Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 1

Subject: Traffic Management & Accident Investigation

Review Notes in C. WIND POWER – man realized the energy from the mass of
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT & ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION moving air and learned to utilize such power to lift rather than
to drag. Origin of air lifted transportation.
TRANSPORTATION – is the movement or conveying of persons Examples:
and goods from one location to another. 1. Ancient Chinese Kite – Based on Korean tradition, kites
NOMAD (Greek) – to pasture. Refers to pastoralists, groups that were first used for transport when a Korean General
migrate in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their used in bridge building.
domestic livestock. 2. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter - Leonardo Da Vinci made study
of the flight of birds. He dicovered ornithopter which
Two types of nomads: derives its principal support and propelling from flapping
1. Who wonder in search for food. wings like those of birds.
2. Who observe annual cycle of pastures whose availability 3. Montgolfier Balloon - France Joseph Michel and Jacques
determined by the alteration of hot and cold or wet and Entienne Montgolfier proposed to use balloon to
dry season. transport condemned prisoners. It is constructed with
linen and inflated with hot air.
Early Types of Transportation: 4. Siemen’s Rocket Plane – Ernst Werner Von Siemens, a
A. MANPOWER – Early man who had no domesticated animals electric industrialist, in 1874 designed rocket plane
carry their own burdens. propelled by explosive force of gun powder.
Examples: 5. Lilienthal Glider – Otto Lilienthal, German inventor , like
1. Carrying Pole - goods are carried by means of pole da Vinci, he studied the flight of birds. His chiefwork was
2. Backload and Tumpline - goods are carried on the back with glider.
3. Sledge on Rollers – moving heavy burdens on sledge 6. Santos Dumont’s Airship – Alberto Santos Dumont, a
which rested on a series of rollers Brazilian inventor who designed a lighter than air-craft
4. Sledge on Runners – loads are carried on a sledge balloon called airship.
5. Travois - device used by Native North Americans of the 7. Wright Brothers’ Flying Machine - Orville and Wilbur
Great Plains for transporting their tepees and household Wright designed the biplane kite.
goods. It consisted of two poles, lashed one on either 8. Lindergh’s Spirit of St. Louis – Capt. Charles Lindergh
side of a dog or, later, a horse, with one end of each pole made the solo flight in an airplane from Paris to London
dragging on the ground. in May 1927. the plane was called “Spirit of St, Louis”.

B. ANIMAL POWER – domesticated animals were used to carry

loads ROADS AND VEHICLE HISTORY
Examples: Some Inventions that led to modern land
1. Ox – cattle which was first used to carry loads in transportation:
Mesopotamia
2. Reindeer - first domesticated in Siberia in the beginning A. Wheel – it was invented in Western Asia. It was used in crude
of Christian era. Deer draws sledge carts and wagons. It enabled to transport burdens beyond the
3. Dog - the first domesticated animal used to carry loads power of man or animals to carry or drag.
4. Donkey – first domesticated in the Middle East. Donkey Examples:
caravan carry goods within Southwest Asia and Egypt. 1. Solid wheels on fixed axle – it is made up to single piece
5. Llama - in pre-Colimbian America, the Llama was the of wood rotated on single axle.
only new world animal other than the dog capable of 2. Sumerian chariot with flank wheels - this chariot , of
domestication for transport. 2400 BC, had solid wheels built up of three pieces.
6. Elephant – the Carthaginians used African elephants in 3. Spoked wheel – wheel with spokes, in Greek quadrica
their war against Rome. Elephants were used to carry 4. Roman Carpentum – a closed two-wheeled cart
heavy loads. 5. Italian cocchio – a travelling wagon in which the
7. Horse – In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled passangers were protected by a covering of leather or
vehicles and for riding for sometime until the cloth fixed over a wooden framework.
introduction of mechanized vehicles.
8. Camel - camel were used to carry loads. Two kinds of B. Wheeled Vehicles - requires wider roads for the movement.
camel: two-humped bactrian camel of Central Asia and th
the one-humped dromnedary camel of Arabia. C.The Invention of Bicycles – Hobby Horse (19 Century) was
9. Yak – a long-haired type of cattle that lives at high one of the mordern ancestors of modern bicycles. The wheel
altitude on the Tibetan platue used to carry heavy loads were made of wood, with tire of iron and riders push themselves
where horses could not survive. along with their feet on the ground.
th
D. Pneumatic Tires – inlated by air (by John Boyd Dunlop 19
Cenutury)

