Minerals,

Rocks, and
Mineral Resources
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the learners are hoped and expected
to:
-Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical
and chemical properties and minerals important to society
-Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
-Describe the changes in mineral components and texture of
rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature
(metamorphism); how ore minerals are found, mined, and
processed for human use and how rocks undergo weathering
Minerals :
Mineral Properties
Mineral Composition
Rocks and Minerals
Rocks:
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
The Rock Cycle
Mineral Resources:
Mineral Resources
Mineral Ores
Mineral Deposits
Mining Techniques
Quartz slate marble pyroxine
Olivine gneiss quartzite magnetite
Galena gypsum siltstone halite
Fluorite conglomerate sandstone
Shale talc mica gabbro
Calcite hematite pumice basalt
Gold granite limestone rock salt
Quartz slate marble pyroxine
Olivine gneiss quartzite magnetite
Galena gypsum siltstone halite
Fluorite conglomerate sandstone
Shale talc mica gabbro
Calcite hematite pumice basalt
Gold granite limestone rock salt
 Quarts Mica-muscovite
Feldspar

Mica-Biotite Calcite
Hornblende
Minerals
• Is a naturally occurring, crystalline,
inorganic substances that have unique
physical and chemical properties.
Minerals
• Is a naturally occurring, crystalline,
inorganic substances that have unique
physical and chemical properties.
– Mineral should exist naturally
– Made up from atoms and molecules that are
arrange in definite patterns.
– Not formed from a living organism
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
Minerals Color
sulfur Bright yellow mineral
Pyroxine and olivine Show same color (green )
Rosy quartz Pink
Smoky quartz Gray
Some quartz Clear (lacking any color)
Luster
– Its ability to reflect light.
– Metallic luster (resembles
polished metal such as
magnetite and galena)
– Glassy luster (appear like
transparent glass such as
halite and quartz)
(other luster categories
include dull, pearly, and
earthy.)
Streak
– Is a small powder trait that
is left behind when a
mineral is rubbed against
a rough surface.
( fluorite (blue-green
color) produces a white
streak.
Hardness
• Ability of a mineral to
resist from being
scratched.
Cleavage
• Tendency of the
minerals to break
apart along specific
surface or planes.
• Fractured minerals-
minerals that do not
have a particular
cleavage pattern and
break apart randomly.
Specific Gravity Minerals Density
– Is a measure of Calcite and talc Least dense [spc
grav. (3)]
minerals
Hematite and More dense [spc
relative density. magnetite grav. (5)]
• Gold Densest [ spc
grav (19.3)]
 Other Properties
• Magnetism (magnetite)
• Taste (halite is salty)
• Effervescence or reaction to acid
(calcite and other carbonates will react
with weak acid)
• Feel (talc is greasy )
• Luminescent (glow when exposed to
UV light such as fluorite)
• Piezoelectric (produce weak electric
current such as quartz)
 Composition of Minerals
• Minerals are mostly made up of
silicon and oxygen (most abundant
element on Earth’s crust by mass.)
silicates- molecules that are
formed from atoms of oxygen and
silicon)
• Other minerals are composed of
aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium,
magnesium, and potassium.
Structure of silicates:
 Rocks and Minerals:
• Almost all rocks are composed of
minerals except amber and coal
(which are rocks produced from
remains of living organisms)
• There are two types of rocks
– (1) monomineralic rocks
– (2) polymineralic rocks.
 Rocks and Minerals:
• Monomineralic rocks are formed
from only one specific minerals (e.g.
rock salt and limestone)
Rock salt Contains only halite
limestone Contains only calcite

• Polymineralic rocks are formed from

more than one minerals.
 Rock-forming minerals:
• minerals that formed the rocks
(feldspar, quartz, talc, calcite, olivine,
magnitite, pyrite and mica.
 Rocks:
• Naturally formed, solid material that
makes up the Earth’s crust.
• Rocks are classified based on their origin
and formation. These are (1)igneous (2)
sedimentary (3) metamorphic rocks.
Volcanic cinder Obsidian Basalt

Porphyry Granite Fine-Grained Granite Coarse-Grained

 Igneous Rocks:
• Rocks that have formed from cooling
and solidification of molten rocks.
• Crystallization- a process of cooling
and crystallization of molten rocks.
• Intrusive- magma cools to form
igneous rocks beneath the Earth’s
surface such as granite.
• Extrusive- lava cools on the Earth’s
surface such as basalt and pumice.
 Igneous Rocks:
• Igneous rocks are identified by their
texture, color, density, and mineral
composition.
• Texture are influenced by size, shape,
and arrangement of rock crystals.
Igneous Rocks: Colors (Light or Dark)
• Lighter color contain feldspar and
silicates minerals which are not very
dense such as granite and pumice.
• Darker color contains iron and
magnesium and much more dense such
as basalt and gabbro.
Igneous Rocks: Composition of Minerals
• Felsic rocks are igneous rocks containing
high percentages of quartz and
potassium feldspar. It is usually lighter
in color and lower density. Felsic means
feldspar and silicates.
• Mafic rocks are igneous rocks that are
darker in color and have high density.
The term is derived from magnesium
and iron.
 Sandstone Shales Arkose

