Chapter–12 Hydrocarbons

Topic No. Title Page No.

* Introduction 170

* Hydrocarbons 171

Alkanes
 Sources
 Preparation
12.1 177
 Physical Properties
 Chemical Properties
 Uses
Alkenes
 Sources
 Preparation
12.2 183
 Physical Properties
 Chemical Properties
 Uses
Alkynes
 Sources
 Preparation
12.3 188
 Physical Properties
 Chemical Properties
 Uses

* Hydrocarbons as Feed Stock in Industry 193

* Concept Map 195

Exercise Solution
 Multiple Choice Questions
*  Short Question Answers 199
 Long Question Answers
 Numericals
* Additional Conceptual Question 208
* Terms to Know 211
* Self-Test 213

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INTRODUCTION
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 What are hydrocarbons? (Knowledge Base)
Ans: HYDROCARBONS
Definition:
“The organic compounds which consist of carbon and hydrogen only are called hydrocarbons”.
Examples:
 Methane (CH4)
 Ethane (C2H6)
 Propane (C3H8)
Q.2 Which elements form stable and extended chains? (Knowledge Base)
Ans: FORMATION OF STABLE AND EXTENDED CHAINS
Carbon is the only element capable of forming stable, extended chains of atoms bonded
through single, double, or triple bonds.
Q.3 What are general classes of hydrocarbons? (Knowledge Base)
Ans: GENERAL CLASSES OF HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are divided into four general classes, depending upon the nature of bonds
present in the molecules. Each carbon atom of a hydrocarbon has four bonds.
The general classes of hydrcabons include:
 Alkanes
 Alkenes
 Alkynes
 Aromatics
Hydrocarbons are further classified as saturated and unsaturated.
Q.4 What are general properties of hydrocarbons? (Knowledge Base)
Ans: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS
The general properties of hydrocarbons are as follows:
Different Chemical Properties:
The members of these classes have different chemical properties because of different
nature of bonds present in them.
Similar Physical Properties:
Physical properties of hydrocarbons are similar because of comparable electro-
negativities of carbon and hydrogen.
Solubility:
They are almost non-polar and insoluble in water. They dissolve readily in non-polar solvents.
Physical State:
They are gases or volatile liquids and their volatility decreases with the increase of
molecular mass. That is the reason low molecular mass hydrocarbons are gases at room
temperature, such as: CH4 and C2H6. Moderate molecular mass hydrocarbons are liquids,
such as, C6H14; while higher molecular mass hydrocarbons are solids.

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Q.5 What is importance of hydrocarbons? (Knowledge Base)

Ans: IMPORTANCE OF HYDROCARBONS
The importance of hydrocarbons is as follows:
As Fossil Fuels:
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons. They are not only major sources of energy but also are raw
materials used to make thousands of consumer products.
As Starting Materials:
Hydrocarbons are the starting materials for the synthesis of organic chemicals of
commercial importance.
Other Uses:
These chemicals are essential for making:
 Plastics
 Synthetic rubbers
 Synthetic fibres
 Fertilizers
INTRODUCTION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The simplest class of organic compounds is: (K.B)
(A) Carbides (B) Hydrocarbons
(C) Carbonates (D) Nitrates
2. Hydrocarbons are divided into classes: (K.B)
(A) 4 (B) 3
(C) 2 (D) 1
3. Each carbon atom of hydrocarbon has bonds: (K.B)
(A) 4 (B) 3
(C) 2 (D) 1
4. Hydrocarbons are ________ and _______ in water. (K.B)
(A) Polar, insoluble (B) Non-polar, insoluble
(C) Polar, soluble (D) Non-polar, soluble
5. These are hydrocarbons: (K.B)
(A) Fossil fuels (B) Coals
(C) Petroleum (D) All of these
HYDROCARBONS
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Describe the types of hydrocarbons? (Knowledge Base) (DGK 2016 G-II)
OR
Define and classify hydrocarbons. (MNT 2016 G-II)
OR
Explain saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with exmaples. (BWP 2016 G-II)
Ans: HYDROCARBONS
Definition:
“The organic compounds which consist of carbon and hydrogen only are called
hydrocarbons”.
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Types of Hydrocarbons:
On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes.
1. Open Chain or Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
“These are compounds in which first and the last carbon atom are not joined directly to
each other. The open chain may be straight or branched”.
Examples: H3C  CH  CH 3
H3C–CH2–CH2–CH3 |
Straight chain (n-butane) CH 3

Branched chain  isobutane 

Types of Open Chain Hydrocarbons:
Open chain hydrocarbons have been further subdivided into saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
(a) Saturated Hydrocarbons:
“The hydrocarbon in which all the four valencies of carbon atoms are fully satisfied
(saturated) by single bonds with other carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms are called
saturated hydrocarbons”.
Saturated hydrocarbons are also called alkanes. Thus, an alkane is a hydrocarbon in
which the carbon atoms are connceted by only single covalent bond (there are no double
or triple bonds in alkanes).
General Formula:
The general formula of saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2, where n is the number of
carbon atoms in one molecule of the alkane.
Examples:
 Methane (CH4),
 Ethane (C2H6),
 Propane (C3H8) and
 Butane (C4H10)
All these are saturated hydrocarbons because they contain only carbon-carbon single
bonds as follows:

(b) Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:

“The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a double or a triple bond
are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.”
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Classification:
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are classified into two groups
(i) Alkenes
(ii) Alkynes
(i) Alkenes:
“The compounds in which two carbon atoms are linked by a double bond are called alkenes.”
General Formula:
These compounds have general formula CnH2n.
Functional Group:
Functional group of alkenes is
Examples:
H2C=CH2 H3C–CH=CH2
Ethene Propene
(ii) Alkynes:
“The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a triple bond are called alkynes”.
General Formula:
They have general formula CnH2n-2.
Functional Group:
Functional group of alkynes is – C ≡ C –.
Examples:
HC≡CH H3C–C≡CH
Ethyne Propyne
2. Closed Chain or Cyclic Hydrocarbons:
“Compounds having rings of carbon atoms in their molecules are called closed chain
or cyclic hydrocarbons”.
Examples:
H2C CH2

H2C CH2

Benzene Cyclohexane Cyclobutane

Figure: Summary of Classification of Hydrocarbons

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HYDROCARBONS
SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are aliphatic hydrocarbons? (Knowledge Base)

Ans: ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
“These are the compounds in which the first and the last carbon are not directly joined to
each other”.
These may be straight or branched chain hydrocarbons.
Examples: H3C  CH  CH 3
H3C  CH 2 CH 2 CH3 |
CH3
n-butane
Branched chain  isobutane 
Q.2 Define saturated hydrocarbons. (Knowledge Base) (GRW 2017, FSD 2016 G-I, II)
Ans: Answer given on Page # 172
Q.3 Write the general formulas of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. (Knowledge Base)
(BWP 2016 G-I)
Ans: GENERAL FORMULAS
The general formulas of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are as follows:
 Alkanes: CnH2n+2
 Alkenes: CnH2n
 Alkynes: CnH2n – 2
HYDROCARBONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which one is saturated hydrocarbon? (K.B) (LHR 2014), (GRW 2017)
(A) C2H4 (B) C3H6
(C) C4H8 (D) C5H12
2. Which one is unsaturated hydrocarbon? (K.B) (LHR 2014)
(A) CH2 = CH2 (B) CH3 – CH3
(C) CH3 – CH2 – CH3 (D) Both A and C
3. General formula of alkanes is: (K.B) (GRW 2014)
(A) CnH2n-2 (B) CnH2n+2
(C) CnH2n (D) CnH2n+1
4. The formula of butane is: (K.B) (GRW 2014)
(A) C9H18 (B) C4H10
(C) C8H20 (D) C9H20
5. The general formula of saturated hydrocarbons is: (K.B) (LHR 2015)
(A) Cn H 2 n2 (B) Cn H 2 n
(C) Cn H 2 n2 (D) Cn H 2 n1
6. Carbon has valency: (K.B)
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6
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7. Which of the following property is not present in hydrocarbons? (K.B)

(A) High melting point (B) Non-polar property
(C) Solubility in non-polar solvent (D) Poor conductivity
8. Hydrocarbons having high molecular mass are: (K.B)
(A) Gases (B) Liquid
(C) Solids (D) All of these
9. Hydrocarbons having double bond are: (K.B)
(A) Alkane (B) Alkene
(C) Alkyne (D) Alkyl
10. What is the formula of methane? (K.B)
(A) CH3 (B) CH4
(C) CH2 (D) C2H5
11. Which of the following is not an example of open chain hydrocarbon? (K.B)
(A) CH4 (B) C3H8
(C) C2H6 (D) C6H6
12. Number of bonds present in methane: (K.B)
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5
13. The compounds having at least one benzene ring are called: (K.B)
(A) Aromatics (B) Alkanes
(C) Alkenes (D) Alkynes
14. Alkynes form: (K.B)
(A) Single bond (B) Double bond
(C) Triple bond (D) Ionic bond
15. The molecular formula of ethane is: (K.B) (LHR 2013)
(A) C2H6 (B) C3H8
(C) C10H16 (D) C10H20
12.1 TEST YOURSELF
i. Why hydrocarbons are considered as parent organic compounds? (Understanding
Base) (GRW 2015)
Ans: PARENT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons are regarded as the parent organic compounds since other organic
compounds are considered to be derived from them by replacement of one or more
hydrogen atoms by other atoms or group of atoms.
Example:
CH3OH is obtained by replacement of H – atom of CH4 with OH.

