

A perfect crystal lattice, with no thermal motions or other deviations from periodic structure, would
have no resistivity,[3] but a real metal has crystallographic defects, impurities, multiple isotopes, and
thermal motion of the atoms. Electrons scatter from all of these, resulting in resistance to their flow.

3.How electrical engineers use Ohm's law

Ohm's law is one of the equations used in the analysis of electrical circuits, whether the analysis is done
by engineers or by computers. Though computers running electronic computer-aided design and
analysis programs do the bulk of the work predicting and optimizing the performance of electrical
circuits, most electrical engineers still use Ohm's law every working day. Whether designing or
debugging an electrical circuit, electrical engineers must have a working knowledge of the practical
aspects of Ohm's law.

Virtually all electronic circuits have resistive elements, which are usually treated as ideal ohmic devices,
that is, they obey Ohm's law. From the engineer's point of view, resistors (devices that "resist" the
electric current) develop a voltage across their terminals (the two wires emerging from the device)
proportional to the amount of current through the device.

More specifically, the voltage measured across a resistor at a given instant is strictly proportional to the
current through the resistor at that instant. When a functioning electrical circuit drives a current I,
measured in amperes, through a resistor of resistance R, the voltage that develops across the resistor is
I R, the value of R serving as the proportionality factor.

The DC resistance of a resistor is always a positive quantity, and the current through a resistor
generates heat in it. Voltages can be either positive or negative, depending on the ordering of the
terminals and the direction of current. Currents can be either positive or negative, the sign of the
current indicating the direction of current.

Ohm's law applies to conductors whose resistance is (substantially) independent of the applied voltage
(or equivalently the injected current). That is, Ohm's law only applies to the linear portion of the I vs. V
curve centered around the origin. The equation is too simple to encompass devices described by a more
complicated I vs. V relationship.

3.1Hydraulic analogies

A hydraulic analogy is sometimes used to describe Ohm's Law. Water pressure, measured by pascals
(or PSI), is the analog of voltage because establishing a water pressure difference between two points
along a (horizontal) pipe causes water to flow. Water flow rate, as in liters per second, is the analog of
current, as in coulombs per second. Finally, flow restrictors — such as apertures placed in pipes
between points where the water pressure is measured — are the analog of resistors. We say that the
rate of water flow through an aperture restrictor is proportional to the difference in water pressure
across the restrictor. Similarly, the rate of flow of electrical charge, that is, the electric current, through
an electrical resistor is proportional to the difference in voltage measured across the resistor.
 Flow and pressure variables can be calculated in fluid flow network with the use of the hydraulic ohm
analogy.[4][5] The method can be applied to both steady and transient flow situations.

3.2Sheet resistance

Thin metal films, usually deposited on insulating substrates, are used for various purposes, with the
electrical current traveling parallel to the plane of the film. When describing the electrical resistivity of
such devices, the term ohms-per-square is used. See sheet resistance.

I.Read the paragragh above and match TRUE or FALSE.

1.The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is: where I is the current in volts, V is

the potential difference in amperes,and R is a circuit parameter F

where I is the current in amperes, V is the potential difference in volts,and R is a circuit parameter
called the resistance (measured in ohms, also equivalent to volts per ampere).

2.The resistance of most resistive devices (resistors) is constant over a large range of values of current and voltage T

3.Ohm's law is an extremely useful motto in the field of electrical/electronic game F

Ohm's law, in the form above, is an extremely useful equation in the field of electrical/electronic
engineering

4.Electrical circuits consist of electrical devices connected by wires T

5.Current is the rate of electron flow T

6.The electrical resistance of a conductor is defined in terms of sensitivity & DC F

The electrical resistance of a conductor is defined in terms of conductivity, length, and cross sectional
area

7.Ohm's law is one of the equations used in the analysis of electrical circuits T

8.The DC resistance of a resistor is always a negative quantity F

The DC resistance of a resistor is always a positive quantity

9.Ohm's law only applies to the linear portion of the I vs. V curve centered around the origin T

10.Flow and pressure variables can never be calculated in fluid flow network F

Flow and pressure variables can be calculated in fluid flow network with the use of the hydraulic ohm
analogy

4.Temperature effects
When the temperature of the conductor increases, the collisions between electrons and ions increase.
Thus as a substance heats up because of electricity flowing through it (or by any heating process), the
resistance will usually increase. The exception is semiconductors. The resistance of an Ohmic substance
depends on temperature in the following way:

where ρ is the resistivity :, L is the length of the conductor, A is its cross-sectional area, T is its
temperature, T0 is a reference temperature (usually room temperature), ρ0 is the resistivity at T0, and α is
the change in resistivity per unit of temperature as a percentage of ρ0. In the above expression, we have
assumed that L and A remain unchanged within the temperature range. Also note that ρ0 and α are
constants that depend on the conductor being considered.