Conglomerate Tufa Limestone

 Sedimentary Rocks
• Form from accumulation of sediments
which are tiny rock particles that were
weathered from, or broken off from,
preexisting rock or organic material.
• Chemically or physically removed
from a parent rock and then
transported by wind, water, and
glacial action.
 Sedimentary Rocks: Texture
• Clastic- refers to rocks being composed
of individual rock fragments that have
been bonded together.
• Crystalline- refers to rocks being
composed of crystals.
• Bioclastics- formed from remain of
living organism and are only rocks that
contain fossils.
Sedimentary Rocks: Lithification
• Lithification is the process by which
accumulating sediments turns into a solid
mass or sedimentary rocks.
• There are four main processes involved.
These are:
– (1) cementation
– (2) compression and compaction
– (3) chemical processes and
– (4) compression and compaction of living
organism.
Sedimentary Rocks: Lithification
• Cementation involves binding together of
sediments with a substance such as iron
oxide, silicates, or calcium carbonate. (e.g.
sandstone and conglomerate)
• Compression and compaction are influenced
by weight and pressure. (e.g. shale)
• Chemical processes involves precipitation
and evaporation.
• Compression and compaction of living
organisms involves two types (1) fossil
limestone (2) bituminous coal.
Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic and Organic
• Inorganic rocks are formed from
weathering of pre-existing rock. These
includes siltstone, conglomerate, shale,
and sandstone.
• Organic rocks- form from some type of
chemical process such as precipitation
and evaporation. These includes rock
salt, gypsum, fossil limestone, and
bituminous coal.
Slate Quartzite Gneiss

Marble
Talc
 Metamorphic rocks
• Form from pre-existing rocks,
undergo a change as a result of
exposure to intense heat and
pressure.
• It has high density to extreme
pressure.
Metamorphic rocks: Recrystallization
• Is the new arrangement of atoms and
molecules that gives a new properties.
• Does not require the rocks to melt.
 Metamorphic rocks: Foliation
• Formation
of distinct
layers of
the rocks.
 Metamorphic rocks
Marble Limestone
slate Shale
quartzite Sandstone
gneiss Basalt
Anthracite coal Bituminous coal
 Rock Cycle:
• Processes
involve are
uplift
weathering and
erosion, burial,
heat, pressure,
melting,
compaction,
sedimentation
and
solidification.
Mineral Resources
• Refers to any
mineral,
compound, or pure
element that exists
naturally in the
Earth’s crust and is
used by human in
some way.
 Mineral Resources: Classification
• Metallic mineral resource
– these are the abundant metal elements that exist in Earth’s
crust in large quantities. These includes iron, aluminum,
magnesium, titanium, and manganese.
• Scarce metals: gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, tin, and
nickel.
Mineral Resources: Classification
• Non-metalic mineral resources
– include construction materials such as gravel, sand,
clay, sandstone, shale, limestone.
• Others: phosphates, sodium chloride, and sulfur.
 Mineral Deposits Vs. Mineral Ore
• Mineral Deposits • Mineral Ore
– Contain rocks with a – Natural rocks that
high percentage of contain the desired
desired mineral minerals to be extracted.
resources.
 Mining
• Mining is a removal of mineral resources from the
lithosphere. These involves two ways which are:
– (1) underground mining
– (2) surface mining
 Mining
• Underground mining
involves digging of mining
shafts directly into the
Earth’s crust.
• Surface mining involves
removing of mineral ore
deposits from near the
Earth’s surface.
• Department of Environment
and Natural Resources –
Mines and Geoscience
Bureau (DENR – MGB)
– Is a government agency that
regulates the mineral
extraction in the Philippines
 Minerals
and Their Uses
Principle of Uniformity (James Hutton)
– States that the processes occurring today on
Earth are the same processes that have
occurred throughout the planets history.
This means that the condition that lead to
the formation of rocks today are the same as
in the past.
• Principle of Superposition
• states that in undisturbed rock layers, the older rocks
lie below younger rocks.
• states that if a body or discontinuity cuts
across a stratum, it must have formed after
that stratum.
Journal writing:
• List the items in or around your home or at school
that contain minerals, rocks, or mineral resources.
Explain how your life would be change if they did
not exist.
1. The physical properties of minerals are
largely caused by:
a. volume
b. melting point
c. organic composition
d. internal arrangement of atoms
2. Which physical property is classified as
metallic, glassy, earthy, or dull?
a. density c. hardness
b. luster d. streak

3. A students rubs a mineral sample on a

porcelain plate. The student is trying to
determine a mineral’s:
a. density c. hardness
b. luster d. streak
4. A student scratches the minerals with a
fingernail. The student is trying to
determine a mineral’s:
a. density c. hardness
b. luster d. streak
5. Which of the following is considered a
non-metallic mineral resource?
a. gold c. zinc
b. limestone d. copper
6. What is the shape of the Earth?
7. What do you call the position of the
moon closest to the earth?
8-9. What do you call the position of Earth
in an orbit where it closest to the sun?
farthest from the sun?
10.It refers to the equal length of day and
night?