Transportation Engineering -I

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 Course Content:
1. Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering(4 hr)
2. Highway Alignment and Engineering Survey (4 hrs)
3. Geometric Design of Highway (18 hrs)
4. Highway Drainage (4 hrs)
5. Hill Road (5 hrs)
6. Highway Materials (10 hrs)

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 Course content…..
Tutorials: Tutorial covering the entire course works.

Practical :
1. Penetration value and ductility value of bitumen
2. Viscosity and softening point of bitumen
3. Abrasion value of aggregate
4. Marshall stability test and asphalt mixed design.

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 References
- S.K.Khanna , C.G.E.Justo
“Highway Engineering”
- Dr. L.R Kadiyali, Dr. N.B. Lal
“Highway Engineering”
- Course Manual
- Nepal Road Standard (2070 Revised)
- Nepal Rural Road Standard (2071 Second
Revised)
- Relevant Publication by DOR and DOLIDAR
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 Transportation Engineering

• Definition: The application of technological

and scientific principles to the planning,
design, operation and management of facilities
for any mode of transportation in order to
provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods.

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 Transportation System
Transportation System:
• Passenger Transportation
and
• Goods Transportation

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 Passenger Transport

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 Passenger Transport

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 Passenger Transport

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 Passenger Transport

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 Goods Transport

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 Goods Transport

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 Goods Transport

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 Goods Transport

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 I. Primary modes of transportation

• Land Ways
• Air Ways
• Water Ways
• Space Ways

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 II. Secondary modes of transportation

• Ropeways (Cable based cabin)

• Pipe lines (Water, gas, sewer)
• Canal (Irrigation, water drainage)
• Belt Conveyors

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 Secondary modes of transportation

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 Secondary modes of transportation

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 Advantages of Road Transport
• Wide geographical coverage.
• Large influence area
• Low capital investment
• Door to door service
• Flexibility
• Quick and assured deliveries
• Highest employment potential
• Low cost packaging
• Personalized travel and service
• Economy
• Overall development of the country
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Disadvantages of Road transportation
• Land coverage
• Environmental pollution
• Rate of accident is high
• Energy consumption
• Uneconomical (due to accident and
environmental effect)
• Delay and congestion (Problem of
motorization)

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 Constraints on the development of
Road Transportation in Nepal
• Unfavorable geographical condition (Hilly and
mountainous)
• Poor geological condition ( unstable soil,
landslide etc)
• Hydrological (River system)
– number of river crossings
– run-off is very high in monsoon and velocity is
high
– Lack of financial resources
– Technological development.
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 Constraints on the development of other modes of
transportation in Nepal

• Railways:
• Initial investment is high
• Geographical condition
• Technological development (lack of experience)

• Waterways:
• (Nepal is land-lock country so only inland transportation is possible)
• High velocity of water in monsoon period
• Water level in rivers

• Airways:
• Transportation cost is very high and not affordable for each people.
• Only for small aircraft/ helicopters.

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 Road Transportation Engineering

• It is a branch of civil engineering,

most popular modes of
transportation, which deals with art,
science and techniques of planning,
design, construction and maintenance
of roads and highways. It also
includes traffic engineering.

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 Scope of Highway Engineering
1. Development planning and location
Historical background: Basis for planning; Master
plan; Engineering surveys and highway alignment.
2. Highway Design, geometric and structures
Road geometrics and their design,: rigid and
flexible pavements; design factors and
thickness design: design of drainage system.
3. Traffic performance and its control
Traffic studies and analysis; traffic regulation
and control; intersection design and their
controls with signs; signals, islands, and
markings.
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 Cont…..
4. Materials, construction and maintenance
Highway materials and mix design; highway
construction; earth work; construction of
different type of pavements; pavement
failures; maintenance of pavements and
drainage system.
5. Economics, Finance and Administration
Road user cost and economic analysis of
highway projects; highway finance and
phasing of expenditures.

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 Historical
Development of Road
Construction

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 Roman Roads (312 B.C.)

