Assignment

In
Advance Chemistry
(Hydrocarbons)

Frauline C. Tadle

IV-Galileo

Mr. Romel Condeza

S.Y.: 2010-2011
1. What are hydrocarbons

 Any of a class of organic compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen.

The carbon atoms form the framework, and the hydrogen atoms attach to
them. Hydrocarbons, the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas,
serve as fuels, lubricants, and raw materials for production of plastics, fibres,
rubbers, solvents, explosives, and industrial chemicals. All burn to carbon
dioxide and water with enough oxygen or tocarbon monoxide without it. The
two major categories are aliphatic, with the carbon atoms in straight or
branched chains or in nonaromatic rings, and aromatic (see aromatic
compound). Aliphatic compounds may be saturated (paraffins) or, if any
carbon atoms are joined by double or triple bonds, unsaturated (e.g., olefins,
alkenes, alkynes). All but the simplest hydrocarbons have isomers
(see isomerism). Ethylene, methane,acetylene, benzene, toluene,
and naphthalene are hydrocarbons.

Source: Britannica Encyclopedia

 hydrocarbon (hī'drōkär'bən), any organic compound composed solely of the

elements hydrogen and carbon. The hydrocarbons differ both in the total
number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in their molecules and in the proportion
of hydrogen to carbon. The hydrocarbons can be divided into various
homologous series. Each member of such a series shows a definite
relationship in its structural formula to the members preceding and following it,
and there is generally some regularity in changes in physical properties of
successive members of a series. The alkanes are a homologous series of
saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. The first and simplest member of this series
is methane, CH4; the series is sometimes called the methane series. Each
successive member of a homologous series of hydrocarbons has one more
carbon and two more hydrogen atoms in its molecule than the preceding
member. The second alkane is ethane, C2H6, and the third is propane, C3H8.
Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 (where n is an integer greater
than or equal to 1). Generally, hydrocarbons of low molecular weight, e.g.,
methane, ethane, and propane, are gases; those of intermediate molecular
weight, e.g., hexane, heptane, and octane, are liquids; and those of high
molecular weight, e.g., eicosane (C20H42) and polyethylene, are solids.
Paraffin is a mixture of high-molecular-weight alkanes; the alkanes are
sometimes called the paraffin series. Other homologous series of
hydrocarbons include the alkenes and the alkynes. The various alkyl
derivatives of benzene are sometimes referred to as the benzene series. Many
common natural substances, e.g., natural gas, petroleum, and asphalt, are
complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. The coal tar obtained from coal by coking
is also a mixture of hydrocarbons. Natural gas, petroleum, and coal tar are
important sources of many hydrocarbons. These complex mixtures can be
refined into simpler mixtures or pure substances by fractional distillation.
During the refining of petroleum, one kind of hydrocarbon is often converted to
another, more useful kind by cracking. Useful hydrocarbon mixtures include
cooking gas, gasoline, naphtha, benzine, kerosene, paraffin, and lubricating
oils. Many hydrocarbons are useful as fuels; they burn in air to form carbon
dioxide and water. The hydrocarbons differ in chemical activity. The alkanes
are unaffected by many common reagents, while the alkenes and alkynes are
much more reactive, as a result of the presence of unsaturation (i.e., a carbon-
carbon double or triple bond) in their molecules. Many important compounds
are derived from hydrocarbons, either by substitution or replacement by some
other chemical group or element of one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the
hydrocarbon molecule, or by the addition of some element or group to a
double or triple bond (in an unsaturated hydrocarbon). Such derivatives
include alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, carboxylic acids, and halocarbons.

Source: Columbia Encyclopedia

 Chemicals that are made up of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are a

special class of organic compounds (compounds that contain carbon). An
atom that has neither hydrogen nor carbon is called a heteroatom. Common
heteroatoms found in flavors compounds are oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Hydrocarbons contain no heteroatoms. Hydrocarbons are classified as
being either straight chained (aliphatic) or those that contain a benzene ring
(aromatic). Straight-chained compounds that are connected to another
compound are called an alkyl group. Benzene ring-containing groups are
called aryl groups. The most common of flavor chemical groups that can be
classified as hydrocarbons are the terpenes.