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ii. What is the difference between a straight and a branched chain hydrocarbon?
(Knowledge Base)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between straight chain and branched chain hydrocarbons are as follows:
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons Branched Chain Hydrocarbons
Definition
 Straight chain hydrocarbons are those in  Branched chain hydrocarbons are those in
which carbon atoms link with each other which there is a branch along straight
through single, double or triple bond chain.
forming a straight chain.
Examples
 H3C – CH2 – CH2 – CH3  CH3 – CH – CH3
Straight chain (n-butane) |
CH3
Branched Chain (iso-butane)
iii. Give the general formulae of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(Knowledge Base)
Ans: GENERAL FORMULAE
Saturated Hydrocarbons:
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. The general formula of saturated hydrocarbons is
CnH2n+2.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. The general formula of alkenes is
CnH2n and that of alkynes is CnH2n–2.
iv. Define unsaturated hydrocarbons with examples. (Knowledge Base)
(LHR 2015, GRW 2013), (MTN 2017)
Ans: UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
Definition:
“The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a double or a triple bond
are called unsaturated hydrocarbons”.
Examples:
There are two types of unsaturated hydrocarbons:
(i) Alkenes (ii) Alkynes
H2C = CH2 HC  CH
(Ethene) (Ethyne)
H3C – CH = CH2 H3C – C  CH
(Propene) (Propyne)
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12.1 ALKANES
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 What are the alkanes? Give the sources of alkanes. (Knowledge Base)
Ans: ALKANES
Definition:
“The hydrocarbons in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent are called
alkanes”.
Examples:

Alkanes are Called Paraffins: (BWP 2017)

The simplest hydrocarbons are alkanes. In these compounds all the bonds of carbon
atoms are single that means valencies of carbon atoms are saturated. Therefore, they are
least reactive. That is the reason, alkanes are called paraffins (para means less, and affins
means affinity or reactivity).
Alkanes as Homologous Series:
Alkanes form a homologous series of compounds in which each successive member of
the series differes by a CH2 group but they have similar structures amnd similar chemical
properties.
Memebers of Alkane Series:
The first member of the series is methane (CH4). Next ethane (C2H6), then next propane
(C3H8) and so on. The electron cross and dot sturctures of simple alkanes are presented as
follows:

Sources of Alkanes: (SGD 2017)

Following are the sources of alkanes:
(i) Petroleum and Natural Gas:
 The main sources of alkanes are petroleum and natural gas.
 Methane forms about 85% of natural gas.
 All the alkanes can be obtained commercially by the fractional distillation of
crude petroleum.
(ii) Marsh Gas:
 Marsh gas is obtained by the bacterial decay of vegetable matter contains mostly
methane.
(iii) Fuel Gases:
 Fuel gases obtained from coal gas contain alkanes in small amounts.
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(iv) Gobar Gas, Sewage Gas and Bio Gas:

 Methane occurs in gobar gas, sewage gas and bio-gas which are formed by the
decomposition of cattle dung, excreta and plant wastes.
Q.2 How alkanes can be prepared in laboratory? (Knowledge + Understanding+
Application Base) (GRW 2013)
Ans: PREPARATION OF ALKANES
Alkanes form a series of homologous compounds. So, their methods of preparation and
chemical properties are similar. There are many methods of preparation but only two
methods are as follows.
(i) Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes:
“Hydrogenation means addition of molecular hydrogen (H2) in alkenes and alkynes”.
Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated compounds, so they have the capacity to add up
atoms in them.
Reaction Conditions:
This reaction is carried out in the presence of nickel catalyst at 250°C to 300 oC.
However, in the presence of catalyst platinum or palladium, the reaction takes place at
room temperature.
Reactions:
Ni
H2C CH2 + H2 o H3C CH3
250 - 300 C

H2 Ni
HC CH + o
250 - 300 C
H2C CH2

Ni
H2C CH2 + H2 o H3C CH3
250 - 300 C
(ii) Reduction of Alkyl Halides: (GRW 2017)
“Reduction means addition of nascent hydrogen”.
In fact, it is a replacement of a halogen atom with a hydrogen atom.
Reaction Conditions:
This reaction takes place in the presence of Zn metal and dilute HCI.
Reactions:
H3C  Br  2  H  
Zn/dil.HCl CH 4  HBr

CH3CH 2 Br  2  H  
Zn/dil.HCl CH3  CH3  HBr
Q.3 Write down the physical properties of alkanes. (Knowledge Base)
(MTN 2017, SWL 2016 G-II)
Ans: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
The physical properties of alkanes are as follows:
(i) Physical State:
Alkanes form a homologous series of compounds. First four members of the series are
gases. The alkanes consisting of C5 to C10 are liquids while higher members of the
series are solids.
(ii) Solubility:
They are nonpolar, therefore, they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
(iii) Density:
The density of alkanes increases gradually with the increase of molecular size.
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(iv) Melting and Boiling Points:

The melting and boiling points' of alkanes increase regularly with the increase of molecular
sizes. This is because of increase of attractive forces between the molecules of alkanes.
(v) Viscosity:
The alkanes become more viscous as their molecular sizes increase.
(vi) Combustion:
Alkanes become less flammable, i.e. more difficult to burn with the increase of
molecular sizes.
Q.4 Write down the chemical properties of alkanes. (Knowledge +Understanding+Application
Base) (Ex-Q.1)
OR
What type of reactions are given by alkanes? Explain with reference to halogenation
of alkanes? (GRW 2013), (LHR 2013, 2015)
Ans: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
Reactivity:
Alkanes are least reactive compounds being saturated hydrocarbons. However, they give
reactions at high temperatures.
(i) Halogenation: (GRW 2016)
Alkanes give only substitution reactions which are:
“A reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a saturated compound are replaced
with some other atoms (halogen) is called a substitution reaction”.
Reaction in Dark:
In dark there is no reaction of alkanes with halogens.
Reaction in Bright Sunlight:
In direct sunlight, reaction is explosive and carbon is deposited.
CH4 + 2Cl2 Bright sunlight
 C + 4HCl
Reaction in Diffused Sunlight:
Alkanes react fairly with halogens in diffused sunlight. In diffused sunlight, a series of
reactions take place and at each step one hydrogen atom is substituted by halogen atoms,
so that all the hydrogen atoms are substituted one by one by halogen atoms.
CH 4 + Cl2 
Diffused
Sunlight
CH3Cl + HCl
Chloromethane
CH3Cl + Cl2  CH 2Cl2 + HCl
Diffusedsunlight

Dichloromethane
CH 2Cl2 + Cl2  CHCl3 + HCl
Diffusedsunlight

Trichloromethane
 Chloroform 
CHCl3 + Cl2  CCl4 + HCl
Diffusedsunlight

Tetrachloromethane
 Carbon tetrachloride 

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(ii) Combustion: (Ex-Q.2)

In Excess Supply of Oxygen:
Alkanes burn in the presence of excess of air or oxygen to produce a lot of heat, carbon
dioxide and water.
Applications:
This reaction takes place in automobile combustion engines, domestic heaters and cooking
appliances. It is highly exothermic reaction and because of it alkanes are used as fuel.
CH4 + 2O2   CO2 + 2H2O + Heat
In Limited Supply of Oxygen:
In the limited supply of oxygen, there is incomplete combustion.
Disadvantage:
As a result, carbon monoxide is produced that creates suffocation and causes death.
3CH4 + 4O2   2CO + C + 6H2O
Q.5 What are the uses of alkanes? (Knowledge Base) (SGD 2016 G-II)
Ans: USES OF ALKANES
The uses of alkanes (methane and ethane) are as follows:
(i) Natural gas that is chiefly methane is used as domestic fuel.
(ii) Compressed natural gas (CNG) is used as automobile fuel.
(iii)These gases are used in the manufacture of chemicals such as carbon black, methyl
alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde and
acetaldehyde.
Use of Products of Alkanes:
The products of alkanes are used in daily life such as:
 Carbon black is used in the manufacture of shoe polishes, printers ink and as filler
in rubber industry.
 Chloroform is used as a solvent for rubber, waxes, etc., and for anesthesia.
 Carbon tetrachloride is used as an industrial solvent and in dry cleaning.
12.1 ALKANES
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Why orchids produce alkanes? (Knowledge Base) (Instersting Information Pg. # 87)
(GRW 2014)
Ans: PRODUCTION OF ALKANES BY ORCHIDS
Orchids are beautiful ornamental and colourful flowers. Some orchids produce alkanes to
attract bees to pollinate their flowers.
Q.2 What is use of butane and propane? (Knowledge Base)
Ans: USES OF BUTANE AND PROPANE
Propane and butane burn with very hot flames and are sold as liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG).They are kept as liquids under pressure, but they vapourize easily when the
pressure is released. Butane is also used in portable torches and gas lighters.
Q.3 What is marsh gas? (Knowledge Base)
Ans: MARSH GAS
Marsh gas is obtained by the bacterial decay of vegetable matter contains mostly methane.

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Q.4 How orchids attract bees to pollinate their flowers? (Knowledge Base)
(Instersting Information Pg. # 87)
Ans: ORCHIDS ATTRACT BEES
Orchids produce alkanes to attract bees to pollinate their flowers.