It is worth mentioning that temperature dependence does not make a substance non-ohmic, because at a
given temperature, R does not vary with voltage or current (V / I = constant).

Intrinsic semiconductors exhibit the opposite temperature behavior, becoming better conductors as the
temperature increases. This occurs because the electrons are bumped to the conduction energy band by
the thermal energy, where they can flow freely and in doing so they leave behind holes in the valence
band which can also flow freely.

Extrinsic semiconductors have much more complex temperature behaviour. First the electrons (or holes)
leave the donors (or acceptors) giving a decreasing resistance. Then there is a fairly flat phase in which
the semiconductor is normally operated where almost all of the donors (or acceptors) have lost their
electrons (or holes) but the number of electrons that have jumped right over the energy gap is negligible
compared to the number of electrons (or holes) from the donors (or acceptors). Finally as the
temperature increases further the carriers that jump the energy gap becomes the dominant figure and
the material starts behaving like an intrinsic semiconductor.

5.Strain (mechanical) effects

Just as the resistance of a conductor depends upon temperature, the resistance of a conductor depends
upon strain. By placing a conductor under tension (a form of stress that leads to strain in the form of
stretching of the conductor), the length of the section of conductor under tension increases and its cross-
sectional area decreases. Both these effects contribute to increasing the resistance of the strained section
of conductor. Under compression (strain in the opposite direction), the resistance of the strained section
of conductor decreases. See the discussion on strain gauges for details about devices constructed to take
advantage of this effect.

6.Transients and AC circuits

Ohm's law holds for linear circuits where the current and voltage are steady (DC), and for instantaneous
voltage and current in linear circuits with no reactive elements. When the current and voltage are
varying, effects other than resistance may be at work; these effects are principally those of inductance
and capacitance. When such reactive elements, or transmission lines, are involved in a circuit, the
relationship between voltage and current becomes the solution to a differential equation.

Equations for time-invariant AC circuits take the same form as Ohm's law, however, if the variables are
generalized to complex numbers and the current and voltage waveforms are complex exponentials.[6]

In this approach, a voltage or current waveform takes the form Aest, where t is time, s is a complex
parameter, and A is a complex scalar. In any linear time-invariant system, all of the currents and
voltages can be expressed with the same s parameter as the input to the system, allowing the time-varying
complex exponential term to be canceled out and the system described algebraically in terms of the
complex scalars in the current and voltage waveforms.
The complex generalization of resistance is impedance, usually denoted Z; it can be shown that for an
inductor, and for a capacitor,

We can now write, where V and I are the complex scalars in the voltage and current respectively and Z is
the complex impedance.

While this has the form of Ohm's law, with Z taking the place of R, it is not the same as Ohm's law.
When Z is complex, only the real part is responsible for dissipating heat.

In the general AC circuit, Z will vary strongly with the frequency parameter s, and so also will the
relationship between voltage and current.

For the common sinusoidal case, the s parameter is taken to be jω, corresponding to a complex sinusoid
Aejωt. The real parts of such complex current and voltage waveforms describe the actual sinusoidal
currents and voltages in a circuit, which can be in different phases due to the different complex scalars.

7.Relation to heat conduction

Ohm's principle predicts the flow of electrical charge (i.e. current) in electrical conductors when
subjected to the influence of voltage differences; Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier's principle predicts the
flow of heat in heat conductors when subjected to the influence of temperature differences.

The same equation describes both phenomena, the equation's variables taking on different meanings in
the two cases. Specifically, solving a heat conduction (Fourier) problem with temperature (the driving
"force") and flux of heat (the rate of flow of the driven "quantity", i.e. heat energy) variables also solves
an analogous electrical conduction (Ohm) problem having electric potential (the driving "force") and
electric current (the rate of flow of the driven "quantity", i.e. charge) variables.

