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IPT Notes - Communication Systems

The document discusses several key aspects of communication protocols and systems. It outlines common protocols like TCP, IP, HTTP and Ethernet that establish how devices communicate and ensure reliable data transfer. It also describes different methods of transmitting data through wired mediums like twisted pair, coaxial and fiber optic cables or wireless technologies such as radio, Bluetooth and WiFi. Additionally, it lists various hardware components involved in networks and their functions, including hubs, switches, routers, modems and wireless access points.

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Saad Kashif
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52 views2 pages

IPT Notes - Communication Systems

The document discusses several key aspects of communication protocols and systems. It outlines common protocols like TCP, IP, HTTP and Ethernet that establish how devices communicate and ensure reliable data transfer. It also describes different methods of transmitting data through wired mediums like twisted pair, coaxial and fiber optic cables or wireless technologies such as radio, Bluetooth and WiFi. Additionally, it lists various hardware components involved in networks and their functions, including hubs, switches, routers, modems and wireless access points.

Uploaded by

Saad Kashif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 The roles of protocols in communication

- Handshaking  occurs when two devices want to communicate so they


negotiation/establish protocols to use. They also establish what data packets, error
checking methods and the speed of the data transfer is.
- HTTP  Hypertext Transfer Protocol – web browsers use this primarily to
communicate/retrieve web pages from web servers.
- TCP  Transmission Control Protocol – Responsible for ensuring messages are
delivered correctly and request the message to be resent if lost (error/fault). A TCP
packet will have a header/trailer.
- IP  Internet Protocol – causes data packets to move from the sender to receiver. IP
cannot be relied on to send data packets properly. Advantage: it has the ability to
reroute messages from the most efficient path to the destination. The Header of each IP
data packet includes the sender/destination’s IP address.
- Ethernet  Operates at physical level, is a system for connecting a number of systems
from a LAN. The MAC address of the sender/receiver is included in the frame header.
CRC is typically used more than checksum.

 Transmitting and Receiving in Communications System


- Wired – Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fibre Optic

 Wireless
- Microwave (e.g. radars, satellites, sensor systems).
- Radio (used mobile phones)
- Infrared
- Bluetooth
- Wireless LANs (laptops have antennas communicate)
- Satellite

 Media
- Speed (bits per second)/Baud Rates (number of signal events occurring at second along a
communication channel.)
- Capacity (bandwidth_
- Cost/Security – wireless>wired.

Functions of Hardware Components

 Hubs  multiport device, inefficient when under high traffic


 Switch  determine the address of the sender/receiver. Act as a bridge with their ports.
 Routers  comm. Between many networks that use many protocols
 Modems  modulation (encode digital data onto analogue
waveform)/demodulation(decoding)
 Bridges
 Gateways
 NIC (Network Interface Cards) – MAC Addresses.
 Mobile Phones
 Cables
 WAP (Wireless Access Points)  central devices/nodes on wireless LANs which broadcast
packets to the nodes in the local area. Like a wireless hub.
 Bluetooth Devices

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