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Chapter 1 Introduction

The document provides an introduction to transportation engineering, defining transportation as the movement of goods or people and outlining the components of a transportation system. It discusses various modes of transportation, their advantages and disadvantages, and the historical development of roads. Additionally, it covers transportation planning, road classification, and the scope of transportation engineering.

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30 views23 pages

Chapter 1 Introduction

The document provides an introduction to transportation engineering, defining transportation as the movement of goods or people and outlining the components of a transportation system. It discusses various modes of transportation, their advantages and disadvantages, and the historical development of roads. Additionally, it covers transportation planning, road classification, and the scope of transportation engineering.

Uploaded by

trexwow62
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TRANSPORTATION

ENGINEERING I
CE
Chapter 1:Introduction

Assistant Professor: Sabina Paudel


Paschimanchal Engineering College
Lamachour
Content
Introduction
Transportation is defined as the movement of goods or people from
one point (origin) to another point (destination).
In other words, transportation system may be defined as the system
comprising of fixed infrastructures, flow entities and control system
that allows people or goods to overcome the friction of geographical
space efficiently.
Components of transportation system
Modes

Infrastructures

Networks

Flow

Control System
Transport Classification system
1. Passenger/ Freight Transport
Passenger: Distance is short but density is high
Freight: Distance is longer, density is always constant
2. Private/ Public Transport
Private: no fixed schedule and no fixed route
Public:
1. Contract Carrier: having flexibility of route
2. Common carrier: Having fixed schedule
3. Primary/ Secondary Transport
Primary: land, air, water, pipelines
Secondary: Ropeways, canals, belt conveyers
Scope of transportation engineering
1. Transportation planning
2. Geometric design
3. Pavement analysis and design
4. Traffic engineering
5. Others:
1. Public transportation (mass communication)
2. Economic Analysis
3. Accident Analysis
4. Parking Studies
5. Intelligent transportation system
6. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Modes of transportation
1. Roadways or highways:
Bus, truck, car, jeep, van, bikes
2. Railway:
Rail
3. Waterway:
Boat, Ship, Submarines
4. Airways:
Airplanes, helicopter, gliders
5. Ropeways:
Cable car, belt conveyers
6. Pipelines :
Gas, water, sewer, oil
Advantage of Highway over other modes of transportation
 Has very high accessibility to almost all potential
destinations
 Have wide geological coverage
 Large influential area
 Low capital investment required
 Door to door service
 Flexibility in service
 Economic modes of transportation
 Serves as feeder line for other modes of
transportation
 High potential for employment
 Safety is high as road accident has less disastrous
effect compared to other modes
Disadvantages of highways
1. Safety: poor record
2. More land coverage
3. Environment Pollution
4. Energy Consumption is high
5. Commute time is more
6. Parking is a huge issue
7. Low productivity
8. Depends on climate
Comparisons of various modes of transportation
1. Rail:
Advantage:
Ability of loading and unloading of goods is more
Frequency of delivering of goods over long haul is more
Climatic condition does not effect
No traffic or congestion
Easy movement of the vehicle
Disadvantage:
Capital and investment is high
High material usage for construction and fuel
Comparisons of various modes of transportation
2. Airways:
Advantage:
Highest speed
High reliability
Rescue and delivery of goods in remote areas
Disadvantage:
Capital and investment is high
Material and fuel consumption is costly
Adverse weather condition impacts is running
Comparisons of various modes of transportation
3. Waterways:
Advantage:
Economical mode of transportation
Safest mode
Cost of construction and maintenance is low
Disadvantage:
Highly affected by weather
Requires large initial investment
Slow service
Historical Development of roads
First mode: Human
Foot Pathways

Next mode:
Tracks
Animals

Mesopolitian
civilization: animal Harder surface for road
drawn vehicles

To provide
adequate strength, Foot tracks
sunny drier side

Invention of
wheels Roads
Roman Roads
• Romans: contributed to the earliest large scale road construction
• They constructed extensive system of roads radiating in many
direction from Rome
• They provided travel across Europe
• They were built straight irrespective of gradient
• They were built after the soft soil was removed and a hard stratum
was reached
• The total thickness of construction was as high as 0.75 to 1.2 m, such
that it can bear magnitude of load animal drawn
Tresaguet Construction (1775 AD)

Tresaguet was the inspector general of roads in France


More improved system, its thickness was only 30 cm
Shoulder and drains were developed
Carriageway is of about gradient 1:45 to the surface; to provide surface
drainage
Telford Construction (1803 AD)

Founder of institution of civil engineers at London


To keep foundation firm he believed in using heavy foundation stones above
the soil-subgrade
He insisted on providing a definite cross slope for the top surface of pavement
by varying the thickness of foundation stones
Macadam Construction (1827 AD)
First scientific road construction method
Stone size: 250 mm layers of well compacted broken angular stones
Introduced economical method of road construction
First method for scientific thinking ( wheel load and traffic gets
decrease at lower layer of pavement thus it does not require large
stone and strong border for foundation)
Good quality interstitial finer materials were introduced for a well-
graded mix.
They provide less permeable and easier compaction.
Transportation Planning
 For safe and efficient traffic operation
 To forecast the future requirement of
roads needed
 To setup priorities and schedules of
construction and renewal
 To workout financial planning and
management system
 To divide the overall plan into phases
and to decide priorities
 To arrive at road system and lengths
of different categories of roads that
could provide maximum utility
Types of road planning
1. National Road Network Planning (NRN Planning)
It is the planning of main highways running through the length and breadth of Nepal connecting major
parts of Nepal, headquarters of regions and large industrial and touristic centres including roads required
for Strategic movement for the defense of country.
It is in the form of linear pattern with dead ends on hill district headquarters and East to West and North to
South.

2. Urban Road Network Planning (URN Planning)


The roads within urban areas are called urban roads and will form a separate category of roads
to be undertaken by the respective urban authorities.
There are various types of road patterns developed in urban area:
1. Grid Pattern
2. Radial Pattern
Road Classification
1. Administrative classification
National Highway  Main roads
 East-west and north-south highways
 Designated by “H” followed by 2 digits
 Serve greater portion with higher speed
Feeder Roads  Localized nature
 Serve community’s wide interest and connect district
headquarters, major economic centre, tourist destinations
 Designated by “F” followed by three digit numbers
District Roads  Roads within district
 Serving areas of production and markets to main highways
Urban Roads  Roads serving the urban municipalities
 Provision of sidewalks for pedestrian, kerbs and drainage
facilities normally below road level
Road Classification
2. Technical/ Functional Classification

Class Average Daily Traffic (ADT) Design Speed (in plain


terrain)
Class I 20,000 PCU or more in 20 years 120 Kmph
perspective period
Class II 5,000-20,000 PCU or more in 20 years 100 Kmph
perspective period
Class III 2,000-5,000 PCU or more in 20 years 80 Kmph
perspective period
Class IV Less then 2,000 PCU or more in 20 60 Kmph
years perspective period
Source: NRS-2070

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