Networking Exam Answers

This Questions are related to Subject - Networking, Make

sure to answer each question in either 5-6 bullet points or
table, keep it **very simple** to understand but at the
same time these answers will be written in exams. you can
also explain in analogy if the answer is difficult to learn but
make sure the analogy is not a part of the real answer it's
just an extra point

Got it! I'll keep the answers simple, clear, and exam-friendly while including analogies for
tough concepts. Drop your networking questions, and I'll format them accordingly! 🚀
Explain function of each layer of ISO-OSI reference model.

Here's a simple breakdown of the ISO-OSI Reference Model with functions of each layer:

Layer Functions

Physical (Layer 1) - Transmits raw bits (0s & 1s) over a medium.
- Defines cables, radio signals, voltages.
- Ensures physical connection between devices.

Data Link (Layer 2) - Organizes data into frames.

- Handles error detection & correction.
- Uses MAC addresses for device identification.

Network (Layer 3) - Handles logical addressing (IP addresses).

- Routes data between networks.
- Manages congestion control.

Transport (Layer 4) - Ensures reliable data transfer (TCP) or fast delivery (UDP).
- Breaks data into segments & reassembles them.
- Provides error control & flow control.

Session (Layer 5) - Manages and controls communication sessions.

- Starts, maintains, and ends sessions between applications.
- Handles authentication.

Presentation (Layer 6) - Converts data formats (encryption, compression).

- Ensures data is readable for the application layer.
- Deals with character encoding (ASCII, Unicode).

Application (Layer 7) - Provides network services to end-users (browsers, email).

- Handles protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP.
- Manages user authentication and data integrity.

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🔹 Analogy (Not part of exam answer)
Think of OSI as a parcel delivery system:

1. Physical: Roads and vehicles transporting parcels (raw bits).

2. Data Link: Ensures correct delivery like labeling parcels with addresses (MAC).

3. Network: GPS system that routes parcels (IP addressing).

4. Transport: Decides between fragile (TCP) and regular (UDP) shipping.

5. Session: Tracks multiple shipments for a customer (session management).

6. Presentation: Translates languages on a parcel's label (encryption, formatting).

7. Application: Customer receiving and using the package (end-user services).

Would you like any specific layer explained in more detail? 🚀

Draw TCP/IP model and state the function of each layer.
Explain TCP/IP protocol in detail.

TCP/IP Model Diagram

pgsql

+--------------------+-------------------------+
| Application | HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS |
+--------------------+-------------------------+
| Transport | TCP, UDP |
+--------------------+-------------------------+
| Internet | IP, ICMP, ARP |
+--------------------+-------------------------+
| Network Access | Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP |
+--------------------+-------------------------+

Functions of Each Layer

Layer Functions

Application - Provides network services to users (Web, Email, File transfer).

- Uses protocols like HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP.

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 Layer Functions

Transport - Ensures reliable (TCP) or fast (UDP) communication.

- Breaks data into segments & reassembles them.
- Handles error control and flow control.

Internet - Handles logical addressing (IP addresses).

- Routes data across networks.
- Uses protocols like IP, ICMP, ARP.

Network Access - Defines how data is transmitted over physical media.

- Manages MAC addresses, error detection.
- Uses technologies like Ethernet, Wi-Fi.

TCP/IP Protocol in Detail

1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Ensures reliable communication by establishing a connection before sending data.

Breaks data into segments and numbers them for proper order.

Uses acknowledgment (ACK) to confirm successful delivery.

Slower but ensures accurate data transmission.

2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Faster but unreliable (does not ensure delivery).

Used for real-time applications like video streaming & online gaming.

No acknowledgment or retransmission.

3. Internet Protocol (IP)

Assigns unique addresses to devices (IPv4, IPv6).

Routes data from source to destination across networks.

4. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses for local network communication.

5. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Used for error reporting and diagnostics (e.g., Ping command).

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🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)
Think of TCP/IP as a postal system:

Application Layer → Writing a letter (email, website request).

Transport Layer → Choosing between registered mail (TCP) or regular mail (UDP).