-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden] This Notes was derived from the Lecture of SFO3 CARMELO ANDRADA.
 Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 2
Subject: Traffic Management & Accident Investigation

E. Motor Vehicle – the first transportation - Police Traffic Enforcement

1. Etienne Lenoir (1860) – motorized carriage, Internal
combustion engine. 4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT – This is a
2. Nicolaus Otto and Gotlieb Daimer – pioneered gas recent pillar of traffic management deals with the
engine environmental safety against:
3. Rudolf Diesel – developed internal combustion engine a. Noise
similar with gasoline engine but does not require b. Vibration
electrical ignition which uses diesel fuel; c. Air pollution
4. Henry Ford (1908) – introduced the Model T d. Dirt
5. Felix Wankel – developed an advance type of engine e. Visual Intrusion
that operates very differently from gas and diesel f. f, loss of privacy
engines. It is started by a moving cranckshaft; g. changes in tha amount of light
6. Presently, the introduction of the light rail transit, the h. others
metro rails, fly over and other modern traffic ways
contributed to the expeditious movement of traffic
users. Laws related to Traffic Ecology:
a. PD 1181 – refers to the prevention, control and
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for
other purposes.
Management – it refers to the skillful use of means to “Sec. 1. The purpose is to prevent, control
accomplish an objective. and abate the emission of air pollutants from motor
Traffic – (French trafique/Italian traffico) which means to carry vehicles in order to protect the health and welfare of
on trade, of uncertain origin. It refers to the movement of the people and to prevent or minimize damage to
persons, goods or vehicles, either powered by combustion property and hazards to land transportation.”
system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the b. LOI 551 – directing the law enforcement agencies to
purpose of travel. implement the pollution control program;
Traffic Way – refers to the entire width between boundary lines c. RA 8749 – otherwise known as clean air act. This
of every way or place of which any part is open to the use of provides the regulation of motor vehicles emitting
public purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or toxic gases like the use of the diesel and leaded
custom. gasoline

Major Causes of Traffic Congestions: 5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY – This is the most recent pillar of
1. Physical Inadequacy traffic management which deals with the benefits and
2. Poor Control Measures adverse effect or traffic to our country. Traffic operation is
3. Human Errors designed to expedite the movement of traffic. Traffic
4. Poor Maintenance congestion adversely affects the economic status of the
commuting public.
THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC a. RA 4136 – Land Transportation and Traffic Code; and
BP 398. This law provides policies and guidelines in the
1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - The science of measuring traffic licensing, motor vehicle registration, traffic rules and
and travel the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic prescribes penalties to violations thereof.
law and generation. It refers to the professional practice of
planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve Basic Information on Drivers License
safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods.
Functions: Driver’s License (DL) – an authority granted to a qualified
 fact-finding, survey individual to operate a motor vehicle.
 supervision and maintenance
 planning of traffic regulation General Types of DL
1. Professional – issued to an individual whose means of
2. TRAFFIC EDUCATION - It is the process of giving training living is driving
and practice in the actual application of traffic safety 2. Non-professional – issued to an individual to drive MV
knowledge. without compensation
3. Student Driving Permit – issued to an individual who
3. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT - This pillar deals with the desires to learn to operate MV
enforcement or implementation of traffic laws, rules and
regulations.
Agencies Responsible:
- LTO ( licensing, registration and inspection)
- Legislative bodies
-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden] This Notes was derived from the Lecture of SFO3 CARMELO ANDRADA.
 Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 3
Subject: Traffic Management & Accident Investigation

Validity of DL Last Digit:

1. SDP – valid for I year from date of issuance 1 – January
2. Professional /Non-professional DL - valid for 3 years. It 2 – February
rd
will expire on the 3 birthdate of the licensee comencing 3 – March
from the date of issuance. 4 – April
5 – May
Issuance of DL before birthdate 6 – June
Date of issue ……………. 10 November 1990 7 – July
Driver’s Birthday ………... 6 December 1948 8 – August
st
1 Bday ………………. 6 December 1990 9 – September
nd
2 Bday ……………….6 December 1991 0 – October
rd
3 Bday ………………. 6 December 1992 ( Expiry date)
Middle Digit:
Issuance of DL after birthdate  1-2-3 - first week of registration month (any working day
st th
Date of issue …………… 10 November 1990 from 1 to 7 day of registration month)
Driver’s Birthday ………. 19 August 1944  4-5-6 – second week of registration month (any working
st th th
1 Bday …………….. 19 August 1991 day from 8 to 14 day of the registration month)
nd
2 Bday ……………. 19 August 1992  7-8 – third week of registration month (any working day
rd th st
3 Bday ……………. 19 August 1993 (Expiry date) from 15 to 21 day of the registration month)
 9-0 – fourth week of the registration month (any working
Restriction Codes: nd st
day from 22 to 31 day of the registration month)
1 – Motorcycle/motorized tricycles
2 – Vehicle up to 4500kg GVW Batas Pambansa 43, s-1979 – provides policies on the
3 – Vehicle above 4500kg GVW classification of MV.
4 – Automatic clutch up to 4500kg GVW
5 – Automatic clutch above 4500kg GVW General MV Classification:
6 – Articulated vehicle up to 1600kg GVW 1. Private MV – vehicles which are registered for private
7 – Articulated vehicle from 1601 kg to 4500kg GVW use.
8 – Articulated vehicl from 4501kg and above GVW 2. FOR HIRE MV – vehicles authorized to operate as public
9 – Disabled utilities by virtue of certificates of public conveyance.
3. GOVERNMENT MV – vehicles owned by the government
Conditions: of the Philippines, including government owned and
A – wear eye glasses controlled corporations.
B – drive only with special equipment for upper limbs 4. DIPLOMAT MV – vehicles owned by foreign government
C – Drive only with special equipment for lower limbs 5. COMMEMORATIVE PLATES – plates issued to groups,
D – Daylight driving only organizations or associations subject to the approval of
E – Accompanied by person with normal hearing the Office of the President.

Requirements: PROTOCOL PLATE DESIGNATIONS

a. Must be at least 18 for prof; 17 for non-prof and 16 for PLATE NO. OFFICE
SDP 1 ………………… President
b. Physically and mentally fit 2 ………………… Vice President
c. Can read and write Filipino/English 3 ………………… Senate President
d. Valid license ( SDP- 1 mo. For NPDL; SDP-5mo/NP-4mo 4 ………………… Speaker of the House
for PDL) 5 ………………… Chief Justice
e. Medical Certificate 6 ………………… Cabinet Secretaries
f. Written and actual examination 7………………… Senators
g. License fee 8…………………. Congressmen
h. (Drug Test) 9………………… Associate Justice
10……………….. Presiding Justice
Administrative Order No. 84AO-003 – provides the System of 11……………….. COMELEC
Operation in the monthly staggered registration of motor 12……………….. Cabinet Undersecretaries
vehicle. 13………………..
The last digit of the license plate determines the 14……………….. Chief of Staff
monthly schedule of registration of the MV and the middle digit 15………………
determines the working days within the week when the MV 16…………….. … Court Judges
Registration shall be renewed.

-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden] This Notes was derived from the Lecture of SFO3 CARMELO ANDRADA.
 Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 4
Subject: Traffic Management & Accident Investigation