12.1 ALKANES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The formula of pentane is: (K.B) (LHR 2014)
(A) C5 H12 (B) C5 H10
(C) C5 H 8 (D) C5 H14
2. How many percent of natural gas is consisted of methane (CH4)? (K.B) (LHR 2014)
(A) 82% (B) 83%
(C) 84% (D) 85%
3. General formula of alkanes is: (K.B) (GRW 2014)
(A) CnH2n-2 (B) CnH2n+2
(C) CnH2n (D) CnH2n+1
4. The formula of octane is: (K.B) (GRW 2014)
(A) C9H18 (B) C8H18
(C) C8H20 (D) C9H20
5. The number of hydrogen atoms in butane is: (K.B) (LHR 2015)
(A) 10 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) 4
6. The reduction of alkyl halides takes place in the presence of: (K.B) (LHR 2015)
(A) Cu / HCl (B) Mg / HCl
(C) Na / HCl (D) Zn / HCl
7. Which one is methyl radical? (K.B) (GRW 2015)
(A) –CH2– (B) CH3–
(C) CH4 (D) CH3 – CH3
8. Which one of these is a saturated hydrocarbon? (K.B) (GRW 2016)
(A) C2H4 (B) C3H6
(C) C4H8 (D) C5H12
9. The chemical formula of chloroform: (K.B) (GRW 2016)
(A) CH3Cl (B) CH2Cl2
(C) CHCl3 (D) CCl4
10. The density of alkanes increases with the increase of: (K.B)
(A) M.P (B) B.P
(C) Molecular size (D) Bonds
11. Which one is the characteristic property of alkanes? (K.B)
(A) Displacement reactions (B) Double displacement reaction
(C) Substitution reactions (D) Redox reaction

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12. Incomplete combustion of alkanes produces: (K.B)

(A) Carbon dioxide (B) Oxygen
(C) Chlorine gas (D) Carbon monoxide
13. What is the formula of butane? (K.B) (BWP 2017), (RWP 2017),
(A) C3H8 (B) C4H10
(C) C5H12 (D) C6H14
14. Which of the following is not a function of chloroform? (K.B)
(A) Solvent in rubber (B) Dry cleaning
(C) Solvent in waxes (D) Anaesthesia
15. Due to which property alkanes are used a fuel? (K.B)
(A) Combustion (B) Halogenation
(C) Oxidation (D) Reduction
16. Paraffins means: (K.B)
(A) Highly reactive (B) Less reactive
(C) Oil forming (D) None of these
17. Which one of the following is a substitution reaction? (K.B)
(A) Halogenation of alkane (B) Dehydration of alkane
(C) Hydrolysis of alkane (D) Hydrogenation
18. Liquid alkanes have carbon atoms ranging form: (K.B)
(A) C4 to C6 (B) C5 to C10
(C) C8 to C18 (D) Both A and B
19. Substitution reaction is the property of: (K.B) (BWP 2017)
(A) Alkanes (B) Alkenes
(C) Alkynes (D) None of these
20. CNG stands for: (K.B) (DGK 2017, RWP 2016 G-I)
(A) Combustion natural gas (B) Carbon natural gas
(C) Compressed natural gas (D) Cooled natural gas
12.2 TEST YOURSELF
i. Which is the simplest alkane? (Knowledge Base)
Ans: SIMPLEST ALKANE
The simplest alkane is methane having formula CH4.
ii. Give the structure of following compounds: isopentane and isobutane.
(Understanding Base)
Ans: STRUCTURES OF ISOPENTANE AND ISOBUTANE
 Isopentane:
H3C  CH  CH 2  CH3
|
CH3
 Isobutane:
H3C  CH  CH3
|
CH3
iii. Why the burning of alkanes requires sufficient supply of oxygen?
(Understanding Base)
Ans: SUFFICIENT OXYGEN FOR BURNING
The burning of alkanes requires sufficient supply of oxygen because complete burning of
alkanes requires sufficient supply of oxygen to form CO2, H2O and heat. Otherwise
alkanes undergo incomplete combustion in the limited supply of oxygen, as a result
carbon monoxide is produced which is poisonous gas and causes air pollution.
3CH4 + 4O2   2CO + C + 6H2O

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iv. What do you mean by halogenation? Give the reaction of methane with chlorine in
bright sunlight. (Knowledge Base)
Ans: HALOGENATION
“Addition of halogen to a substance is called halogenation”.
OR
“A reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a saturated compound are replaced
with some other atoms like halogen atom is called halogenation”.
Reaction of Methane with Chlorine
In direct sunlight reaction is explosive and carbon is deposited.
Bright
CH4 +2Cl2 Sunlight  C+4HCl

12.2 ALKENES
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define the alkenes. How alkenes can be prepared in laboratory?
(Knowledge+Understanding+Application Base) (SGD 2014)
Ans: ALKENES
Definition:
“The hydrocarbons in which two carbons atoms are linked by a double bond are called
alkenes”.
General Formula:
They have general formula CnH2n and functional group
Simplest Alkene:
The simplest alkene is ethene having formula C2H4.
Why Alkenes are Called Olefins? (Ex. Short Question # 9)
These compounds are also known as olefins (a Latin word meaning oil forming) because
first members form oily products when react with halogens.

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Occurrence:
Occurrence of alkenes is as follows:
(i) Alkenes being more reactive than alkanes, seldom occur free in nature.
(ii) Lower alkenes occur in coal gas in minute quantities.
(iii) Ethylene is present in natural gas some times to the extent of 20%.
(iv) Alkenes are produced in large amounts by cracking of petroleum.
Preparation of Alkenes: (Ex. Short Question # 7)
Alkenes are prepared by the removal of small atoms (H, OH, X) from the adjacent carbon
atoms of the saturated compounds, so as to create a double bond between carbon atoms.
(i) Dehydration of Alcohols:
Dehydration:
“The removal of water from a substance is called dehydration”.
Preparation of Alkenes:
Ethene is prepared by heating a mixture of ethanol and excess of concentrated
sulphuric acid at 180°C. In first step, ethyl hydrogen sulphate is formed which
decomposes on heating to produce ethane, which is collected over water.
o
H3C CH 2  OH  H 2SO4 
180 C
CH3CH 2  OSO3H
CH3CH 2  OSO3H  heat
 H 2C  CH 2  H 2SO4
(ii) Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides:
Dehydrohalogenation:
“The removal of hydrogen and halogen from adjacent carbon atoms to create a double
bond is called dehydrohalogenation”.
Preparation of Alkenes:
On heating, ethyl bromide with alcoholic KOH, ethene is formed and removal of
hydrogen and halogen takes place from adjacent carbon atoms to create a double bond.
H3C  CH2Br + KOH Alcoholic 
Heat
 H2C = CH2 + KBr + H2O
Q.2 Write down the physical properties of alkenes. (Knowledge Base)
(GRW 2015, 2017, FSD 2016 G-I, SGD 2016 G-II)
Ans: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES
The physical properties of alkenes are as follows:
(i) Physical State and Color:
The first member of the alkenes is ethene. It is a colourless gas with pleasant odour.
(ii) Solubility:
Alkenes are nonpolar, therefore, they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents.
(iii)Density:
The first member of the series ethene is slightly less dense than air.
(iv) Nature of Flame:
Alkenes are flammable hydrocarbons. On complete combustion, they form carbon
dioxide and water with release of energy. However, their flame is smokier than alkanes
having a similar number of carbon atoms.
(v) Melting and Boiling Points:
Their melting and boiling points gradually increase with the increase of molecular sizes
of the compounds in the series.

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Q.3 Write down the chemical properties of alkenes.

(Knowledge+Understanding+Application Base) (DGK 2017)
Ans: CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ALKENES
Reactivity of Alkenes: (Test Yourself 12.3 q.i)
Alkenes a reactive compound because the electrons of the double bond a easily available
for reaction. These compounds have tendency to react readily by adding other atoms to
become saturated compounds. As a result, the double bond is converted into a single
bond that is more stable.
Adition reactions are characteristic property of unsaturated compounds.
Addition Reactions:
“These are the reactions in which the products are formed by the addition of some
reagents like H2, Cl2, etc., to an unsaturated organic compound”.
In the process, one of the bonds of a double bond gets broken and two new single bonds
are formed.
(i) Hydrogenation of Alkenes: (MTN 2017)
“Hydrogenation means addition of molecular hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon
in the presence of a catalyst (Ni, Pt) to form saturated compound”.
H2C CH2 + H2 Ni H3C CH3
o
250 - 300 C
Application:
On industrial scale, this reaction is used to convert vegetable oil into margarine (Banaspati ghee)
Oil + H2  Margarine (Banaspati ghee)
(ii) Halogenation of Alkenes: (GRW 2015), (MTN 2017)
“Halogenation means addition of halogen like chlorine or bromine”.
Bromination of alkenes is very important reaction. When bromine water (a solution of
bromine in water having red-brown colour) is added to ethene in an inert solvent like
carbon tetrachloride, its colour is discharged at once.
H 2C  CH 2  Br2  H 2C  CH 2
| |
Br Br
1, 2  Dibromoethane
Application:
In the reaction, double bond of ethene is converted into a single bond by addition of a
molecule of bromine. This reaction is used to identify the unsaturation of an organic
compound.
(iii) Hydrohalogenation of Alkenes:
“The addition of hydrogen and halogen to a substance is called hydrohalogenation”.
Dry gaseous hydrogen halides (HI, HBr and HCl) react with alkenes to produce alkyl halides.
H 2C  CH 2  HX   H3C  CH 2 X
H 2C  CH 2  HBr   H3C  CH 2 Br
The order of reactivity of hydrogen halides is HI > HBr > HCl.
(iv) Oxidation of Alkenes with KMnO4: (LHR 2013)
Alkenes decolourize the pink colour of acidified dilute solution of potassium
permanganate because the double bond electrons react with MnO4 ion, which further
goes on to form MnO2 and ethene glycol (l, 2–ethanediol). Such as there is addition of
two hydroxyl groups at the double bond.