The basis of Fourier's work was his clear conception and definition of thermal conductivity. He assumed
that, all else being the same, the flux of heat is strictly proportional to the gradient of temperature.
Although undoubtedly true for small temperature gradients, strictly proportional behavior will be lost
when real materials (e.g. ones having a thermal conductivity that is a function of temperature) are
subjected to large temperature gradients.

A similar assumption is made in the statement of Ohm's law: other things being alike, the strength of the
current at each point is proportional to the gradient of electric potential. The accuracy of the assumption
that flow is proportional to the gradient is more readily tested, using modern measurement methods, for
the electrical case than for the heat case.

8.History
In January 1781, before Georg Ohm's work, Henry Cavendish experimented with Leyden jars and glass
tubes of varying diameter and length filled with salt solution. He measured the current by noting how
strong a shock he felt as he completed the circuit with his body. Cavendish wrote that the "velocity"
(current) varied directly as the "degree of electrification" (voltage). He did not communicate his results
to other scientists at the time,[7] and his results were unknown until Maxwell published them in 1879.[8]

Ohm did his work on resistance in the years 1825 and 1826, and published his results in 1827.[9] He drew
considerable inspiration from Fourier's work on heat conduction in the theoretical explanation of his
work. For experiments, he initially used voltaic piles, but later used a thermocouple as this provided a
more stable voltage source in terms of internal resistance and constant potential difference. He used a
galvanometer to measure current, and knew that the voltage between the thermocouple terminals was
proportional to the junction temperature. He then added test wires of varying length, diameter, and
material to complete the circuit. He found that his data could be modeled through the equation

where X was the reading from the galvanometer, l was the length of the test conductor, a depended only
on the thermocouple junction temperature, and b was a constant of the entire setup. From this, Ohm
determined his law of proportionality and published his results.

Ohm's law was probably the most important of the early quantitative descriptions of the physics of
electricity. We consider it almost obvious today. When Ohm first published his work, this was not the
case; critics reacted to his treatment of the subject with hostility. They called his work a "web of naked
fancies"[10] and the German Minister of Education proclaimed that Ohm was "a professor who preached
such heresies was unworthy to teach science." [11] The prevailing scientific philosophy in Germany at the
time, led by Hegel, asserted that experiments need not be performed to develop an understanding of
nature because nature is so well ordered, and that scientific truths may be deduced through reasoning
alone. Also, Ohm's brother Martin, a mathematician, was battling the German educational system. These
factors hindered the acceptance of Ohm's work, and his work did not become widely accepted until the
1840s. Fortunately, Ohm received recognition for his contributions to science well before he died.

In the 1850s, Ohm's law was known as such, and was widely considered proved, and alternatives such as
"Barlow's law" discredited, in terms of real applications to telegraph system design, as discussed by
Samuel F. B. Morse in 1855.[12]

While the old term for electrical conductance, the mho, is still used, a new name, the siemens, was
adopted in 1971, honoring Ernst Werner von Siemens. The siemens is preferred in formal papers.

In the 1920s, it was discovered that the current through an ideal resistor actually has statistical
fluctuations, which depend on temperature, even when voltage and resistance are exactly constant; this
fluctuation, now known as Johnson–Nyquist noise, is due to the discrete nature of charge. This thermal
effect implies that measurements of current and voltage that are taken over sufficiently short periods of
time will yield ratios of V/I that fluctuate from the value of R implied by the time average or ensemble
average of the measured current; Ohm's law remains correct for the average current, in the case of
ordinary resistive materials.

Ohm's work long preceded Maxwell's equations and any understanding of frequency-dependent effects
in AC circuits. Modern developments in electromagnetic theory and circuit theory do not contradict
Ohm's law when they are evaluated within the appropriate limits.

II.Read the paragragh above and answer the following questions.

1.What does Ohm’s Law state?

Ohm's law applies to electrical circuits; it states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage) across the two
points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.

2.What is the potential difference?

V is the potential difference in volts,and R is a circuit parameter called the resistance (measured in ohms,
also equivalent to volts per ampere). The potential difference is also known as the voltage drop, and is
sometimes denoted by U, E or emf (electromotive force) instead of V.[1] I is from the German Intensität
meaning "intensity¨

3.What happen when a resistor is used under these conditions?

