CHAPTER – 4: CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

1. How do you confirm that the given substance is made of carbon?

Burn the substance in air .Pass the gas, if any through lime water. If it turns milky, the
gas is CO2 and the given substance contains carbon.
Covalent Bond - A bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between two
atoms.
a. Single bond H–H b.Double bond O=O c. Triple bond
2. Why carbon forms only covalent bond?
Carbon has atomic no 6 (2 4) .It has 4 valence electrons . So it needs to gain or lose 4
electrons to gain noble gas configuration,
a.It could gain 4 electrons forming C4- anion .But it would be difficult for the nucleus with
6 protons to hold onto 10 electrons, that is four extra electrons.
b.It could lose 4 electrons forming C4+ cation.But it would require a large amount of
energy to remove 4 electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with 6 protons in its
nucleus holding onto just two electrons .
So carbon shares its valence electron with other atoms .The shared electron belong to
the outer shells of both atoms and leads to both atoms attaining noble gas
configuration. So carbon forms only covalent bond.
3.Differentiate between ionic and covalent compounds.
Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds
a.Hard solids a.Gases,liquids or solids.
b.High melting and boiling point b.Low melting and boiling point
c.Conduct electricity in molten or liquid c.Generally poor conductors of electricity
state. d.Insoluble in water and soluble in organic
d.Soluble in water and insoluble in solvents
organic solvents e.Formed by sharing of electrons.
e.They consist of ions.
4. Give reason :
i.The melting point of carbon compounds are very low.
Carbon forms covalent bonds in most of its compounds . The force of attraction
between the molecules in these compound are not very strong . So less amount of
energy is required to break intermolecular force . Hence the melting point of carbon
compounds are very low.
ii.Carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity.
Carbon forms covalent bonds in most of its compounds.Covalent compounds are poor
conductors of electricity because they contain neither ions nor free electrons necessary
for conduction.
5.Explain the covalent bond formation or electron dot structure of
the following molecules
i.Hydrogen molecule
A hydrogen molecule is formed from hydrogen atoms.Hydrogen has one electron in the
k shell and it requires one more electron to fill the kshell . So two hydrogen atoms share
their electrons to form a molecule of hydrogen .This allows each hydrogen atom to

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attain electron configuration of noble gas helium. The shared pair of electron constitute
a single covalent bond between the 2 hydrogen atoms

ii.Oxygen molecule

iii. Nitrogen molecule

iv.Carbon dioxide molecule

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v.Sulphur molecule

For other molecules refer note book

Allotropes – They are different forms of the same element having different physical
properties , but almost similar chemical properties.
Allotropes Of carbon - The two common allotropic forms of carbon are graphite
and diamond .
Others are fullerenes (ball like structures). Eg: C32, C60, C70, C240 etc..
C60 Fullerenes (Buckminster fullerene) is more stable
6.Differentiate between graphite and diamond
Graphite Diamond
a.Each carbon atom is joined to 3 other a.Each carbon atom is joined to 4 other carbon
carbon atom. atoms
b.The carbon atoms form flat hexagonal b.The carbon atoms together form three
layers. dimensional structure
c.Greyish black and opaque substance. c.Lustrous and transparent.
d.It is soft and lighter than diamond. d.It is the hardest substance.
e.It conduct electricity because of free e.It cannot conduct electricity
electrons f.It is used for making jewellery because of its
f.It is used as a lubricant because its lustrous nature.
slippery nature
Versatile Nature Of Carbon
7.Carbon can form large number of compounds .Give reasons.
a.Catenation – Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon
,giving rise to large molecules .This property is called catenation.These compounds may
have long chains of carbon ,branched chains or even carbon atoms arranged in rings.
b.Tetravalency – Carbon has a valency of 4 .It is capable of bonding with 4 other atoms
of carbon or atoms of some other mono-valent element .Compounds of carbon are
formed with oxygen,hydrogen,nitrogen,sulphur and many other elements giving rise to
compounds with specific properties which depend on the elements other than carbon
present in the molecule.