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This reaction is also used to test the unsaturation in an organic compound.

3H 2C  CH 2  2KMnO4  4H 2O  3H 2 C  CH 2  2MnO 2  2KOH
| |
OH OH
Ethene Glycol
Q.4 What are the uses of ethene? (Knowledge Base)
Ans: USES OF ETHENE
The uses of alkenes are as follows:
(i) For artificial ripening of fruits.
(ii) As a general anaesthetic.
(iii) For the manufacture of polythene. Polythene is a plastic material used in
packaging, toys, bags, etc.
(iv) As a starting material for the manufacture of a large number of compounds such
as ethylene oxide, ethyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethyl ether, etc.
(v) Ethylene oxide is used as a fumigant.
(vi) Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze, diethlyl ether and ethyl alcohol are used
as solvent.
(vii) For making poisonous mustard gas which is used in chemical warfare.

12.2 ALKENES
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 What are alkenes? Give their general formula. (Knowledge Base)
Ans: ALKENES
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons having double bond between two carbon atoms.
Examples:
 Ethene : H2C = CH2
 Propene : H3C – C = CH2
General Formula:
General formula of alkenes is CnH2n.
Q.2 Give a test to identify ethene (H2C = CH2). (Understanding Base) (GRW 2015)
Ans: TEST TO IDENTIFY ETHENE
Ethene (H2C = CH2) can be identified using bromine-water test. It decolorizes bromine
water which is the indication of the presence of a double bond in the compound.
Q.3 Why bananas are stored away from rest of the fruits? (Knowledge Base)
(Interesting Information Pg. # 90) (GRW 2015)
Ans: STORAGE OF BANANAS
Ripening bananas produce ethene gas that makes fruits ripen fastly and lead to food
spoilage. That is the reason bananas are stored away from rest of the fruits.
Q.4 Write a note on occurrence of alkenes. (Knowledge Base) (DGK 2016 G-I)
Ans: Answer is given on Page # 184

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Alkenes are prepared from alcohols by a process called: (K.B) (LHR 2016, MTN 2017)
(A) Dehydrogenation (B) Dehalogenation
(C) Dehydration (D) Dehydohalogenation

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2. Oxidation of alkene with KMnO4 produces: (U.B) (LHR 2016, MTN 2017)
(A) Glyoxal (B) Oxalic acid
(C) Glycol (D) Formic acid
3. Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides takes place in the presence of: (K.B)
(A) Alcoholic KOH (B) Aqueous NaCl
(C) Alcoholic NaCl (D) Aqueous KOH
4. A solution of bromine in water having colour: (K.B)
(A) Dark brown (B) Purple
(C) Red-brown (D) Voilet
5. Alkenes are also called: (K.B) (SWL 2017)
(A) Paraffins (B) Olefins
(C) Acetylenes (D) All of above
6. Ethanol reacts with H2SO4 at temperature of: (K.B)
(A) 150oC (B) 16oC
o
(C) 180 C (D) 253 K
7. Banaspati ghee is also called: (K.B)
(A) Vegetable oil (B) Margarine
(C) Cooking oil (D) Coconut oil
8. Ethylene oxide is used as: (K.B)
(A) Anti-freeze (B) Solvent
(C) Fumigant (D) Poisonous mustard gas
9. Banana when riped produces gas: (K.B)
(A) Ethene (B) Methane
(C) Noble gas (D) Oxygen gas
10. Number of bonds in propene is: (K.B)
(A) 6 (B) 7
(C) 8 (D) 9
11. Butene is also called: (K.B)
(A) Ethylene (B) Acetylene
(C) Methane (D) Butylene
12. Alkenes are insoluble in: (K.B)
(A) Organic solvent (B) Alcohol
(C) Water (H2O) (D) Both B and C
12.3 TEST YOURSELF
i. Why alkenes are reactive? (Knowledge+Understanding Base)
Ans: REACTIVITY OF ALKENES
Alkenes are reactive compounds because the electrons of the double bond are easily
available for reaction. These compounds have the tendency to react readily by adding
other atoms to become saturated compounds. As a result, the double bond is converted
into a single bond that is more stable.
ii. How can you prepare propene from propyl alcohol? (Understanding+Application
Base)
Ans: PREPARATION OF PROPENE
Propene can be prepared from propyl alcohol by heating a mixture of propyl alcohol and
excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at 180°C.
H SO
CH3  CH 2  CH 2 
2 4  CH  CH  CH  H O
180o C 3 2 2
|
OH
 Propyl alcohol 
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iii. Give a test used to identify unsaturation of an organic compound.

(Knowledge+Application Base)
Ans: TEST FOR UNSATURATION
When unsaturated compounds are oxidized with KMnO4 the pink colour is discharged.
Process:
Dissolve about 0.2g of the organic compound in water. Add to it 2 to 3 drops of alkaline
KMnO4 solution and shake.
Examples:
 Reaction with Alkene:
3CH 2  CH 2  2KMnO4  4H 2O   3H 2C – CH 2  2MnO 2  2KOH
| |
OH OH
This reaction is used to identify unsaturation of an organic compound.
iv. Give a few uses of ethene. (Knowledge Base)
(LHR 2015, SGD 2017, BWP 2017, FSD 2016 G-II, SWL 2016 G-I)
Ans. Answer given on Page # 186
12.3 ALKYNES
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define the alkynes. How alkynes can be prepared in laboratory?
(Knowledge+Understanding+Application Base)
Ans: ALKYNES
Definition:
“The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a triple bond are called alkynes”.
Examples: Ethyne and propyne.
General Formula:
They have general formula CnH2n-2 and functional group – C≡C–.
Simplest Alkyne:
The simplest alkyne is acetylene, with molecular formula C2H2.
Why are Alkynes Called Acetylenes? (Test Yourself 12.4 q.i) (BWP 2017)
Alkynes are also called acetylenes because of the name of the first member of the series is
acetylene.
Important Alkynes:
Molecular, condensed, structural and dot and cross formulae of a few alkynes are given below:

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Occurrence
Acetylene does not occur free in nature. Traces of acetylene are present in coal gas (about
0.06%)
Preparation of Alkynes: (DGK 2017)
Alkynes are prepared by the following methods:
(i) Dehydrohalogenation of Vicinal Dihalides:
“The removal of hydrogen and halogen from an alkyl halide is called
dehydrohalogenation”.
Process:
When a vicinal dihalide is heated with alcoholic KOH, two hydrogen along with two
halogen atoms are removed from two adjacent carbon atoms with formation of a triple
bond between the adjacent carbons.
Cl H
| |
Alcoholic
H  C  C  H  2KOH   HC  CH  2KCl  2H 2O
| | 100o C ethyne
H Cl
(ii) Dehalogenation of Tetrahalides:
“The removal of halogen from a substance is called dehalogenation”.
Process:
When alkyl tetrahalides are heated with zinc dust, the elimination of halogen atoms
takes place to form ethyne.
Cl Cl
Heat
H C C H + 2Zn(dust) HC CH + 2ZnCl2
Cl Cl
Q.2 Write down the physical properties of alkynes. (Knowledge Base)
(LHR 2014, DGK 2017, SWL 2016 G-II)
Ans: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The physical properties of alkynes are as follows:
(i) Alkynes also form a series of compounds. Its first member is acetylene. It is a
colourless gas with faint garlic odour.
(ii) Acetylene is slightly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as
benzene, alcohol, acetone, ether, etc.
(iii)Acetylene is slightly lighter than air.
(iv) Alkynes are also flammable. They produce smokier flames than those of alkanes
and alkenes.
Q.3 Write down the chemical properties of alkynes.
(Knowledge+Understanding+Application Base) (BWP 2016 G-II)
Ans: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity of alkynes:
Reason:
Alkynes are reactive compounds because of presence of a triple bond. A triple bond
consists of two weak bonds and a strong bond.
Mechanism:
When alkynes react with other substances, two weak bonds are readily broken one by one and
addition takes place easily. The addition reactions of alkynes resemble to those of alkenes.
(i) Addition of Halogen:
Chlorine and bromine add to acetylene to form tetrachloroethane and tetrabromoethane,
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respectively. When bromine water is added to acetylene, red brown colour of bromine
water is discharged rapidly due to formation of colourless tetrabromoethane.
Br Br
| |
HC  CH  2Br2  H  C  C H
| |
Br Br
Tetrabromoethane
(ii) Oxidation with KMnO4: (Ex-Q.4) (LHR 2013, 2015)
Ethyne is oxidized by alkaline KMnO4 and four hydroxyl groups add to the triple bond, such as:
OH OH
3HC CH + 4KMnO4 + 8H2O 3H C C H + 4MnO2 + 4KOH
OH OH
This intermediate product eliminates water molecules to form glyoxal, which is further
oxidized to form oxalic acid.
OH OH O O O O
-2H2O 2[O]
H C C H H C C H HO C C OH
KM nO4
OH OH Glyoxal Oxalic acid

Q.4 What are the uses of alkynes? (Knowledge Base)

(LHR 2016, GRW 2014, DGK 2017, MTN 2016 G-I, 17, SGD 2017, FSD 2016 G-II, SWL 2016 G-I, II)
Ans: USES OF ACETYLENE
The uses of alkynes are as follows:
(i) Acetylene produces oxy-acetylene flame with oxygen. It is a highly exothermic
reaction. Heat released is used for welding purposes.
(ii) Acetylene is used to prepare other chemicals, such as alcohols, acetaldehyde and acids.
(iii) It is used for the ripening of fruits.
(iv) It is used for the manufacturing of polymer products like polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl
acetate and synthetic rubber like neoprene.
(v) It is polymerized to form benzene which is used as raw material to form a variety of
organic compounds.
12.3 ALKYNES
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define the alkynes. Give their general formula. (Knowledge Base) (GRW 2014)
Ans: ALKYNES
Definition:
“The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a triple bond are called
alkynes”.
Examples:
Ethyne and propyne.
General Formula:
General formula of alkynes is CnH2n-2.