Lime concrete 25 to 40
Large stone slab in lime
cm thick
mortar 10 to 15 cm thick

2.2 to 2.5 m

Total thickness
0.75 to 1.2 m

Kerb Stone

Broken stones in Hard soil

Large foundation
lime mortar 25 to 40 stratum
stones in lime mortar
cm thick
10 to 20 cm thick
Fig.1.1 Typical cross section of Roman Road

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Tresaguet construction (1775 A.D.)
Sloping wearing surface
(1 in 45) 5 cm thick

Shoulder sloping 2.7 m

1 in 20

30 cm

Larger foundation stones on

Side drain edge, 17 cm thick
Broken stones 8 cm thick

Fig. 1.2 Typical cross section of Tresaguet’s Construction

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 Telford construction (1803)
Broken
Sloping wearing
stone 5 cm
surface (1 in 45) 4
thick
cm thick

17 cm 22 cm

4.5 m

Broken stone in
Horizontal sub-grade Angular broken
Foundation stone of
lime mortar
varying size (17 to 22 stone, 7 cm
cm) size 10 cm
thick
Fig. 1.3 Typical cross section of Telford’s construction

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 Macadam Construction (1827)
Surface course with
stones passing 1.9 cm
sieve, 5 cm thick
4.5 m

pe 1 in 36
Cross slo 25 cm

Broken stones passing

5 cm sieve, 10 cm thick
Compacted sub-grade
Broken stones passing 3.75 cm
with cross slope 1 in 36
sieve, 10 cm thick

Fig. 1.4 Typical cross section of Macadam’s construction

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 Modern Roads
Surface Treatment

Second layer Wearing Course

First layer Wearing Course
Base Course

Sub-base Course

Compacted sub-grade

Fig. 1.5 Cross section of modern Roads

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 Modern Roads
• Development of heavy vehicle and need of
high speed resulted to the more stable and
durable pavement structures.
• Crushed stone of different gradation are
suitable for compaction and interlocking
between them.
• Top layer of the pavement is constructed by
stone aggregates bound by bitumen, tar or
other binding materials.

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 Cont…
• For good friction to the wheel and to resist the
forces during movement, surface treatment
(thin layer) is constructed.
• Pavement is designed by considering wheel
loads, natural soil and other construction
materials.
• Modern roads are constructed according to
Standards, Norms and Procedures, developed
by government authority.

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 Road construction In Nepal

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 Road construction In Nepal
• Ministry of Physical infrastructure and
transport:
Department of Roads (DoR)
Strategic Road Network (SRN)

• Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local

Development:
DoLIDAR (Department of Local Infrastructure
Development and Agricultural Roads
Local Road Network (LRN)

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 Classification of roads
• According to Nepal Road Standard (2070
Revised)
I. Administrative Classification:
• National Highways (NH)
• Feeder Roads (FR)
• District Roads (DR)
• Urban Roads (UR)

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 Classification of roads
• According to Nepal Road Standard (2070
Revised)
II. Technical/Fuctional Classification:
• Class I (ADT 20000 or more, Speed 120km/hr)
• Class II (ADT 5000-20000, Speed 100km/hr)
• Class III (ADT 2000-5000, Speed 80km/hr)
• Class IV (ADT less than 2000, Speed 60km/hr)

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 Classification of roads
• According to Nepal Rural Road Standard
(2071 Second Revised)
- District Road (Core Network)
- Village Road

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 Urban Road Network
• Urban road network is the road system within
the urban areas.

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 Road patterns in urban area
–Rectangular pattern
–Radial/Star and block pattern
–Radial/Star and circular pattern
–Radial/Star and grid pattern
–Hexagonal patterns

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 Rectangular or block pattern
Built up area

Main Road

Central
Business
Area

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 Radial or star and block pattern

Central
Business
Area

Main Road
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 Radial or star and circular pattern

Main Road Central

Business
Area

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 Radial or star and grid pattern

Main Road

Central
Business
Area

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 Hexagonal pattern

Central
Main Road
Business
Area
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 Ring Road
• Ring road is a link roughly circumferential about
the centre for an urban area and which permits
traffic to avoid the centre.
• The main traffic generator is located within the
central area. Lacks of suitable by-pass for through
traffic, central area becomes congested. Solution
for this problem is to build a ring road around the
central business area.
• Depending upon the population first, second and
third ring road may be developed.
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