Internet Layer → Post office sorting & routing (IP addressing).

Network Access Layer → Delivering the letter using a truck (Ethernet, Wi-Fi).

Would you like any section expanded further? 🚀

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Define Network Topology? Explain different types of

topologies.

Network Topology Definition

Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices (nodes) in a
network. It defines how computers, switches, routers, and other devices are connected and
communicate.

Types of Network Topologies

Diagram
Topology Representation Description Advantages Disadvantages

Bus 🛑──🖥️──🖥️ - Single central ✅ Cost-effective ❌ If main cable

──🖥️──🛑 cable (backbone) ✅ Easy to install fails, entire
connects all network stops.
devices. ❌ Slow with
- Data travels in heavy traffic.
both directions.

Star 📡 📁🖥️🖥️🖥️📁 - All devices ✅ High

connect to a performance
central hub or ✅ Easy to
switch. add/remove
devices

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 Diagram
Topology Representation Description Advantages Disadvantages

- Most common
topology.

Ring 🔄🖥️──🖥️── - Devices form a ✅ Predictable data ❌ One failure

🖥️🔄 closed loop flow breaks the
(circle). ✅ Less packet network.
- Data moves in collision ❌ Difficult to
one direction. troubleshoot.

Mesh 🔀🖥️🖥️🖥️🔀 - Every device ✅ Highly reliable ❌ Very expensive

connects to ✅ No single point ❌ Complex to
every other of failure manage.
device.
- Used in critical
applications
(military,
banking).

Tree 🌳 - Hybrid of star ✅ Scalable for ❌ If main

(Hierarchical) and bus large networks backbone fails,
topology. ✅ Easy network breaks.
- Devices are troubleshooting ❌ Complex to
connected in a install.
hierarchy.

Hybrid 🔄➕📡➕🛑 - Combination of ✅ Flexible & ❌ Expensive

two or more scalable setup
topologies. ✅ Efficient in large ❌ Difficult to
- Used in networks configure.
enterprise
networks.

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Imagine a city's road system:

Bus Topology → A single highway connecting all houses.

Star Topology → Every house connected to a central roundabout.

Ring Topology → A circular road connecting all houses.

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 Mesh Topology → Every house connected to every other house.

Tree Topology → Main road with multiple branches.

Hybrid Topology → A mix of different types based on need.

Would you like a specific topology explained in detail? 🚀

What is wireless transmission? Explain any two media in
detail.

What is Wireless Transmission?

Wireless transmission is the process of sending data without physical cables using
electromagnetic waves like radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals. It enables
communication between devices over short and long distances.

Types of Wireless Transmission Media

Media Type Description Example Uses

Radio Waves - Uses low-frequency signals for long-distance - FM/AM radio

communication. - Wi-Fi
- Can penetrate walls and obstacles. - Bluetooth

Microwaves - Uses high-frequency signals for high-speed - Satellite

data transmission. communication
- Requires line-of-sight (no obstacles). - Mobile networks (4G,
5G)

Infrared (IR) - Short-range transmission using light waves. - TV remote controls

- Requires direct line-of-sight. - Wireless
keyboards/mice

Satellite - Uses satellites to transmit signals over long - GPS

Communication distances. - Satellite TV
- Works globally with high coverage. - Internet services

Detailed Explanation of Two Media

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1️⃣ Radio Waves
Operates at low frequencies (3 kHz to 300 GHz).

Can travel long distances and penetrate obstacles like buildings.

Used in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM/AM radio, and mobile networks.

Example: Wi-Fi routers use radio waves to connect laptops and phones wirelessly.

2️⃣ Microwaves
Operates at high frequencies (1 GHz to 300 GHz).

Requires line-of-sight (no obstructions between transmitter and receiver).

Used in satellites, mobile networks (4G, 5G), and radar systems.

Example: Mobile towers use microwaves to send signals for phone calls and internet.

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Think of wireless transmission as different ways of talking:

Radio waves → Talking loudly in a crowded place (signal spreads in all directions).

Microwaves → Using a laser pointer to send a message (direct and precise).