Other Laws Relative to MV ambulances when such vehicles are operated on

1. PD No. 96 – law the regulates the use of sirens and official business.
blinkers.
2. PD No. 612 – law that requires compulsary insurance of ROAD MARKS – These are pavement marking that pertains to all
MV before registration lines, patterns, words, colors or other gadgets set into the
3. PD No.1181 – law that provides the abatement of air surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or curbing
pollution from MV or to objects within or adjacent to the roadway, officially placed
4. PD No. 1686 – law that imposes tax on MV with air for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
conditioning unit 1. Two-lane One way street – both vehicles are traversing
5. RA 5448 – imposing tax on private MV toward the same direction
6. RA 8749 – clean air act which regulates emission of toxic 2. Two-lane Two way street – both vehicles are traversing
gases on the opposite direction
7. RA 8750 – seat belt law 3. Four-lane Two way street – two vehicles are traversing
8. RA 7924 – MMDA law toward the same direction while two other vehicle are
traversing toward opposite direction separated by a solid
SPEED LIMIT: line .
Cars/MC MT/Buses 4. Single White dotted line – overtaking is allowed at
anytime when clear
1. Open country roads 5. Single Continuous line – overtaking or passing is only
with no blind corners 80km/hr 50km/hr allowed there is no oncoming vehicles, not safe to pass
6. Double Continuous line – overtaking or passing is not
2. Thorough street/blvd allowed.
with no blind curves 40km/hr 30km/hr
TRAFFIC LIGHTS – This refer to any power operated traffic
3. City/mpl streets with control device by which traffic is warned or directed to take
light traffic 30km/hr 30km/hr some specific actions. Traffic light signals are used to control
traffic at junctions and also to stop traffic to provide safe
4. Through crowded sts, crossing points for pedestrians.
appr. Intersection at  Steady Red - STOP at the designated line
blind curves, passing  Steady Green - GO. Vehicles going straight have the right
school zones or for of way
similar dangerous  Steady Yellow - PREPARE TO STOP. Do not beat a yellow
circumstances 20km/her 20km/hr light.
 Flashing Red - Bringing vehicle to STOP at the designated
RIGHT OF WAY – This principle refers to the legal or customary line and proceed only when clear.
precedence (priority in time and place) which allows one vehicle  Flashing Yellow - Yield sign. Proceed through the
to cross or pass in front of another. intersection with caution..
 Flashing Green - Vehicles facing this signal are permitted
Rules of Right of way (Sec. 42-44 of RA 4136) to turn left or go through while opposing traffic faces red
1. In case of two vehicles approaching or entering an signal..
intersection at the same time, the driver of the vehicle
on the left shall yield right of way;
2. In the case of a vehicle approaching but has not yet TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
entered the intersection, its driver shall yield right of way
to vehicles already within the intersection or turning
When we deal with traffic accident investigation, we
therein to the left across the line of travel of the first
wanted to know
mentioned vehicle.
3. In case of vehicle on a highway within business or
WHAT WENT WRONG?
residential district, its driver shall yield right of way to
pedestrians crossing the highway within a crosswalk,
Purposes:
except at intersections where traffic is regulated by a
1. Everyone involved is curious about the cause and
peace officer or a traffic signal
circumstances of the accident
2. For the Police – to find out wether the is enough
Exception to Right of Way
evidence of law violation in the accident
1. A vehicle entering from a private road shall always
3. Incurance claims
yiled right of way to vehicles utilizing the highway
4. Officials wanted to know specific information about
2. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the
the incident to formulate policies in the prevention of
right of way to police or fire department vehicles and
the same

-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden] This Notes was derived from the Lecture of SFO3 CARMELO ANDRADA.
 Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 5
Subject: Traffic Management & Accident Investigation