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c.Multiple bonds – Due to small size ,carbon can easily form double or triple bonds by
sharing more than one electrons . As a result it can form variety of compounds.
8.HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons: Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons.
For example; Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Ethene (C2H4), Ethyne (C2H2) etc.
Classification Of Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons

Open Chain/ Aliphatic/Acyclic Compounds Closed Chain/Cyclic Compounds

Open Chain/ Aliphatic/Acyclic Hydrocarbons

Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Alkanes (CnH2n+2)
Alkenes (CnH2n) Alkynes(CnH2n-2)

9.Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons:
Alkanes:- These hydrocarbons have all carbon-carbon single bonds. These are known
as alkanes. General formula =CnH2n+2 where n = 1,2,3,4….(.n = number of carbon atoms.)
For example; Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6) etc

Refer page 64 Table 4.2

Refer note book for electron dot structures of the above hydrocarbon.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
These hydrocarbons have at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond.
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. General
formula = CnH2n where n = 2,3,4…..where n = number of carbon atoms.

Alkynes
Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes. General
formula = CnH2n−2 where n = 2,3,4…..where
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n = number of carbon atoms.

Refer note book for electron dot structures of the above hydrocarbon

10.CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS

In cyclic compounds, carbon atoms are connected to form a ring.

Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Saturated Cyclic Hydrocarbons (CnH2n) Unsaturated Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Cyclopropane Benzene (C6H6)
Cyclobutane
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane

11.Give examples of saturated cyclic hydrocarbon and unsaturated cyclic

hydrocarbon .
Saturated Cyclic Hydrocarbons (CnH2n)

cyclopropane

Cyclobutane

Cyclopentane

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 Cyclohexane
Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon
Benzene is the simplest organic, aromatic hydrocarbon.

or
Cyclic in nature with chemical formula, C6H6, i.e., each carbon atom in benzene is
arranged in a six-membered ring and is bonded to only one hydrogen atom.It includes 3-
double bonds which are separated by a single bond(alternating double and single bond).
Physical properties: colourless liquid, pungent odour, flammable & volatile.
12.ISOMERISM
Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more than one compounds have the same chemical
formula but different chemical structures. Chemical compounds that have identical chemical
formulae but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule are called
isomers.
Structural Isomers
Compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are called
structural isomers and the phenomenon is known as structural isomerism.
Isomers of butane

Isomers of pentane

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Isomers of hexane

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
13.What are homologous series? Give examples.
Homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar structure,same
functional group,similar chemical properties and the successive members differ by a CH 2
group .
Eg: The homologous of methane are ethane, propane and butane.
The homologous of Alkene

ALKENE GENERAL FORMULA Compound

( C2H4) (C nH2n) Ethene
(C 3H6) Propene
(C 4H8) Butene
(C 5H10) Pentene
(C 6H12) Hexene

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The homologous of Alcohol

ALCOHOL GENERAL FORMULA

CH3-OH Methanol
CH3-CH2-OH CnH2n+1OH Ethanol
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH Propanol
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2- Butanol
OH

14.What are the characteristics of homologous series?

a) All the members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general
formula.
b) Any two adjacent members differ by CH2 group.
c) They show similar chemical properties.
d) The members of a homologous series show a gradual change in physical properties
with increase in molecular mass.
f)Two consecutive members differ by formula -CH2 group and they differ in molecular
mass of
14u.
15. Write the structural formula and name the two homologous of
ethyne.

16. Identify the homologous from the following. C 2H 2, C 2H6, C

3H6,C 2H4
C 2H4 and C 3H 6 - belong to alkene series.
17.Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds

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18. Functional Group And Heteroatom
Functional group can be defined as an atom or a group of atoms that
determines the properties of organic compounds.

*In a hydrocarbon chain, one or more hydrogen atoms can be replaced by

other atoms in accordance with their valencies. The element that replaces
hydrogen is called a heteroatom. These heteroatoms and the group
containing them impart chemical properties to the compound and hence are
called functional groups.

Nomenclature of functional group

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Naming a carbon compound can be done by the following method
1. Identify the number of carbon atoms in the compound.
2. Functional group is indicated either by prefix or suffix.
3. If the name of the functional group is to be given as a suffix, and the suffix of the
functional group begins with a vowel a, e, i, o, u, then the name of the carbon chain is
modified by deleting the final ‘e’ and adding the appropriate suffix. For example, a
three-carbon chain with a ketone group would be named in the following manner –
Propane – ‘e’ = propan + ‘one’ = propanone.
4. If the carbon chain is unsaturated,then the final ‘ane’ in the name of the carbon chain
is substituted by ‘ene’ or ‘yne

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Refer Note Book For Electron Dot Structures 0f Hydrocarbon With Functional
Group