Would you like more details on any type? 🚀

Define Computer Network? Explain goals of Computer
Network. Explain different types of network.

Definition of Computer Network

A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices (computers, servers, routers,
etc.) that share resources and communicate using wired or wireless connections.

Goals of Computer Network

Goal Description

Resource Sharing - Allows users to share hardware (printers, storage) and software.

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 Goal Description

Communication - Enables data transfer between devices (emails, video calls, messaging).

Reliability - Ensures data is available even if one path or device fails (redundancy).

Scalability - Can expand easily by adding more devices to the network.

Security - Protects data from unauthorized access using encryption and firewalls.

Cost Efficiency - Reduces costs by sharing resources instead of using separate systems.

Types of Computer Networks

Network Type Description Example Uses

PAN (Personal Area - Smallest network, used for personal devices. - Bluetooth
Network) - Covers a few meters. connections
- Smartwatch to
phone

LAN (Local Area Network) - Connects computers within a small area - Office network
(home, office, school). - School computer
- High-speed data transfer. labs

MAN (Metropolitan Area - Covers a city or large area using fiber-optic - City-wide Wi-Fi
Network) cables. - Cable TV networks
- Faster than LAN but slower than WAN.

WAN (Wide Area Network) - Covers large geographical areas (countries, - The Internet
worldwide). - Bank networks
- Uses satellites, fiber-optic cables, or
undersea cables.

VPN (Virtual Private - Secure private network over the internet. - Remote work
Network) - Encrypts data for privacy. access
- Secure browsing

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Think of computer networks like different road systems:

PAN → Your house (small personal space).

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 LAN → Your neighborhood (connects homes and buildings).

MAN → A city’s highways.

WAN → A country’s road network connecting cities.

VPN → A secret underground tunnel for secure travel.

Would you like me to expand on any network type? 🚀

What is addressing? Explain different types of addresses.

What is Addressing in Networking?

Addressing in networking refers to assigning unique identifiers to devices so they can
communicate properly. These addresses help locate devices in a network and ensure that
data reaches the correct destination.

Types of Addresses in Networking

Address Type Description Example

MAC Address - Unique hardware address of a device’s 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E

(Physical Address) network interface card (NIC).
- Assigned by the manufacturer and
cannot be changed.
- Used in local network communication
(LAN).

IP Address (Logical - Unique identifier assigned to a device in 192.168.1.1 (IPv4)

Address) a network. 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329 (IPv6)
- Can be IPv4 (32-bit) or IPv6 (128-bit).
- Used in global communication
(Internet, WAN).

Port Address - Identifies specific services or 80 (HTTP), 443 (HTTPS), 25

applications on a device. (SMTP)
- Used in the Transport Layer (TCP/UDP).

Logical Name - Human-readable name for an IP www.google.com instead of

(Domain Name) address. 142.250.183.14
- Used in DNS (Domain Name System).

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 Address Type Description Example

Subnet Address - Defines network segments for efficient 192.168.1.0/24

routing.
- Helps divide a large network into
smaller networks.

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Think of addressing in networking like a postal system:

MAC Address → Your house’s permanent address (fixed & unique).

IP Address → Your street address (can change when you move).

Port Address → Your apartment number (tells where to deliver within the building).

Domain Name → Your contact name in a phonebook (easy to remember instead of

numbers).

Subnet Address → A zip code (groups multiple houses for efficient delivery).

Would you like more details on any address type? 🚀

What is Bridge? Explain types of bridges.

What is a Bridge in Networking?

A bridge is a networking device that connects two or more LANs (Local Area Networks) and
helps in filtering traffic based on MAC addresses. It works at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of
the OSI model and reduces network congestion by dividing a large network into smaller,
more manageable segments.

Types of Bridges
Type Description Example Use

Transparent - Commonly used in LANs. - Connecting two office LANs for

Bridge - Operates without modifying data seamless communication.
packets.

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 Type Description Example Use

- Automatically learns and forwards

traffic based on MAC addresses.