- Indicates wether the driver failed to observe the right of

Five Levels of Activities in Accident Investigation way
1. Reporting – it involves basic data collection to identify - Show if the driver did not obey traffic signals
and classify a motor vehicle, traffic and persons, property
and planned movements involved. Kinds of Traffic Accidents:
2. Scene Investigation – involves all action taken by the 1. Non-motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – this refers to any
investigator at the scene of the crime or accident. accident occuring in a traffic way involving person using
3. Technical Preparation – involves delayed traffic accident the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not
data collection and organization for study and involving a MV.
interpretation. 2. MV Non-traffic Accident – any MV accident which occurs
4. Professional Reconstruction – involves effort to entirely in a place other than a traffic way.
determine from whatever information is available, how 3. MV Traffic Accident – any MV accident occurring on a
the accident happened. traffic way.
5. Cause Analysis – involves the final analysis on the cause
of accident. CAUSES OF MV TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
1. Simultaneous Factors
SKIDMARKS AS TOOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION a. Road conditions
Skidmarks are tire impression on road surface a result b. Driver’s attitude or behavior
of sudden application of brakes. c. Weather condition
2. Sequential Factors
IMPLICATIONS OF SKIDMARKS a. Speed is greater or less than safe
- Measurements of skidmarks gives idea on how fast the b. defective vehicle
car which left these marks was going before the accident 3. Operational Factors
- Estimates of speed based on skidmarks may lead to a. Road hazards
convictions; or knowing how to estimate speed correctly b. Driver’s non-compliance to traffic rules
may help keep an innocent person from being convicted. 4. Perception Factors
- A test on skid marks resulted to measure 20 ft long a. Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation
skidmarks at 20 mile per hour. b. Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course
- So if a skid mark measures 10 ft long, the vehicle must be
running 10 miles per hour. CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
1. PERCEPTION HAZARD – it is seeing, feeling, or hearing
Other Tire Marks and understanding the usual or unexpected movement
1. Centrifugal skidmark – a marking on a road surface left or condition that could be taken as sign of the accident
by a rotating tire and wheel of a speeding vehicle on a about to happen.
curve when the speed of the vehicle is above the critical 2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is the first action taken by
speed. a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or
2. Impending skidmarks – marks caused by forward otherwise avoid a hazard.
rotation of the wheels being slower than the forward 3. INITIAL CONTACT – the first accidental touching of an
movement of the vehicle. object collision course or otherwise avoids a hazard.
3. Yawn mark – a scuff mark made while a vehicle is 4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the greatest collapse or
yawning the mark made on the road by a rotating tire overlap in a collision. The force between the traffic unit
which is slipping in a direction parallel to the axle of the and the object collided with are greatest at maximum
wheel. engagement.
4. Skip mark - a braking skid mark interrupted at frequent 5. DISENGAGEMENT – it is the separation of traffic unit in
regualr intervals; the skidmark made by a bouncing motion from an object with which it has collided.
wheel on which brakes keep the wheel from turning. 6. STOPPING – it is when the traffic unit/s involved come to
5. Side skid Mark – is a roadway marking left by the tire and rest. It usually stabilizes the accident situation.
wheel of a vehicle sliding sideways as a result of force
other than centrifugal force. THE 10 COMMANDMENTS OF TRAFFIC
6. Gap Skid – a braking skid mark which is interrupted by 1. Keep Right
release and reapplication of brakes or which terminates 2. Observe Road Courtesy
by release of brakes before collision. 3. MV should not be parked near intersections,
corsswalk, fire stations, fire hydrant, private driveways
SKIDMARKS AS EVIDENCE IN ACCIDENT CASES 4. If in doubt, do not ovetake
Skidmarks will: 5. The bus stop rule
- Aid in determining the speed of the vehicle prior to the 6. Rules to prevent or untangle traffic congestion or
collision traffic jam
- Show the direction of travel of the vehicle 7. Observe traffic management measure

-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden] This Notes was derived from the Lecture of SFO3 CARMELO ANDRADA.
 Saint Mary’s University_Criminology Review Center 6
Subject: Traffic Management & Accident Investigation

8. The Philosophy of a Pinoy Driver (Rotonda Rule or First 6. The minimum distance of a vehicle to other vehicle in
come first served) front must at least be:
9. On Pedestrians – keep off roadway. Wait , embark and a. 5 meters
alight at bus or jeepney stop b. Same length of the
10. Remember the International Safety Reminder – c. 10 meters
SAFETY FIRST d. same length of vehicle in front that vehicle

LIABILITIES ARISING FROM VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS

1. Culpa Contractual – liability arising from contractual
negligence or that which result in breach of contract.
a. incidental
b. there is pre-existing contract
c. proof needed ( preponderance of evidence)
d. d. defense of “ good father of a family”. Command
responsibility or master of the servant rule.

2. Culpa Aquiliana – liability as a result of civil negligence or

tort or quasi delict.
a. direct negligence, substantive and independent
b. No pre-existing obigation
c. Proof needed (Preponderance of evidence)
d. Defense of “ good father

3. Culpa Criminal – liability caused by criminal negligence or

that which results in commission of a crime or delict
a. negligence is direct, substantive and independent of a
contract
b. No pre-existing obligation
c. Proof needed ( proof beyond reasonable doubt)
d. d. Accused is presumedinnocent. The burden of proof
is upon the prosecution side.

SAMPLE BOARD QUESTIONS:

1. The conveying of persons, goods and things from one

place to another is referred to as:
a. Transportation c. Traffic Management
b. Traffic d. Traffic control

2. Which of the following is the first domesticated

animal?
a. Dog c. chicken
b. Donkey d. carrabao

3. RA 8750 is otherwise known as:

a. Clean Air Act c. seatbelt law
b. Land Transportation Code d. anti-carnapping act

4. Parking is allowed in the following places, except:

a. Within an intersection c. on a two-way street
b. On a one-way street d. on the curb of the
highway

5. If a driver is involved in a traffic accident, he must

report to the nearest police station:
a. At once c. after three hours
b. Within 48 hours d. within 72 hours

-criminator_budz// [jonathan r. budaden] This Notes was derived from the Lecture of SFO3 CARMELO ANDRADA.