ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Chemical Engineering Department
Unit Operations Lab 1

Experiment No. 6

Bare and Lagged Pipes

Submitted by:

MANALILI, FRANCIS KENT A.

ORTIZ, MARC DANIEL O.

PEÑARUBIA, CHESTER JAMES P.

RODERNO, KARL PHILIP G.

TIGRANES, CHRISTOPHER D.

Submitted to:

Engr. Rugi Vicente D. Rubi

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I. ABSTRACT

Thermal conductivity is the measure of the ability of a material to allow the flow of heat
from its warmer surface through the material to its colder surface; it is determined as the heat
energy transferred per unit of time and per unit of surface area divided by the temperature
gradient. Temperature gradient is defined as the difference of temperature divided by the
distance between the two surfaces usually expressed in watts per Kelvin per meter. The
objectives of this experiment are to determine the thermal conductivity and efficiency of the
lagging materials. The heat input would be assumed equal to the heat flow rate through the
lagged pipe. The material being used in this experiment is the bare and lagged pipes set-up
apparatus, boiler, digital thermometers, heat resistant gloves, container and steam condensate
collector.

II. THEORY

Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from one thing to another thing of
different temperature. These objects could be two solids, a solid and a liquid or gas, or even
within a liquid or gas. Heat transfer by conduction involves transfer of energy within a
material without any motion of the material as a whole. Energy transfers from more energetic
to less energetic molecules when neighbouring molecules collide. Heat flows in direction of
decreasing temperatures since higher temperatures are associated with higher molecular
energy. The rate of heat transferred naturally depends on the magnitude of the temperature
difference, the thermal resistance, and the heat transfer area.

The use of insulation is the most common method of minimizing the heat losses to the
surroundings. This increases the resistance therefore lower the rate of heat transfer. The rate
of heat lost from a pipe carrying steam can be measured simply by determining the rate of
condensation of steam, m, which can be collected at a certain interval of time.

By heat balance,

𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚[𝜆𝑠 + 𝐶𝑝(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑐)]

Where:

𝑞 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ𝑟

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𝜆𝑠 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ𝑟

𝑇𝑠 = 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑒

Condensed steam can be collected as saturated liquid under controlled conditions,

then we can simplify the above equation to,

𝑞 = 𝑚𝜆s

Determining the effectiveness of insulation would therefore be just comparing the

heat lost from the pipe with insulation with that of a bare pipe. The rate of condensation
would be proportional to the heat lost and the weight of the condensate is directly
proportional to its volume. This is assuming that the temperatures and pressures of the
condensate are the same. The lagging efficiency could be determined using the equation

𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = [ 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑙 𝑉𝑏 ]

Where:

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒)

𝑉𝑙 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑(𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒)

Before heat is transferred to the surroundings, it travels first from the bulk of the
steam through the steam film condensate, then through the metal pipe, then through the
insulation by conduction until it reaches the surface of the insulation where part of the heat is
transferred to the surrounding air by convection and part by radiation to the surrounding
walls. That is,

𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = ℎ𝑐𝐴𝑜((𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 ) + ℎ𝑟𝐴𝑜(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑤)

Where:

hc = Heat transfer coefficient by convection

hr = Heat transfer coefficient by radiation

Ts = Surface temperature of insulation

Ao = Outside area of insulation

For practical purposes, Ta =Tw , therefore becomes,

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𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (ℎ𝑐 + ℎ𝑟)𝐴𝑜(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎)

III. OBJECTIVES

 To familiarize with the bare and lagged pipes and provide knowledge about heat transfer
 To provide knowledge on the calculation of heat losses from bare and lagged pipes

IV. MATERIALS / EQUIPMENT USED

1. Bare and Lagged Pipe Apparatus Set- Up

2. Boiler
3. Digital Thermometers
4. Heat Resistant Gloves
5. Container
6. Steam Condensate Collector

V. EQUIPMENT SET-UP / DIAGRAM

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Figure 2-1. Bare and Lagged Pipes

VI. PROCEDURE

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The bare and lagged pipe apparatus set- up was preheated for five (5) minutes by allowing
the steam through the tubes until the temperature reading becomes stable. The valves were
then opened at the end of each tube. Then, a constant pressure of the incoming team was set
by adjusting the valve that controls the steam inflow. This was done by closing the valves at
the end of the tubes and measuring the pressure when it becomes constant. The corresponding
temperature was also measured. The valves at the end of the tubes were opened and the steam
was allowed to run through for five (5) minutes. The condensates at the end of the tubes were
collected using a metal basin.

After five (5) minutes, the temperature at the inlet and outlet of the tubes were recorded
using thermometers. The temperature and the volume of the condensate were measured. The
temperature of the condensate was immediately recorded as it drops into the metal basin so
that the minimal heat is lost upon measurement

VII. EXPERIMENT DATA

Trial 1

Pressure: 14.22 PSI

Temperature (Steam):
Time : 5 minutes

Pipe Type Inlet Temperature (oC) Outlet Temperature (oC)

Pipe 1: Perlite 37.5 33.6
Pipe 2: Normal 51 47.7
Pipe 3: Three (3) Times
54.2 50.2
Coated
Pipe 4: Insulated 38.2 33.3
Table 1: Inlet and Outlet Temperature Readings per type of Pipe

Volume of the
Pipe Type Temperature (oC)
Condensate (mL)
Pipe 1: Perlite 39.4 20
Pipe 2: Normal 48.2 67
Pipe 3: Three (3)
48.2 56
Times Coated
Pipe 4: Insulated 43.1 13
Table 2: Volume and Temperature of the Condensate

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Trial 2

Pressure: 20 PSI
Temperature (Steam): 125oC
Time : 5 minutes

Pipe Type Inlet Temperature (oC) Outlet Temperature (oC)

Pipe 1: Perlite 36.2 33.7
Pipe 2: Normal 58.2 52
Pipe 3: Three (3) Times
52.1 52
Coated
Pipe 4: Insulated 35.1 34.7
Table 3: Inlet and Outlet Temperature Readings per type of Pipe

Volume of the
Pipe Type Temperature (oC)
Condensate (mL)
Pipe 1: Perlite 63 39
Pipe 2: Normal 66 33
Pipe 3: Three (3)
64.8 31
Times Coated
Pipe 4: Insulated 60 23
Table 4: Volume and Temperature of the Condensate

VIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Several factors affect the heat loss in a system, these include the surface area of the
pipe, material in contact with the pipe and the type of material used. As observed from the
experiment, piping insulation or lagging is essential for saving energy this is due to
insulation of your pipes stops most of the heat from leaking out as the steam travels from
the hot inlet to the outlet.

IX. CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that the determined experimental and theoretical heat losses for each pipe
shows reasonably same results through the use of the heat transfer coefficient for convection and
radiation in computing for heat losses. Pipe 4, the Insulated Pipe, gave the highest lagging
efficiency among all the pipes.

X. REFERENCES

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1. “Heat loss in Bare and Lagged Pipes”. Retrieved 2019 from

https://www.slideshare.net/NicelyJaneEleccion/heat-loss-in-bare-and-lagged-pipes

2. “Apparatus for determining heat loss from bare and lagged pipes”. Retrieved February 09, 2016
from https://dokumen.tips/documents/heat-loss-for-bare-and-lagged-pipes.html

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