19.Chemical properties of Carbon compounds

Combustion
20.a)What is meant by Combustion? Write the Chemical equations
showing the combustion of Carbon,Methane & Ethanol .
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b)Why are Carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most
applications?
a)The process of burning carbon compounds in air to give Carbon dioxide, Water, heat
and light is known as combustion.
Carbon: C+O2 -------------> CO2 +Heat and Light
What happens when CH4 burnt in air?
Methane: CH4 + 2O2 -----> CO2 + 2H2O + Heat and Light
Ethanol : CH3CH2OH + 3O2 ------>2CO2 + 3H2O +Heat and light
b)This is because they are inflammable and produce a lot of energy on burning
combustion
21.Why are Alkanes considered as excellent fuels?
Alkanes /Saturated Hydrocarbons when burnt in air undergo complete combustion and
burn in air undergo complete combustion and burn with a clear blue flame. During the
reaction, they release a lot of heat energy. Therefore, they are excellent fuels.
22. Saturated Hydrocarbons /Alkanes burn in air with a blue non-
sooty flame whereas unsaturated Hydrocarbons burn with a yellow
sooty flame? Why?
Saturated Hydrocarbons burn in air with a blue non-sooty flame because the percentage
of Carbon in them is comparatively low which gets completely oxidized by the Oxygen
present in the air. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons burn with a yellow sooty flame because of
the Carbon is comparatively higher which does not get completely oxidized by the
Oxygen in the air.
23.Why does the bottom of cooking vessels used in gas stove get
blackened?
Gas stove has tiny air holes for letting air so that complete combustion takes place
producing a non - sooty flame. If the air holes are blocked then the air supply is
insufficient, so the fuel is not burnt completely and produces a sooty flame which
blackened the bottom of cooking vessel.
24.A mixture of Oxygen and Ethyne is burnt for welding. Why a
mixture of Ethyne and air is not used?
Ethyne is unsaturated. It burns in air producing a sooty flame due to incomplete
combustion and heat produced is also not high. When a mixture of Ethyne and Oxygen is
burnt, it undergoes complete combustion producing a clear flame and the heat
produced is also very high. Hence, a mixture of Oxygen and Ethyne is burnt for welding.

Oxidation Reaction
25. a)What is meant by oxidation reaction? What would be
observed on adding a 5% solution of KMnO4 in NaOH solution or
alk.KMnO4 solution drop by drop to some warm Ethanol taken in a
test tube? Write the name of the compound and equation.

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b)Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is an oxidation
reaction?
a)When we are adding a 5% solution of KMnO4 in a NaOH solution to warm Ethanol
drop wise the purple colour of KMnO4 disappears .When excess of alk.KMnO4 of added
the purple colour of KMnO4 persists because of complete oxidation of Ethanol. (In
acidified K2Cr2O7 orange colour changes to green)

b) The conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is an oxidation because oxygen is added

to it.
Oxidizing Agent: Some substances are capable of adding oxygen to others, are
known as Oxidising Agent.
Example: Alkaline KMnO4 (or KMnO4 & KOH)
Acidified K2Cr2O7 (or K2Cr2O7&H2SO4)
KMnO4 – Potassium permanganate
K2Cr2O7 – Potassium dichromate

Addition Reaction
26. What is meant by addition reaction?
The reaction in which an unsaturated Hydrocarbon combines with other substance like
Hydrogen in the presence of catalyst such as platinum, palladium, nickel, or rhodium to
give the saturated hydrocarbon is called addition reaction. It is a characteristic
property of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Catalyst: They are substances that change the rate of reaction without themselves
undergoing any change. OR Substances that cause a reaction to occur or proceeds to
different rate without consuming in it are called a catalyst. For example; Ni, Pt, Pd, etc.
27.Explain the process of Hydrogenation? What is meant by
Hydrogenation? What is its industrial applications?
The addition of Hydrogen to an unsaturated compound to obtain a saturated compound
is called Hydrogenation. The process of Hydrogenation takes place in the presence of
Nickel catalyst.
Its important industrial application is to prepare vegetable ghee (Vanaspati) from
vegetable oil. Vegetable oils are unsaturated fats having double bonds between some of
their Carbon atoms. When vegetable oil is heated with hydrogen in the presence of
catalyst like Ni , it is changed into saturated fat called vegetable ghee.