Source: Wiley Dictionary of Flavors

2. Classifications of Hydrocarbons

 Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers

o alicyclic hydrocarbon one that has cyclic structure and aliphatic
properties.
o aliphatic hydrocarbon one in which no carbon atoms are joined to
form a ring.
o aromatic hydrocarbon one that has cyclic structure and a closed
conjugated system of double bonds.
o chlorinated hydrocarbon any of a group of toxic compounds used
mainly as refrigerants, industrial solvents, and dry cleaning fluids,
and formerly as anesthetics.

 Wikipedia.com
o Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the simplest of the
hydrocarbon species and are composed entirely of single bonds
and are saturated with hydrogen. The general formula for
saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2 (assuming non-cyclic
structures). Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum
fuels and are either found as linear or branched species.
Hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae are called structural isomers. As given in the
example of 3-methylhexane and its higher homologues, branched
hydrocarbons can be chiral. Chiral saturated hydrocarbons
constitute the side chains of biomolecules such as chlorophyll and
tocopherol.
o Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple
bonds between carbon atoms. Those with double bond are called
alkenes. Those with one double bond have the formula CnH2n
(assuming non-cyclic structures). Those containing triple bonds
are called alkynes, with general formula CnH2n-2.
o Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon
rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached. The general formula
for a saturated hydrocarbon containing one ring is CnH2n.
o Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as arenes, are hydrocarbons
that have at least one aromatic ring.
3. Functioncal Group

Functional groups are groups of atoms that confer similar properties onto
otherwise dissimilar molecules. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and
phosphorus are a few of the elements involved in forming functional groups.
Carbon can make four bonds. Nitrogen makes three, oxygen two, and
hydrogen one

 Hydrocarbons are long chains of carbon and hydrogen ending with

amethyl group. Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic and form the
backbone of most organic molecules. Thus, be familiar with the
structure since it will show up often. An example of a hydrocarbon is
methane.

 Alcohols are characterized by a hydroxyl group. This group makes

the compound polar and hydrophilic. Alcohols dissolve in water easily
and are good fuels. An example of an alcohol is ethanol.

 Carboxylic acids are characterized by a carboxyl group. Also

referred to asorganic acids, these compounds are water soluble
weak acids that are often aromatic. An example of a carboxylic acid
is acetic acid (otherwise known as vinegar).
 Amines are characterized by an amino group. These compounds
are water soluble weak bases. An example of an amine is ammonia.

 
 Aldehydes are characterized by an aldehyde group. These
compounds are polar and hydrophilic. An example of an aldehyde is
formaldehyde.

 
 Ketones are characterized by a ketone group. These compounds
are polar and hydrophilic. Many steroids contain ketones. An
example of a ketone is acetone.

 
 Organic phosphates are characterized by a phosphate group.
These compounds are usually acidic. Organic phosphates can be
found in ATP and in DNA.
4. Examples of each classification

 Alkanes  Carboxylic acid

o Natural gas o Acetic Acid
o Liquefied petroleum o Formic Acid
gas o Oxalic Acid
o Aerosol sprays o Citric Acid
o Candles o Tartaric Acid
o Aviation fuel
 Amide
 Alkenes o Proteins
o Isopropyl Alcohol o Urea
o Ethylic Alcohol o Nicotinamide
o Ethyl Bromide o Ammonia
o Buthyl chloride o Mathamide
o BUtane
 Amine
 Alkynes o Monoethanolamine
o Norethynodrel o Azo dyes
o Efavirenz o Chlorpheniramine
o Terbinafine o Ephedrine
o Calicheamicin o Amphetamine
o Acetylene
 Ester
 Alcohol o Oil of Wintergreen
o Propanol o Aspirin
o Butanol o Triglyceride
o Ethanol o Lactones
o Methanol o Ascorbate
o Saccharomyces yeast
 Ether
 Ketones o Anisole
o Acetophenone o Dioxane
o Acetone o Crown Ethers
o Acetoacetate o Ethylene Oxide
o Propanone o Dimethyl Ether
o Magnesium Alkoxide