When sufficiently high voltages are applied to a resistor, forcing a high current through it, the device is
no longer ohmic because its resistance, when measured under such electrically stressed conditions, is
different (typically greater) from the value measured under standard conditions (see temperature
effects, below).

4.Why is Voltage the electrical force?

Voltage is the electrical force that moves (negatively charged) electrons through wires and electrical
devices, current is the rate of electron flow, and resistance is the property of a resistor (or other device
that obeys Ohm's law) that limits current to an amount proportional to the applied voltage.

5.What is the resistor’s function?

Resistors are conductors that slow down the passage of electric charge.

6.How is the electrical resistance of a conductor defined?

The electrical resistance of a conductor is defined in terms of conductivity, length, and cross sectional
area

7.What are resistors from the engineer’s point of view?

From the engineer's point of view, resistors (devices that "resist" the electric current) develop a voltage
across their terminals (the two wires emerging from the device) proportional to the amount of current
through the device

8.Why is the DC resistance of a resistor always a positive quantity?

The DC resistance of a resistor is always a positive quantity, and the current through a resistor
generates heat in it. Voltages can be either positive or negative, depending on the ordering of the
terminals and the direction of current. Currents can be either positive or negative, the sign of the
current indicating the direction of current.

9,How is water pressure measured?

Water pressure, measured by pascals (or PSI)

10.Why are semiconductors the exception in temperature effects?

The resistance of an Ohmic substance depends on temperature

11.What happen with intrinsic semiconductors?

Intrinsic semiconductors exhibit the opposite temperature behavior, becoming better conductors as the
temperature increases. This occurs because the electrons are bumped to the conduction energy band by
the thermal energy, where they can flow freely and in doing so they leave behind holes in the valence
band which can also flow freely

12.What happen with the resistance under compression?

Under compression (strain in the opposite direction), the resistance of the strained section of conductor
decreases

13.What does Ohm’s law hold for linear circuits?

Ohm's law holds for linear circuits where the current and voltage are steady (DC), and for instantaneous
voltage and current in linear circuits with no reactive elements.

14.How can all of the currents & voltages be expressed?

Equations for time-invariant AC circuits take the same form as Ohm's law, however, if the variables are
generalized to complex numbers and the current and voltage waveforms are complex exponentials

15.What does Ohm’s principle predict?

Ohm's principle predicts the flow of electrical charge (i.e. current) in electrical conductors when
subjected to the influence of voltage differences

16.What is the similar assumption in the statement of Ohm’s Law?

A similar assumption is made in the statement of Ohm's law: other things being alike, the strength of the
current at each point is proportional to the gradient of electric potential

17.Why was Ohm’s Law the most important?

Ohm's law was probably the most important of the early quantitative descriptions of the physics of
electricity. We consider it almost obvious today

18.Why did people not accept Ohm’s Law?

The prevailing scientific philosophy in Germany at the time, led by Hegel, asserted that experiments need
not be performed to develop an understanding of nature because nature is so well ordered, and that
scientific truths may be deduced through reasoning alone

19.What happened in 1920s?

In the 1920s, it was discovered that the current through an ideal resistor actually has statistical
fluctuations, which depend on temperature, even when voltage and resistance are exactly constant

20.Why is Ohm’s Law accepted at the present time?

Ohm's work long preceded Maxwell's equations and any understanding of frequency-dependent effects
in AC circuits. Modern developments in electromagnetic theory and circuit theory do not contradict
Ohm's law when they are evaluated within the appropriate limits.

III.Identify the following definitions.

Transformer AC power supply Voltage regulator DC power supply Motor

Circuit Breaker Voltage multipliers Inductor Fuse Battery

VOLTAGE REGULATOR An electronic circuit used to maintain a level amount of voltage in

an electrical line. It eliminates power surges, spikes and brownouts, which can cause harm
to sensitive electronics

INDUCTOR is a passive electronic component that storesenergy in the form of a magnetic

field. In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or coil

VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS are circuits designed to multiply the input voltage. The input
voltage may be doubled (voltage doubler), tripled (voltage tripler), quadrupled (voltage
quadrupler), etc

BATTERY typically takes the voltage from a wall outlet (mains supply, often 230v in
Europe) and lowers it to the desired voltage (e.g. 9vac).