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(Veg.Oil liquid Unsaturated) (Veg.Ghee Solid Saturated)
28.Which of the following Hydrocarbons undergo addition
reactions? C2H6, C2H8, C3H6, C2H2, CH4 Why?
C3H6, C2H2 undergo addition reaction because they are unsaturated.
substitution reaction
29.What is meant by substitution reaction? Write the chemical
equation for reaction of Methane with chlorine.
The reaction in which one or more Hydrogen atom are replaced by some other atoms
like Chlorine. OR Replacement of one or more hydrogen atom of an organic molecule by
another atom or group of the atom is known as Substitution Reaction. . It is a
characteristic property of saturated Hydrocarbons.
Methane reacts with Chlorine in the presence of sunlight forming Chloromethane and
Hydrogen Chloride.

SOME IMPORTANT CARBON COMPOUNDS – ETHANOL AND

ETHANOIC ACID

Ethanol
(CH3CH2—OH): Commonly known as Ethyl Alcohol.
Physical properties of Ethanol
1.Colourless inflammable liquid with a pleasant smell.
2.Boiling point is 351K & Melting point is 156K.
3.It is miscible with water in all proportions.
4.It has no effect on litmus solution.
Chemical Properties
a)Combustion
30. Why is Ethanol used is a fuel?
Ethanol burns with a clear blue flame giving a lot of heat. It gives only harmless
products like CO2 & H2O
CH3CH2OH + 3O2 ------>2CO2 + 3H2O +Heat and light (exothermic)
b)Oxidation reaction

+ H2O

Refer Question No 25

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c)Reaction with sodium
31.Name the products obtained when Ethanol reacts with Sodium
metal. Write the Chemical reaction.
Hydrogen gas and Sodium Ethoxide are formed.

d)Dehydration Reaction or Reaction to give unsaturated

hydrocarbon OR Reaction with concentrated H2SO4
Dehydrating agent: Substances which removes water from ethanol (alcohols) is
known as Dehydrating agent. For example; Conc. H2SO4.
32.What happens when alcohol is heated with excess
Conc.Sulphuric acid at 443K?
When Ethanol is heated with excess Conc. Sulphuric acid at 443K, It gets dehydrated to
Ethene. This reaction is known as dehydration reaction and concentrated Sulphuric acid
is the dehydrating agent.

33. What is absolute Alcohol? How is it prepared?

It is the purest form (about 100%) of Ethanol. It is obtained by fractional distillation of
Ethanol obtained by the fermentation of Carbohydrates.
34.What is meant by power alcohol?
Alcohol mixed with Petrol used as an additive to motor fuel in vehicles. (20% alcohol
+80% petrol)
35. What is meant by denatured alcohol?
To prevent the misuse of ethanol produced for industrial use , it is made unfit for
drinking by adding poisonous substances like methanol to it.This is called denatured
alcohol ( Refer Pg.No 72 Orange para )
36.How do alcohols affect living beings?
Refer Pg.No 72 Orange Para
Uses of Ethanol
a) Ethanol is used as antifreeze in radiators of vehicles in cold countries
b) It is used as an antiseptic to sterilize wounds and syringes in hospital.
c) It is used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs and detergents.
d) Ethanol is used as an active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks.
e) It is used in medicines such as tincture Iodine, Cough Syrups and many Tonics.
f) It is used as a solvent for resins, fats, oils and Hydrocarbons.

Ethanoic acid
Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH): Commonly known as acetic acid and belongs to a group of
organic acids called carboxylic acid. The functional group present in it is – COOH.
Phyisical properties of Ethanoic acid.
a) Colourless, corrosive liquid and it has a sour taste.
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b) Pungent smell like vinegar.
c) Mixes with water in all proportions.
d) Melting Point 290K, Boiling point 391 K.
e) Turns blue litmus to red.
37.What is Vinegar?
5-8% dilute solution of acetic acid in water is called Vinegar.
38.Why is pure Ethanoic acid is known as glacial acetic acid?
Ethanoic acid is commonly known as acetic acid. The melting point of pure Ethanoic acid
is 290K. So it often freezes during winter in cold climates and appears like glaciers. So
pure Ethanoic acid is also known as glacial acetic acid.
39. Mineral acids are strong whereas Carboxylic acid Or Ethanoic
acids are weak . Why?
Mineral acids are completely ionized whereas carboxylic acids are only partially ionized.
So the hydrogen ion concentration of mineral acids are comparatively more than
carboxylic acids.
Chemical Properties
a)Esterification reaction
40. What is meant by Esterification reaction? Explain with a
reaction?
Ethanoic acid reacts with Ethanol in the presence of concentrated Sulphuric acid (acid
catalyst) to form a pleasant smelling substance called Ester. This reaction is known as
Esterification reaction.

CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2 O

Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate or Ethyl acetate

Ester
41. What is an ester?How to prepare an ester ? Explain it with the
help of an activity and diagram.
⚫ An ester is an organic compound where the hydrogen in the compounds carboxylic
acid group is replaced with a hydrocarbon group.
⚫ It is a sweet-smelling substance.
⚫ Functional group of Ester is R-COO-R’ where R and R’ represents alkyl groups.
⚫ Esters are used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents.
Take 1 ml ethanol (absolute alcohol) and 1 ml glacial acetic acid along with a few drops
of concentrated sulphuric acid in a test tube. Warm in a water-bath for at least five
minutes as shown in Fig. Pour into a beaker containing 20-50 ml of water and smell the
resulting mixture. A colourless liquid with fruity smell is obtained.

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42.What is saponification reaction? Explain with an equation.
Esters react in the presence of a base to give back the alcohol and carboxylic acid
or sodium salt of carboxylic acid . This reaction is known as Saponification reaction
because it is used in the preparation of Soaps.

b)Reaction with a base

Like mineral acids, ethanoic acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide to give a
salt (sodium ethanoate or commonly called sodium acetate) and water:
43.What happens when Ethanoic acid reacts with Sodium
Hydroxide? Write the chemical equation .
When Ethanoic acid reacts with Sodium Hydroxide a salt called Sodium Ethanoate and
water are formed

c)Reaction with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates

Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to give rise to a salt,
carbon dioxide and water. The salt produced is commonly called sodium acetate. Refer
Activity 4.9
44. What happens when Ethanoic acid reacts with (a) Sodium
carbonate (b) Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate. Write chemical
equation.
When Ethanoic acid reacts with Sodium Carbonate or Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate it
forms Carbon dioxide, salt and water are formed. (Refer Activity 4.9)

USES

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a) It is used as a solvent in in the production of camphor.
b) It is used in the manufacture of Plastics and Silk industries.
c) It is used in the manufacture of Dyes, Perfumes and Rayons.
d) It is used as a preservative in pickles.
e) It commonly serves as a chemical reagent in laboratories.

45.a)How would you distinguish experimentally between alcohol

and a Carboxylic acid ?
b)How can Ethanol and Ethanoic acid be differentiated on the
basis of their physical and Chemical properties?
a)We can distinguish experimentally between alcohol and a carboxylic using Sodium
Hydrogen carbonate test.
Take the compound in two separate test tube and add a pinch of Sodium Hydrogen
Carbonate to both the test tubes. Evolution of Carbon dioxide gas with brisk
effervescence shows that the compound is carboxylic acid. Alcohol has no reaction with
Sodium hydrogen carbonate.

b) Ethanol Ethanoic acid

Physical properties
1.its boiling point is 351K 1.its boiling point is 391K
2.A pleasant smell 2.Smells like vinegar

3.No action on litmus 3.Blue litmus paper turns red

4.Burning taste 4.Sour taste

Chemical properties
1.Does not react with NaHCO3 1.CO2 is evolved on reacting with
NaHCO3
2.It does not react with a base or 2.It reacts with base or alkali forming salt
alkali. and water.

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

46.What is a soap?
Soap is the Sodium or Potassium salt of a long chain carboxylic acids which has cleansing
properties in water. Soap consists of two parts a) a long hydrocarbon chain which is
water repelling (called Hydrophobic), it is also called non-polar tail. b) An ionic part
which is water attracting (called hydrophilic), it is also called polar head.

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47.Draw a neat labelled diagram.
A) Soap molecule.

B) Formation of Micelles.