Source Routing - Used in Token Ring networks. - Large networks where specific
Bridge - The sender determines the route for paths need to be followed.
data packets.
- Provides efficient routing but requires
more processing.

Translational - Converts different network protocols - Bridging an older Ethernet LAN

Bridge (e.g., Ethernet ↔ Wi-Fi). with a modern Wi-Fi network.
- Helps connect legacy systems with
modern networks.

Remote Bridge - Connects LANs in different locations - A company linking offices in

using WAN links (like leased lines). different cities over a leased line.
- Useful for connecting branch offices.

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Think of a bridge like a traffic officer managing cars (data packets) between two roads
(networks):

Transparent Bridge → A smart officer who learns traffic patterns and directs cars
efficiently.

Source Routing Bridge → A GPS system that plans routes before a car starts its journey.

Translational Bridge → A translator helping two people who speak different languages.

Remote Bridge → A long-distance bridge connecting two cities over a river (WAN).

Would you like further explanation on any bridge type? 🚀

Explain Firewall and its Security Features.

What is a Firewall?
A firewall is a network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a

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trusted network (internal LAN) and an untrusted network (Internet) to prevent
unauthorized access.

Security Features of a Firewall

Feature Description

Packet Filtering - Examines data packets and allows or blocks them based on rules (IP
address, port, protocol).

Stateful Inspection - Tracks active connections and makes decisions based on the state of the
connection (e.g., only allowing responses to user-initiated requests).

Proxy Services - Acts as an intermediary between users and the internet, filtering
malicious content.

Intrusion Prevention - Detects and blocks potential cyber threats (e.g., hacking attempts,
System (IPS) malware) in real-time.

VPN Support - Allows secure remote access by encrypting communication between

remote users and the network.

Access Control - Restricts or grants access to specific users, applications, or devices based
on security policies.

Logging and - Keeps logs of network activity, helping to detect and analyze security
Monitoring incidents.

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Think of a firewall like a security guard at the entrance of a building:

Packet Filtering → Checks ID cards before allowing entry.

Stateful Inspection → Remembers who entered and only allows verified visitors to
return.

Proxy Services → Acts as a receptionist who speaks on behalf of employees to outsiders.

Intrusion Prevention → Stops burglars from entering.

VPN Support → A secret passage for employees to enter securely.

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 Logging and Monitoring → CCTV cameras tracking every movement for security
reports.

Would you like more details on any feature? 🚀

Explain IEEE standard 802.11 (WLAN) in detail.

IEEE 802.11 (WLAN) Standard – Detailed Explanation

The IEEE 802.11 standard defines Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) communication. It
specifies how devices such as laptops, smartphones, and routers communicate wirelessly
over radio frequencies.

Key Features of IEEE 802.11

✅ Uses radio waves (2.4 GHz & 5 GHz) for communication.
✅ Defines Wi-Fi standards for high-speed wireless internet.
✅ Supports different modulation techniques for better data transmission.
✅ Provides security features like WPA, WPA2, and WPA3.

Types of IEEE 802.11 Standards

Frequency Max
Standard Band Speed Range Description

802.11 2.4 GHz 2 Mbps 20m - First WLAN standard, now obsolete.
(Legacy) (Indoor)

802.11a 5 GHz 54 35m - Less interference but shorter range.

Mbps

802.11b 2.4 GHz 11 38m - Slower but better range.

Mbps

802.11g 2.4 GHz 54 38m - Backward compatible with 802.11b.

Mbps

802.11n (Wi- 2.4 GHz & 5 600 70m - Uses MIMO (Multiple-Input,
Fi 4) GHz Mbps Multiple-Output) for better speed &

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 Frequency Max
Standard Band Speed Range Description

coverage.

802.11ac 5 GHz 6.9 100m - Supports MU-MIMO for multiple

(Wi-Fi 5) Gbps users.

802.11ax 2.4 GHz & 5 9.6 100m+ - More devices, better efficiency, low
(Wi-Fi 6) GHz Gbps latency.

802.11be 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz 46 Gbps 100m+ - Ultra-fast speeds for gaming,
(Wi-Fi 7) & 6 GHz streaming, and AI applications.