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Q.2 Write down molecular and structural formulas of ethyne.

(Knowledge+Understanding Base) (MTN 2016 G-II)
Ans: FORMULAS OF ETHYNE
Molecular and structural formulas of ethyne are as follows:
Molecular formula:
C2H2
Structural formula:
H – C C – H
12.3 ALKYNES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Traces of acetylene are present in coal gas about: (K.B)
(A) 0.06% (B) 0.07%
(C) 0.08% (D) 0.09%
2. Which one is used for ripening of fruits? (K.B)
(A) Ethyne (B) Butane
(C) Buane (D) Propane
3. Which compound is used for welding process? (K.B)
(A) CH4 (B) KMnO4
(C) Acetylene (D) Ethylene
4. Which of the following does not occur free in nature? (K.B)
(A) Ethylene (B) Acetylene
(C) Propylene (D) Pentene
5. Alkynes form ______ bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms. (K.B)
(A) Triple bond (B) Double bond
(C) Single bond (D) Ionic bond
6. Di-methyl acetylene is also called: (K.B)
(A) Ethyne (B) Propyne
(C) Butyne (D) Hexyne
7. Alkynes are also called: (K.B) (DGK 2017)
(A) Olefins (B) Parraffins
(C) Acetylenes (D) Ethanes
8. General formula of alkynes is: (K.B) (BWP 2016 G-I, II)
(A) CnH2n (B) CnH2n+2
(C) CnH2n+1 (D) CnH2n–2

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12.4 TEST YOURSELF

i. Why the alkynes are called acetylenes? (Knowledge Base)
Ans: Answer given on Page # 188
ii. How is tetrabromoethane prepared from acetylene? (Understanding+Application
Base)
Ans: PREPARATION OF TETRABROMOETHANE
When bromine water is added to acetylene, red brown colour of bromine water is
discharged rapidly due to formation of colourless tetrabromoethane.
Br Br
| |
HC  CH  2Br2 
 H  C  C H
| |
(Acetylene) Br Br
(Tetrabromoethane)

This reaction is used to identify the unsaturation of alkynes.

iii. How can you prepare acetylene from tetrachloroethane? (Understanding+Application
Base)
iv. Ans: PREPARATION OF ACETYLENE
Acetylene can be prepared by dehalogenation of tetrahalides or tetrachloroethane. When
tetrachloroethane is heated with zinc dust, the elimination of halogen atoms takes place to
form acetylene.

v. What is difference between glycol and glyoxal? (Knowledge Base)

Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
Glycol Glyoxal
Functional Group
 The functional group in glycol is  The functional group in glyoxal is a
hydroxyl group (OH). O
aldehyde group. ||
C  H
Chemical Formula
 The formula of a glycol is  The formula of a glyoxal is
H 2 C  CH 2 O O
| |
OH OH H  C C H

 It belongs to alcohol family.  It does not belong to aldehyde family.

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vi. Write the formula of oxalic acid. (Knowledge Base) (BWP 2016 G-II)
Ans: FORMULA OF OXALIC ACID
The formula of oxalic acid is C2H2O4 or (COOH)2, which can also be represented as:
O O
HO  C  C  OH
Oxalic Acid
HYDROCARBONS AS FEED STOCK IN INDUSTRY
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Write down the applications of hydrocarbons. (Application Base)
(Science, Technology and Society Pg. # 94)
Ans: HYDROCARBONS AS FEED STOCK IN INDUSTRY
Hydrocarbons are not only used as fuel in automobiles or industries, they are also used as
raw materials in many industries.
(i) Petrochemical Industry
“The organic compounds prepared from hydrocarbons (petroleum and natural gas) are
called petrochemicals.”
Examples:
Some of the important petrochemicals are:
 Methyl alcohol
 Ethyl alcohol
 Formic acid
 Chloroform
 Carbon tetrachloride
 Ethylene
 Butadiene
 Benzene
 Toluene etc.
(ii) Plastic Industry:
Hydrocarbons are used as raw materials for the preparation of a large variety of synthetic
polymers, called plastics like polythene, polyester.
Properties of Synthetic Polymers:
These can be given any shape when soft, and on hardening make a durable article to be
used in common life.
Examples:
 Crockery items (cups, glass, jug, plates, spoons)
 Furniture items (chair, table, stool)
 Automobile parts
 Electric and sewage items
 A lot of other household items
(iii) Rubber Industry:
Hydrocarbons are used to prepare synthetic rubber such as acetylene is used to prepare
butadiene rubber used for making footwear, tyres and toys. Similarly, a good quality
rubber neoprene is prepared from chloroprene.
(iv) Synthetic Fiber Industry:
Hydrocarbons are used to prepare synthetic fibres like nylon, rayon, polyesters.
Properties of Fibres:
 These fibres have better qualities like greater strength, good elasticity, and
resistance to wear and tear.
 Clothes made of synthetic fibres are long lasting than that of natural fibres.
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(v) Synthetic Detergents:

Long chain hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum are used to make synthetic detergents
and washing powders.
Properties:
 These detergents are sodium salts of alkyl hydrogen sulphate.
 These detergents have better and stronger cleaning properties than that of soaps.
 They can be used even in hard water.
HYDROCARBONS AS FEED STOCK IN INDUSTRY
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 How hydrocarbons are used as a fuel? (Knowledge+Application Base)
(Science, Technology and Society Pg. # 94)
OR
Describe combustion process and give chemical equation.
Ans: HYDROCARBONS AS FUEL
The main constituents of fuels (coal, petroleum and natural gas) are hydrocarbons. When
hydrocarbons are burnt in air the reaction is called combustion. It is highly exothermic
reaction, i.e. it produces a lot of heat. The basic combustion reaction is:
CH4 + O2   CO2 + H2O + heat
Significance of Heat Produced:
The heat energy thus produced is used to meet needs of energy in:
 Homes
 Transportation
 Industries
Q.2 Describe use of hydrocarbons in synthetic fibre industry. (Knowledge Base)
Ans: HYDROCARBONS IN SYNTHETIC FIBRE INDUSTRY
Hydrocarbons are used to prepare synthetic fibres like nylon, rayon, polyesters.
Preperties of Fibres:
 These fibres have better qualities like greater strength, good elasticity, and
resistance to wear and tear.
 Clothes made of synthetic fibres are long lasting than that of natural fibres.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Due to which property alkanes are used as fuel? (K.B)
(A) Combustion (B) Halogenation
(C) Oxidation (D) Reduction
2. The organic compounds prepared from hydrocarbons (petroleum and natural gas)
are called: (K.B)
(A) Petrochemicals (B) Petroleum
(C) Pharmaceuticals (D) None of these
3. Which one of the following is synthetic polymer? (K.B)
(A) Toluene (B) Silk
(C) Benzene (D) Polyester
4. Which one is petrochemical? (K.B)
(A) Acetylene (B) Rayon
(C) Nylon (D) Polyester fibres
5. Neoprene is prepared from: (K.B)
(A) Benzene (B) Chloroprene
(C) Chloroform (D) Carbon tetrachloride

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ANSWER KEY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
INTRODUCTION
1 B
2 C
3 A
4 B
5 D
HYDROCARBONS
1 D 6 B 11 B
2 A 7 A 12 C
3 B 8 C 13 A
4 B 9 B 14 C
5 A 10 B 15 A
12.1 ALKANES
1 A 6 D 11 C 16 B
2 D 7 B 12 A 17 A
3 B 8 D 13 B 18 B
4 B 9 C 14 D 19 A
5 A 10 C 15 A 20 C
12.2 ALKENES
1 C 6 C 11 D
2 C 7 B 12 C
3 A 8 C
4 C 9 A
5 B 10 A