(1) (2)
C)Cleansing action of Soap.
For cleansing action of soap -refer Pg. no 75 orange colour para fig:4.13 and fig (1) and
(2).
48.Explain the mechanism of cleansing action of Soap.
A soap molecule is made of two parts- a long Hydrocarbon part and a short ionic part.
The hydrocarbon part of soap molecule is insoluble in water (Hydrophobic) but soluble
in oil and grease. The ionic part of the soap molecule is soluble in water (Hydrophilic)
but is insoluble, in oil and grease. When soap is dissolved in water, the soap molecules
cluster together to form micelles. In a soap micelle, the molecules are arranged radially
with Hydrocarbon ends directed at the center and ionic ends directed outwards.
When dirty cloth is put in the soap solution, then the Hydrocarbon ends of the soap
micelle entraps the oily or grease particle by which the dirt is formed. The ionic end of
the soap molecule remains attached to water. Thus the cloth gets cleaned.
49. Why is soap solution Colloidal?
When soap is dissolved in water, soap molecule cluster together to form micelles. These
micelles are large enough to scatter light. So the solution is colloidal.
50. Why is soap not suitable for washing clothes in hard water?
How can we overcome this problem? OR Explain the formation of
scum when hard water is treated with soaps.
Hard water contains both Calcium and Magnesium salts dissolved in it. When soap is
used for washing clothes with hard water a large amount of soap is wasted in reacting
with the calcium and Magnesium ions to form an insoluble precipitates called scum. This
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problem is overcome by using detergents. Detergents are generally Ammonium or
sulphonate salts of long chain Carboxylic acids which does not form insoluble
precipitates with Calcium and Magnesium ions.

51.Distinguish between soaps and detergents.

SOAPS DETERGENTS
1 Soaps are the Sodium or Potassium salts Detergents are generally sodium salts
of a long chain Carboxylic acid of sulphonic acids or ammonium salts
with chlorides or bromides ions, etc.
2 Soaps do not lather easily in Hard water Detergents are effective in cleaning in
Hard water
3 Soaps are fully bio-degradable Detergents are generally not
biodegradable
4 Soaps have weak cleansing action They have strong cleaning action
5 Soap is generally prepared from plant Detergents are synthetically derived
and animal fats through saponification. from petrochemicals.

52.Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to

water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as Ethanol
also?
Soap molecule had two parts, a Hydrocarbon part and an ionic part. Micelle formation
takes place when soap is added to water because the Hydrocarbon part of the soap
molecules is insoluble in water and ionic end are soluble in water. In water, the soap
molecules cluster together and form spherical micelle.
No micelle formation takes place in Ethanol because the Hydrocarbon end also dissolves
in Ethanol.
53. What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus
paper(Red and Blue) ?
Red litmus turns Blue and Blue litmus remains Blue because they are basic in nature.

54.Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically

between butter and cooking oil.
Take butter and cooking oil in two different test tubes. Add Bromine water (bromine gas
in water) to each of the test tube. Cooking oil will decolorize Bromine water showing
that it is unsaturated whereas butter will not react with Bromine showing that it is
saturated.

R R R R
\ / l l
C = C + Br2 --------------------> Br— C--- C--- Br
/ \ l l
R R R R
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55.Distinguish between unsaturated and saturated Hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Saturated Hydrocarbons
1 Decolourise Bromine water Do not decolourise Bromine
(Brown) water
2 Decolourise alk-KMnO4 Do not decolourise alk.KMnO4
(Purple)
3 Burn with yellow (sooty) Burn with Blue (non sooty)
flame flame
56.Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a
detergent?
No, we cannot because detergents form lather easily with hard water also, as they do
not form insoluble precipitate with Calcium and Magnesium ions in hard water.
57.People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after
adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes on a stone, or beat it with
a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a
washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Agitation will help to disperse the dirt trapped by the micelle to the solution. Agitation is
necessary to get clean clothes as agitation help soap micelles to trap the oil, grease or
any other impurities that have to be removed. When they are being beaten or agitated,
the particles are removed from the clothes’ surfaces and go into the water, thus cleaning
the clothes.
58.Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond
formation in CH3Cl
Carbon can neither lose 4 electrons nor do gain four electrons as these process make the
system unstable due to requirement of extra energy. Therefore CH 3Cl completes its octet
configuration by sharing its 4 electrons with carbon atoms or with atoms of other
elements. Hence the bonding that exists in CH3Cl is a covalent bonding.Here, carbon
requires 4 electrons to complete its octet, while each hydrogen atom requires one
electron to complete its duplet. Also, chlorine requires an electron to complete the
octet. Therefore, all of these share the electrons and as a result, carbon forms 3 bonds
with hydrogen and one with chlorine.

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