Security in IEEE 802.11

🔐 WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) – Weak, easily hacked. ❌
🔐 WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) – Improved encryption.
🔐 WPA2 – Stronger encryption (AES), widely used.
🔐 WPA3 – Latest security standard, better protection.

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Think of Wi-Fi standards like different generations of mobile networks:

802.11b → Like 2G (slow, outdated).

802.11g → Like 3G (usable, but limited).

802.11n (Wi-Fi 4) → Like 4G (good speed).

802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) → Like 4G LTE (fast and reliable).

802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) → Like 5G (high efficiency, better for more devices).

802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) → Future beyond 5G, extreme speed! 🚀

Would you like me to explain any part in more detail? 😊
Differentiate between fiber optic and twisted pair cable

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Difference Between Fiber Optic and Twisted Pair Cable
Feature Fiber Optic Cable 🔵 Twisted Pair Cable 🟢
Material Glass or plastic fibers Copper wires

Data Uses light signals Uses electrical signals

Transmission

Speed Very high (up to 100 Gbps or more) Lower (up to 10 Gbps)

Distance Can transmit over kilometers without signal loss Shorter distance (up to 100
meters)

Interference Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) Prone to EMI and crosstalk

Security Difficult to tap (high security) Easier to tap (lower security)

Cost Expensive 💰 Cheaper 💵

Usage Used in long-distance and high-speed networks Used in LANs, telephone
(e.g., Internet backbone, data centers) lines, home networks

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Fiber Optic → Like a laser beam sending messages instantly over long distances.

Twisted Pair → Like a telephone wire, good for short distances but affected by noise.

Would you like more details on any aspect? 😊

Differentiate between fiber optic and twisted pair cable

Difference Between Fiber Optic and Twisted Pair Cable

Feature Fiber Optic Cable 🔵 Twisted Pair Cable 🟢
Material Made of glass or plastic fibers Made of copper wires

Data Uses light signals Uses electrical signals

Transmission

Speed Very high (up to 100 Gbps or more) Lower (up to 10 Gbps)

Distance Can transmit over kilometers with minimal Effective up to 100 meters
signal loss

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 Feature Fiber Optic Cable 🔵 Twisted Pair Cable 🟢
Interference Immune to electromagnetic interference Prone to EMI and crosstalk
(EMI)

Bandwidth Higher bandwidth, supports more data Lower bandwidth, limited

data capacity

Security Difficult to tap (high security) Easier to tap (lower security)

Durability Fragile (glass fibers can break easily) More durable and flexible

Cost Expensive 💰 Cheaper 💵

Usage Used in long-distance communication, Used in LANs, telephone
Internet backbone, data centers lines, home networks

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Fiber Optic → Like a laser beam, fast and unaffected by interference.

Twisted Pair → Like a telephone wire, good for short distances but affected by noise.

Would you like a simpler explanation of any point? 😊

Explain Bluetooth Architecture

Bluetooth Architecture
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that allows devices to communicate over
distances of up to 100 meters. It follows the IEEE 802.15.1 standard and operates in the 2.4
GHz frequency band.

Bluetooth Architecture Components

Component Description

Bluetooth Device Any device with Bluetooth capability (phones, laptops, speakers, etc.).

Piconet A small network of one master and up to 7 active slaves.

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 Component Description

Scatternet Multiple piconets connected together, allowing more devices to

communicate.

Master Device Controls the communication, assigns time slots, and manages slaves.

Slave Device Listens and follows instructions from the master device.

Bluetooth Protocol A set of layers handling different Bluetooth functions.

Stack

Bluetooth Protocol Stack (Layers)

Layer Function

Radio Layer Handles physical transmission using radio waves (2.4

GHz).

Baseband Layer Manages device addressing, connections, and data

packets.

LMP (Link Manager Protocol) Controls link setup, authentication, encryption, and
power management.

L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Handles data segmentation and reassembly.
Adaptation Protocol)

RFCOMM (Radio Frequency Simulates serial communication for wireless data

Communication) transfer.

Application Layer Contains user applications like file transfer, audio

streaming, and Bluetooth controls.