12.3 ALKYNES
1 A 6 C
2 A 7 C
3 C 8 D
4 B
5 C

HYDROCARBONS AS FEED STOCK IN INDUSTRY

1 A
2 A
3 D
4 A
5 B
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EXERCISE SOLUTION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which one of these hydrocarbon molecules would have no effect on an aqueous
solution of bromine? (U.B) (LHR 2013, GRW 2013, RWP 2017, BWP 2016 G-I)
(a) CH4 (b) C10H20
(c) C2H4 (d) C2H2
2. If an organic compound has 4 carbon atoms, all singly bonded, it will
have the following characteristics except one: (K.B)
(a) It will be saturated hydrocarbon (b) It will have 8 hydrogen atoms
(c) Its name will be n-butane (d) It will be least reactive
3. The reduction of alkyl halides takes place in the presence of: (K.B)
(LHR 2015, BWP 2016 G-I)
(a) Zn/HCI (b) Na/HCl
(c) Mg/HCl (d) Cu/HCl
4. Halogenation of methane does not produce which one of the following? (K.B)(SGD 2014)
(a) Carbon tetrachloride (b) Chloroform
(c) Carbon black (d) Chloromethane
5. Incomplete combustion of alkanes produces: (K.B) (GRW 2013)
(a) Carbon dioxide only (b) Carbon monoxide only
(c) Carbon monoxide and carbon black (d) Carbon dioxide and carbon black
6. Alkenes are prepared from alcohols by a process called: (K.B)
(a) Dehydrogenation (b) Dehalogenation
(c) Dehydration (d) Dehydrohalogenation
7. Dehydrohalogenation takes place in the presence of: (K.B)
(a) NaOH aqueous (b) Alcoholic KOH
(c) Aqueous KOH (d) Alcoholic NaOH
8. Oxidation of ethene with KMnO4 produces: (K.B) (MTN 2017)
(a) Oxalic acid (b) Glyoxal
(c) Ethene glycol (d) Propene glycol
9. Which one of these is a saturated hydrocarbon? (K.B)
(LHR 2014, FSD 2016 G-I, II, SGD 2016 G-II, MTN 2016 G-II)
(a) C2H4 (b) C3H6
(c) C4H8 (d) C5H12
10. A hydrocarbon has molecular formula C8H14. What is the molecular formula of the
next member of the same homologous series? (U.B) (SWL 2016 G-II)
(a) C9H18 (b) C9H16
(c) C9H20 (d) C9H12
11. The molecular formulae of the first three members of the alkane hydrocarbons are
CH4, C2H6 and C3H8. What is the molecular formula for the eighth alkane member,
octane, which is found in petrol? (K.B)
(a) C8H12 (b) C8H14
(c) C8H18 (d) C8H20
12. One of the hydrocarbons reacts with one mole of hydrogen to form a saturated
hydrocarbon. What formula could be of the X? (U.B)
(a) C3H8 (b) C6Hl2
(c) C4H10 (d) C7Hl6

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13. Dehydration of alcohols can be carried out with: (K.B)(GRW 2013, SWL 2016 G-II, FSD 2017 G-II)
(a) NaOH (b) KOH
(c) H2SO4 (d) HCl
14. The end product of oxidation of acetylene is: (K.B) (GRW 2013)
(a) Oxalic acid (b) Glycol
(c) Glyoxal (d) None of these
15. Dehalogenation of tetrahalides produces acetylene. This reaction takes place in the
presence of: (K.B)
(a) Sodium metal (b) Zinc metal
(c) Magnesium metal (d) Potassium metal
16. Substitution reaction is the characteristic of: (K.B)
(a) Alkanes (b) Alkenes
(c) Alkynes (d) None of these
17. Halogenation of methane in the presence of diffused sunlight takes place: (K.B)
(a) Suddenly, only in one step (b) Slowly in one step
(c) In a series of four steps (d) Fastly in two steps
18. Which one of the following is a substitution reaction? (K.B)
(a) Halogenation of alkynes (b) Halogenation of alkenes
(c) Halogenation of alkanes (d) Bromination of alkenes
19. The order of reactivity of hydrogen halides with alkenes is: (K.B)
(SGD 2016 G-I, 17, DGK 20156 G-I)
(a) HI > HBr (b) HBr > HI
(c) HCl> HBr (d) HBr < HCl
20. Oxidation of alkenes produces: (K.B) (GRW 2013, BWP 2017, FSD 2017 G-1)
(a) Glyoxal (b) Oxalic acid
(c) Glycol (d) Formic acid
ANSWER KEY

1 a 6 c 11 c 16 a
2 b 7 b 12 b 17 c
3 a 8 c 13 c 18 c
4 c 9 d 14 a 19 a
5 c 10 b 15 b 20 b

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EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. (Knowledge Base)
(GRW 2017, RWP 2016 G-I, MTN 2016 G-I, II)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons are as follows:
Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Definition
 The compounds in which all the four  The compounds in which two carbon
valencies of carbon atoms are fully atoms are linked by a double or triple
satisfied by single bonds with other bond are called hydrocarbons.
carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms
are called saturated hydrocarbons.
Other Name
 Saturated hydrocarbons are also  Unsaturated hydrocarbons are also called
called alkanes. alkenes (with double covalent bond) and
alkynes (with triple covalent bond).
General Formula
 Their general formula is CnH2n+2.  Their general formula is CnH2n for alkenes
and CnH2n-2 for alkynes.
Examples
 CH4 (Methane)  H2C = CH2 (Ethene)
H3C–CH3 (Ethane) HC ≡ CH (Ethyne)
Q.2 A compound consisting of four carbon atoms has a triple bond in it. How many
hydrogen atoms are present in it? (Understanding Base)
Ans: NUMBER OF H-ATOMS
A compound consisting of four carbons atoms with a triple bond will have following
structure. H3C  C  C  CH3 H3C-CH2-C≡ CH
Thus there are six hydrogen atoms in it.
Q.3 Why the alkanes are called paraffins? (Knowledge Base)
(GRW 2015), (SGD 2017), (BWP 2017), (FSD 2017)(RWP G-I,II 2017)
Ans: ALKANES ARE PARAFFINS
Para means ‘less’ and affin means ‘affinity’ or reactivity, Alkanes are least reactive
compounds. In these compounds all the bonds of carbon atoms are single, that means all
valencies of carbon atoms are fully satisfied.
Q.4 What do you know about hydrogenation of alkenes? (Knowledge+Application Base)
(BWP 2016 G-I, II)
Ans: HYDROGENATION OF ALKENES
Hydrogenation means addition of molecular hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in
the presence of a catalyst (Ni, Pt) to form saturated compound.
H2C=CH2 +H2  Ni
250-3000C
 H3C-CH3
On industrial scale this reaction is used to convert vegetable oil into margarine (ghee).

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Q.5 How alkyl halides are reduced? (Knowledge+Application Base)

(GRW 2013, RWP 2016 G- II)
Ans: REDUCTION OF ALKYL HALIDES
When alkyl halides are treated with HCl in the presence of Zn, they are reduced.
CH3Br+2[H]  CH4 + HBr
Zn / dil . HCl

CH3CH2Br + 2[H]   H3C–CH3 + HBr

Zn / dil . HCl

Q.6 Why the alkanes are used as fuel? (Understanding+Application Base) (GRW 2014)
Ans: USE OF ALKANES AS FUELS
Alkanes are used as fuel because they burn easily in excess of air or oxygen to produce a
lot of heat, CO2 and water then heat is produced.
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O + Heat
Q.7 How can you prepare ethene from alcohol and ethyl bromide?
(Knowledge+Application Base)
Ans: PREPARATION OF ALKENES
Alkenes are prepared by the removal of small atoms (H, OH, X) from the adjacent carbon
atoms of the saturated compounds, so as to create a double bond between carbon atoms.
(i) Dehydration of Alcohols:
“The removal of water from a substance is called dehydration”.
Process:
Ethene is prepared by heating a mixture of ethanol and excess of concentrated
sulphuric acid at 180°C. In first step, ethyl hydrogen sulphate is formed which
decomposes on heating to produce ethane, which is collected over water.
o
H3C CH 2  OH  H 2SO4 
180 C
CH3CH 2  OSO3H  H 2O
CH3CH 2  OSO3H 
heat
 H 2 C  CH 2  H 2SO4
(ii) Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Bromide: (LHR 2014)
“The removal of hydrogen and halogen from a substance is called
dehydrohalogenation”.
Process:
On heating, ethyl bromide with alcoholic KOH, ethene is formed, Removal of hydrogen
and halogen takes place from adjacent carbon atoms to create a double bond.
H3C  CH2Br + KOH Alcoholic 
Heat
 H2C = CH2 + KBr + H2O
Q.8 Identify propane from propene with a chemical test.
Ans: IDENTIFICATION OF PROPANE
To identify propane from propene, pass the two gases (propane and propene) through
bromine water separately. Propene will decolourise reddish brown colour of bromine but
propane cannot.

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CH3  CH 2  CH 2 + Br2 
 CH3  CH  CH 2
| |
Br Br

Colourless
Q.9 Why the alkenes are called olefins? (Knowledge Base)
(FSD 2017, SWL 2016 G-II, MTN 2016 G-I)
Ans: ALKENES CALLED OLEFINS
Alkenes are also known as olefins because lower members of the series form oily
products when react with halogens. Olefins is a Latin word which means oil forming.
Q.10 Why alkanes can't be oxidized with KMnO4 solution? (Understanding Base)(GRW 2013)
Ans: OXIDATION OF ALKANES WITH KMnO4
Alkanes cannot be oxidized with KMnO4 solution because they are saturated
hydrocarbons and are least reactive due to presence of all C – C single bonds.
Alkane+KMnO4 +H2O 
 No reaction
Q.11 What are the addition reactions? Explain with an example. (Knowledge Base)
(LHR 2015, GRW 2013)
Ans: ADDITION REACTIONS
Definition:
“These are the reactions in which the products are formed by the addition of some reagents
like H2, Cl2 etc. to an unsaturated organic compound”.
Mechanism:
In the process, one of the bonds of double bonds gets broken and two new single bonds are
formed.
Example:
 Addition of molecular hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of
a catalyst (Ni, Pt) to form saturated compounds takes place.
H2C=CH2  H2 Ni
250-300o
 H3C  CH3
Q.12 Justify that alkanes give substitution reactions. (Understanding Base)
Ans: ALKANES GIVE SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS
“Substitution reaction is a reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a saturated
compound are replaced with some other atoms like halogens is called a substitution
reaction”.
These reactions are a characteristic property of alkanes.
Example:
In diffused sunlight, a series of reactions take place and at each step one hydrogen atom
is substituted by halogen atoms, so that all the hydrogen atoms are substituted one by one
by halogen atoms