DC POWER SUPPLY AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to

convert the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower,
voltage. If it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a
pulsating direct voltage, followed by a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors,
and sometimes inductors, to filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation

TRANSFORMER A device used to transfer electric energy from one circuit to another,
especially a pair of multiply wound, inductively coupled wire coils that effect such a
transfer with a change in voltage, current, phase, or other electric characteristic.

CIRCUIT BREAKER contains an element that heats, bends and triggers a spring which
shuts the circuit down. Once the element cools, and the problem is identified the breaker
can be reset and the power restored.

MOTOR A device that converts any form of energy into mechanical energy, especially an
internal-combustion engine or an arrangement of coils and magnets that converts electric
current into mechanical power.

FUSE It is a piece of wire, often in a casing that improves its electrical characteristics. If
too much current flows, the wire becomes hot and melts.

AC POWER SUPPLY is an alternative to a line-operated power supply; it is independent of

the availability of mains electricity, suitable for portable equipment and use in locations
without mains power
IV. SELF TEST

1.Which of the following curve represents Ohm’s Law:

Linear

Sine wave

Parabolic

 Hyperbolic

2.Ohm’s Law is applicable to Semi Conductor circuits:

True

False

3.Ohm’s Law is applicable for both Bilateral and unilateral circuits:

True

False

4.Calculate the Resistance value in a closed circuit supplied with 110V and power consumed in
the circuit is 100 watts:

11 ohms

60.5 ohms

121 ohms

1.1 ohms

5.Calculate the power consumed in a three parallel circuit having 1 ohm resistors and is supplied
5V battery source.

75 watts

32.5 watts

8.33 watts

25 watts

6.A Circuit supplied with 110V carries 5 Amps Current. Calculate the Resistance value of the
circuit

55 ohms

5.5 ohms

11 ohms
550 ohms

7.The ratio of voltage and electrical current in a closed circuit:

Varies Exponentially

Varies Linearly

Varies in terms of cube of the ratio

Remains Constant

8.Ohm’s Law is independent of the temperature variation of the circuit:

True

False

9.Calculate the Power in a circuit having a resistance value of 10 ohms and current flowing
through the circuit is 5 Amps.

250 watts

20 watts

2.5 watts

500 watts

10.In an electrical circuit, what happen to the current flowing through the wire if voltage is
reduced to the half and resistance of the wire is doubled:

Four times

A Quarter

Half

Double

11.As the voltage across a resistor is increased, what happens to the resistance of the
resistor?

It decreases
It remains constant
It increases
12.What is the current in this circuit?
 6A
2A
0.5A
13.What is the resistance of the resistor in this circuit?

20Ω
1.8Ω
0.05Ω
14.If the resistance in this circuit is halved, what will the current be?

0.3A
0.6A
0.15A
15.The diagram shows part of a circuit. What is the resistance of the resistor shown?

9Ω
4Ω
0.25Ω
16.The diagram shows part of a circuit. What is the reading shown on the ammeter?
 0.3A
3.3A
21A
17.The diagram shows part of a circuit. What is the reading displayed on the voltmeter?

60V
17.7V
5.4V
18.What kind of a circuit is this?

Series
Parallel
Neither
19.What is the total resistance of this circuit?

500Ω
1000Ω
1500Ω
20If the supply voltage is 12V, what is the current in this circuit?
 0.005A
0.008A
0.012A
21.What kind of a circuit is this?

Series
Parallel
Neither

22.What is the total resistance of this circuit?

1500Ω
500Ω
167Ω

23.If the current in each branch is 20mA, what is the supply voltage in this circuit?

3.3V
 10V
30V
24.What is the resistance between X and Y?

62.5 48.62 16.6

1.A series-parallel electric is illustrated below. What is the intensity of the current flowing from the
power source, Is?

 R2 and R3 experience the same voltage, so V2 = I2R2 = (0.5)75 = 37.5 V and
            I= V3/R3 = 37.5/100 = 0.375A
            So total current = 0.5 + 0.375 = 0.875 A

2.An electric circuit is illustrated below. What is the current intensity, I, in resistors R2 and R3?

 Req = 1/R4 + 1/(R2+R3)

Req = 1/10 + 1/( 3 + 7)
Req = 5 .
            Rt = R1 + Req = 7 + 5 = 12 .
            It = Vt/Rt = 6/12 = 0.5 A
            The current flowing through R2 and R3 will be the same as what’s on top (since
R is the same), so it will be 0.5/2 = 0.25A