🔹 Analogy (Not part of the exam answer)

Think of Bluetooth like a walkie-talkie system:

Master device → The person giving instructions.

Slave devices → The people listening and responding.

Piconet → A small group of connected walkie-talkies.

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 Scatternet → Multiple walkie-talkie groups connected together.

Would you like a diagram for better understanding? 🚀

4. Appeared 1 Time
Cryptography/Steganography

Marks Weightage: 5-10 marks.

Examples:

"What is cryptography? Explain encryption and decryption

process."

Copyright

Marks Weightage: 5-10 marks.

Examples:

"What is copyright? Explain applications of copyright."

Fast Ethernet

Marks Weightage: 5-10 marks.

Examples:

"What is Fast Ethernet? Explain categories of Fast Ethernet."

Hub vs. Switch

Marks Weightage: 5-10 marks.

Examples:

"What is Hub? How does Switch differ from HUB?"

Propagation Methods

Marks Weightage: 5-10 marks.

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 Examples:

"Explain propagation methods in detail."

Here are the answers for each topic in a simple and exam-friendly format:

1. Cryptography & Steganography

What is Cryptography?
🔹 Cryptography is the science of securing communication by converting data into
unreadable formats to prevent unauthorized access.
🔹 It ensures confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation.
Encryption & Decryption Process
Process Description

Encryption Converts plain text into cipher text using an encryption algorithm and a key.

Decryption Converts cipher text back to plain text using a decryption key.

🔹 Example:
Plain Text: "HELLO"

Encrypted (Cipher Text): "Khoor" (Using Caesar Cipher with a shift of 3)

Decrypted: "HELLO" (Reverse the shift)

2. Copyright
What is Copyright?
🔹 Copyright is a legal protection given to the original creators of literary, artistic, musical,
and software works.
🔹 It gives the owner exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and display their work.
Applications of Copyright

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 Application Example

Books & Literature Copyrighted novels, articles, research papers

Music & Movies Songs, films, and sound recordings

Software Proprietary software like Windows, Photoshop

Art & Photography Paintings, digital artwork, photos

Website Content Blogs, website code, images

🔹 Example: If a person copies a movie without permission, it violates copyright law.

3. Fast Ethernet
What is Fast Ethernet?
🔹 Fast Ethernet is a high-speed networking standard that provides data transfer speeds of
100 Mbps (Megabits per second).
🔹 It uses CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) for data
transmission.

Categories of Fast Ethernet

Category Speed Cable Type

100BASE-TX 100 Mbps Twisted Pair (Cat5, Cat6)

100BASE-FX 100 Mbps Fiber Optic Cable

100BASE-T4 100 Mbps Four twisted-pair cables

🔹 Example: Used in office LANs for faster data transfer between computers.

4. Hub vs. Switch

What is a Hub?
🔹 A Hub is a simple networking device that broadcasts data to all connected devices,
causing network congestion.

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Difference Between Hub & Switch
Feature Hub 🔵 Switch 🟢
Data Transfer Sends data to all devices Sends data only to the intended device

Efficiency Less efficient More efficient

Collision Handling High chance of collisions Reduces collisions

Speed Slower (10-100 Mbps) Faster (1 Gbps or more)

Usage Small networks Large networks

🔹 Example:
Hub → Like a group email sent to everyone.

Switch → Like a private message sent to only one person.

5. Propagation Methods
What are Propagation Methods?
🔹 Propagation methods define how signals travel from sender to receiver in wireless
communication.

Types of Propagation Methods

Type Description Example

Ground Wave Follows the Earth's surface AM Radio

Sky Wave Reflects off the ionosphere Shortwave Radio

Line-of-Sight (LOS) Travels in a straight line Satellite, Wi-Fi

Space Wave Used for direct high-frequency transmission TV, Mobile signals

🔹 Example:
Wi-Fi uses Line-of-Sight propagation because obstacles weaken the signal.

AM radio uses Ground Wave propagation for long-distance transmission.

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Would you like me to simplify any topic further? 🚀😊

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