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CH 4 + Cl2 
Diffused
Sunlight
CH3Cl + HCl
Chloromethane
CH3Cl + Cl2 
Diffusedsunlight
 CH 2Cl2 + HCl
Dichloromethane
CH 2Cl2 + Cl2 
Diffusedsunlight
 CHCl3 + HCl
Trichloromethane
 Chloroform 
CHCl3 + Cl2 
Diffusedsunlight
 CCl4 + HCl
Tetrachloromethane
 Carbon tetrachloride 
Q.13 Both, alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. State the one 'most
significant difference between them. (Understanding Base) (FSD 2017)
Ans: MOST SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
The most significant differences between alkenes and alkynes are as follows:
Alkenes Alkynes
Nature of Bond
 In alkenes two carbon atoms are  In alkynes two carbon atoms are linked
linked by a double bond. by a triple bond.
Functional Group
 Their functional group is  Their functional group is
 C  C C  C 
| |
Examples
 H2C=CH2 (Ethene)  HC  CH (Ethyne)
H3C–CH=CH2 (Propene) H3C  C  CH (Propyne)
Q.14 Write the molecular, dot and cross and structural formulas of ethyne.
(Knowledge Base)
Ans: FORMULAS OF ETHYNE
The molecular, dot and cross and structural formulas of ethyne are as follows:
Name Molecular Formula Structural Formula Cross and dot Formula

Ethyne C2H2 HC  CH

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Q.15 Why hydrocarbons are soluble in organic solvents? (Knowledge Base)

(SGD 2016 G-II, DGK 2016 G-I)
Ans: SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS
We know that
“Like Dissolves Like”
Therefore, hydrocarbons being non-polar in character are more soluble in non polar
organic solvents such as ether, carbon tetrachloride etc.
Example:
 Petrol is dissolved in kerosene oil.
Q.16 Give the physical properties of alkanes. (Knowledge Base) (MTN 2017, BWP 2016 G-I)
Ans: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
The physical properties of alkanes are as follows:
(i) Physical state:
Alkanes form a homologous series of compounds. The first four members of the series
are gases. The alkanes consisting of C5 to C10 are liquids while higher members of the
series are solids.
(ii) Solubility:
They are non-polar, therefore, they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
(iii)Density:
The density of alkanes increases gradually with the increase of molecular size.
(iv) Melting and Boiling Points:
The melting and boiling points of alkanes increase regularly with the increase of molecular
sizes. This is because of increase of attractive forces between the molecules of alkanes.
(v) Viscosity:
The alkanes become more viscous as their molecular sizes increase.
(vi) Nature of Flame:
Alkanes become less flammable, i.e. more difficult to burn with the increase of
molecular sizes.
Q.17 How can you identify ethane from ethene? (Understanding Base) (SGD 2016 G-I)
Ans: IDENTIFICATION OF ETHANE
For the identification of ethane from ethene, bromine water is added to both ethane and
ethene in the presence of an inert solvent like carbon tetrachloride. Ethene will give
reaction with bromine water but ethane will not react with it.
Examples:
H2C=CH2 +Br2 
 Br–CH2–CH2–Br
(Ethene)
H3C–CH3+Br2 
 No reaction
(Ethane)
Bromination is an important reaction for checking of unsaturation in organic
compounds.
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Q.18 Why colour of bromine water discharges on addition of ethene in it?

(Understanding +Application Base)
Ans: COLOUR OF BROMINE WATER
Colour of bromine water discharges on addition of ethene in it because double bond of
ethene is converted into a single bond and nature of bromine is changed.
Example:
H2C=CH2 + Br2 
 Br–CH2–CH2–Br
This reaction is used to identify the unsaturation of an organic compound.
Q.19 State one important use of each: (Knowledge Base)
(i) Ethene (ii) Acetylene (iii) Chloroform (iv) Carbon tetrachloride
Ans: IMPORTANT USES
(i) Ethene:
Oxy-ethylene flame is used for welding purposes.
(ii) Acetylene:
It is used for the manufacturing of polymer products like polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl
acetate and synthetic rubber like neoprene.
(iii) Chloroform:
Chloroform is used as a solvent for rubber, waxes etc. and for anaesthesia.
(iv) Carbon Tetrachloride:
Carbon tetrachloride is used as an industrial solvent and in dry cleaning.
EXERCISE LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 What types of reactions are given by alkanes? Explain with reference to
halogenations of alkanes. (Knowledge Base)
Ans: See LQ.4 (Topic 12.1)
Q.2 Alkanes are a source of heat. Explain it. (Application Base)
Ans: See LQ.1 (Topic *Application of Hydrocarbons)
Q.3 Prepare the following as directed: (Understanding+Application Base)
(a) Ethane from ethene
(b) Acetylene from tetrahalide
(c) Carbon tetracholride from methane
(d) Ethylene glycol from ethene
(e) 1,2-dibromoethane from ethene
(f) Glyoxal from acetylene

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Ans. PREPARATIONS AS DIRECTED

(a) Ethane From Ethene:
When hydrogen is passd through ethene in presence of heated nickel catalyst, ethane is
formed.
H2C= CH2 + H2  Ni
250-300°C
 H3C  CH3

(b) Acetylene From Tetrahalide:

When alkyl tetrahalides are heated with zinc dust, the elimination of halides takes place
to form alcetylene.
Cl Cl
| |
H  C  C  H  2Zn dust 
 HC  CH  2ZnCl 2
| | ethyne
Cl Cl
(c) Carbon Tetracholride From Methane:
Carbon tetrachloride is prepared by the substitution reaction of methane with chlorine in
diffused sunlight.
In diffused sunlight, a series of reactions take place and at each step one hydrogen atom
is substituted by halogen atoms, so that all the hydrogen atoms are substituted one by one
by halogen atoms.
CH 4 + Cl2 
Diffused
Sunlight
CH3Cl + HCl
.
Chloromethane
CH3Cl + Cl2 
Diffused sunlight
CH 2Cl2 + HCl
Dichloromethane
CH 2Cl2 + Cl2  CHCl3 + HCl
Diffused sunlight

Trichloromethane
 Chloroform 
CHCl3 + Cl2 
Diffused sunlight
CCl4 + HCl
Tetrachloromethane
 Carbon tetrachloride 
(d) Ethylene Glycol From Ethene:
Ethylene glycol is prepared by the reaction of ethane with acidified dilute solution of
KMnO4.
3H 2C  CH 2  2KMnO4  4H 2O  3H 2 C  CH 2  2MnO 2  2KOH
| |
OH OH
Ethylene glycol
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(e) 1,2-dibromoethane From Ethene:

When bromine water is added to ethene in an inert solvent like carbon tetrachloride it
decolourizes to form 1, 2-dibromoethane. This reaction is used to identify the
unsaturation of an organic compound.

Br Br
| |
H 2 C  CH 2  Br2  H  C  C H
| |
H H
1, 2  dibromoethane
(f) Glyoxal From Acetylene:
Acetylene is oxidized by alkaline KMnO4 and four hydroxyl groups add to the triple
bond.
OH OH
3HC CH + 4KMnO4 + 8H2O 3H C C H + 4MnO2 + 4KOH
OH OH
This intermediate product eliminates water molecules to form glyoxal, which is further
oxidized to form oxalic acid.

Q.4 Explain the oxidation of acetylene. (Knowledge+Understanding Base)

Ans. OXIDATION OF ACETYLENE
Acetylene (ethyne) is oxidized by alkaline KMnO4 and four hydroxyl groups add to the
triple bond, such as:
OH OH
3HC CH + 4KMnO4 + 8H2O 3H C C H + 4MnO2 + 4KOH
OH OH
This intermediate product eliminates water molecules to form glyoxal, which is further
oxidized to form oxalic acid.

Q.5 Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions. Also name the
products that are formed. (Knowledge+Understanding Base)
(i) A mixture of ethyne and hydrogen is passed over heated nickel
(ii) Ethyne is treated with chlorine
(iii) Ethyne is burnt in air
(iv) Ethyne is passed through bromine water
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Ans. BALANCED EQUATIONS AND NAMES OF PRODUCTS

The balanced chemical equations for the reactions along with names of proudcts are as
follows:
(i) Reaction Between Ethyne and Hydrogen:
HC  CH + H 2  Ni
250-300°C
 H 2C = CH 2
H 2 = CH 2 + H 2  Ni
250-300°C
 H3C  CH3

(ii) Reaction Between Ethyne and Chlorine:

Cl Cl
| |
HC  CH  2Cl2  H  C  C H
| |
Cl Cl
Tetrachloroethane
(iii) Burning of Ethyne in Air:

2HC  CH + 5O2   4CO2 + 2H2O + Heat

(iv) Reaciton Between Ethyne and Bromine Water:
Br Br
| |
HC  CH  2Br2  H  C  C H
| |
Br Br
Tetrabromoethane
Q.6 Explain briefly: (Knowledge+Understanding Base)
(i) Why butane undergoes substitution reactions?
(ii) There are millions of organic compounds.
(iii) Acetylene undergoes addition reactions in two stages.
(iv) Alkynes are more reactive than alkanes.
Ans. JUSTIFICATION
(i) Substitution Reactions of Butane:
Butane is saturated hydrocarbon (alkane). Like other alkanes it gives substitution
reactions by replacing its hydrogen atoms with some other atoms. Also it cannot undergo
addition reacitons.
(ii) Millions of Organic Compounds:
There are millions of organic compounds due to the following four properties:
 Catenation
 Isomerism
 Strength of covalent bonds of carbon
 Multiple bonding
Moreover, the number of organic compounds is very large because they are derived from
hydrocarbons (parent organic compounds).
(iii) Addition Reactions of Acetylene:
Alkynes are reactive compounds because of presence of a triple bond. A triple bond
consists of two weak bonds (π-bonds) and a strong bond (σ-bond).
When alkynes react with other substances, two weak bonds are readily broken one by one
and addition takes place easily. The addition reactions of alkynes resemble to those of
alkenes.
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HC  CH + H 2  Ni
250-300°C
 H 2C = CH 2
H 2 = CH 2 + H 2  Ni
250-300°C
 H3C  CH3
(iv) More Reactivity of Alkynes:
Alkynes are more reactive compounds than alkanes because of presence of a triple bond.
A triple bond consists of two weak bonds (π-bonds) and a strong bond (σ-bond). When
alkynes react with other substances, two weak bonds are readily broken one by one and
addition takes place easily. The addition reactions of alkynes resemble to those of
alkenes.
ADDITIONAL CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q.1 Differentiate between Glyoxal and Oxalic Acid. (Understanding Base)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
Glyoxal Oxalic Acid
Definition: Definition:
 Glyoxal is dialdehyde  Oxalic acid is dicarboxylic
compound. compound.
Functional Group: Functional Group:
 It has aldeyhydic functional  It has carboxylic functional group
group (-CHO) (-COOH)
Structure: Structure:
O O O O
|| || || ||
HCCH HO  C  C  OH
Q.2 How alkyl halides are produced fom alkenes? (Understanding Base)
Ans: Alkyl Halides can be prepared from Alkenes by Hydrohalogenation (Addition of
hydrogen and halogens). Dry gaseous halides react with alkene to produce alkyl halides.
H2C  CH2  HX  H3C  CH2X
H2C  CH2  HBr  H3C  CH2Br
Q.3 What is the difference between 1-butyne and 2-butyne or Dimethyl Acetylene?
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
1-Butyne 2-Butyne (Dimethyl Acetylene)
Definition: Definition:
 The carbon-carbon triple bond  The carbon-carbon triple bond is at
is at end of carbon chain. middle of carbon chain.
Common Name: Common Name:
 Its common name is ethyl  Its common name is dimethyl
Acetylene Acetylene
Structure: Structure:
H3C  CH2  C  CH H3C  C  C  CH3

Q.4 How can you prepare 1-2, dichloroethene?

Ans: Ethene will undergo an addition reaction with Cl2 to give 1-2 dichloroethane.

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Cl Cl
| |
CH 2  CH 2  Cl2  H  C  C  H
| |
H H

1-2 dichloroethane
Q.5 How can you prepare butane from butyl Alcohol?
Ans: Butene can be prepared by dehydration of butyl Alcohol.
C4 H9OH  H2SO4 
 C4 H9OSO3H  H2O

C4 H9OSO3H   C4 H8  H2SO4
Q.6 Convert ethyl chloride into ethene?
Ans: Ethyl chloride can be converted into ethene by the process of dehydrhalogenetion
(removal of hydrogen and halogen).
CH3  CH2  Cl  KOH(alcholic) 
 CH2  CH2  KCl  H 2O
Q.7 Give condensed and structural formula of Propylene and Methyl Acetylene.
Ans: PROPYLENE
Molecular formula: C3H6
H H
| |
HCC  C
Structural formula: | | |
H H H

Condensed formula: CH3  CH  CH2

Methyl Acetylene
Molecular formula: C3H 4
H
|
HCC  CH
Structural formula: |
H

Condensed formula: H3C  C  CH

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Q.8 What is the difference between Benzene and Cyclohexane?

Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
Benzene Cyclohexane
Definition: Definition:
 Benzene is an aromatic  Cyclohexane is an alicyclic or non-
compound. benzenoid compound.
Description: Description:
 It has alternating double and  It has six carbon atoms linked
single bonds in its ring. through single bonds only.
Molecular Formula: Molecular Formula:
C6H6 C6H12
Structure: Structure:

Q.9 What is the relationship between flammability and Molecular size?

Ans: The smaller the carbon chain, the better is its flammability and vice versa. Therefore,
there exist inverse relationship between flammability and molecular size.
1
Flammability 
Molecular Size
Q.10 Why density of acetylene is slightly lighter than air?
Ans: Density of acetylene is slightly lighter than air because air molecular weight is 28.5g/mol.
While acetylene molecular weight is 26 g/mol. As density is directly proptional to mass
and inversely proportional to volume, so we can say that acetylene is slightly lighter than
air.
Q.11 What is the difference between Hydrogenation and Reduction?
Ans:
Hydrogenation Reduction
Definition: Definition:
 It is the addition of molecular  reduction is addition of hydrogen or
hydrogen in unsaturated removal of oxygen or gain of
hydrocarbon. electrons
Example: Example:
CH2  CH2  H2  Ni
250300o C
 CH3  CH3 2FeO  C   CO2  2Fe
Q.12 How can we distinguish between alkene and alkyne?
Ans: We can distinguish between alkene and alkyne using KMnO4 test. Oxidation of alkene
with KMnO4 gives ethylene glycol and Oxidation of alkyne with KMnO4 gives glyoxal.
Q.13 Is this a substitution reaction?
bright
CH 4 + 2Cl2  C + 4 HCl
sunlight
Ans: No, this is not a substitution reaction because the hudrogen atom are replaced by halogen
atom but removed
Q.14 What is vicinal dihalide?
Ans: Compounds which has two halogen atoms on the adjacent carbon atoms is called vicinal
dihalide
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TERMS TO KNOW
Terms Definitions
The organic compounds which consist of carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
only are called hydrocarbons.
These are compounds in which first and the last carbon atom are not
Open Chain
joined directly to each other. The open chain may be straight or
Compounds
branched.
Aliphatic These are the compounds in which the first and the last carbon are
Hydrocarbons not directly joined to each other.
The hydrocarbon in which all the four valencies of carbon atoms are
Saturated
fully satisfied (saturated) by single bonds with other carbon atoms
Hydrocarbons
and hydrogen atoms are called saturated hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a
Hydrocarbons double or a triple bond are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
The hydrcarbons in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single
Alkanes
covalent are called alkanes.
The compounds in which two carbon atoms are linked by a double
Alkenes
bond are called alkenes.
The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a triple
Alkynes
bond are called alkynes.
Closed Chain Compounds having rings of carbon atoms in their molecules are
Hydrocarbons called closed chain or cyclic hydrocarbons.
Straight chain hydrocarbons are those in which carbon atoms link with
Straight Chain
each other through single, double or triple bond forming a straight
Hydrocarbons
chain.
Branched Chain Branched chain hydrcarbons are those in which there is a branch
Hydrocarbons along a straight chain.
A reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a saturated
Substitution Reaction compound are replaced with some other atoms (halogen) is called
a substitution reaction.
Halogenation Addition of halogen to a substance is called halogenation.

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Dehlogenation Removal of halogen from a substance is called dehalogenation.

Hydration Addition of water to a substance is called hydration
Dehydration Removal of water from a substance is called dehydration.
These are the reactions in which the products are formed by the
Addition Reacitons addition of some reagents like H2, Cl2, etc., to an unsaturated organic
compound.
Hydrogenation means addition of molecular hydrogen to an
Hydrogenation unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst (Ni, Pt) to
form saturated compound.
Bromination Addition of bromine to a substance is called bromination.
Dehydrogenation Removal of hydrogen from a substance is called dehydrogenation.
Removal of hydrogen and halogen from an alkyl halide is called
Dehydrohalogenation
dehydrohalogenation.
Dehalogenation Removal of halogen from a substance is called dehalogenation.
Hydroxyl Group The functional group in glycol is hydroxyl group (OH).
(OH)
The organic compounds prepared from hydrocarbons (petroleum
Petrochemicals
and natural gas) are called petrochemicals.
Paraffins means less affinity. Alkanes are called paraffins due to
Paraffins
their less reactivity.
Olefins means oil forming. Alkenes are called olefins due to their
Olefins
property of forming oily products on reaction with lower halogens.
The gas (major compounent is methane) produced from marshy
Marsh Gas places due to anaerobic decomposition of dead organic matter is
called marsh gas.

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
SELF TEST
CUT HERE

Time: 35 Minutes Marks: 25

Q.1 Four possible answers (A), (B), (C) and (D) to each question are given, mark the
correct answer. (6×1=6)
1. One of the hydrocarbons reacts with one mole of hydrogen to form a saturated
hydrocarbon. What formula could be of the X?
(A) C3H8 (B) C6H12
(C) C4H10 (D) C7H16
2. Traces of acetylene are present in coal gas about:
(A) 0.06% (B) 0.08%
(C) 1.1% (D) 90%
3. Which one is the formula of chloromethane?
(A) CH2Cl2 (B) CCl4
(C) CHCl3 (D) CH3Cl
4. In dry cleaning which chemical is used:
(A) Chloroform (B) Carbon tetrachloride
(C) Acetaldehyde (D) Ethanol
5. Dehydration means removal of:
(A) Water (B) Halogen
(C) Hydrogen (D) All of these
6. General formula of alkanes is:
(A) CnH2n–2 (B) CnH2n
(C) CnH2n+2 (D) CnH2n+1
Q.2 Give short answers to the following questions. (5×2=10)
(i) What are saturated hydrocarbons? Give an example.
(ii) Give reactions of methane with chlorine in diffused light?
(iii) Why alkenes are called “olefins”?
(iv) What is meant by hydrogenation?
(v) Write sources of alkenes.
Q.3 Answer the following questions in detail. (5+4=9)
(i) Write down the chemical properties of alkynes? (5)
(ii) How alkanes are prepared? (4)
NOTE: Parents or guardians can conduct this test in their supervision in order to check the skill
of students.
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