Chapter 5

TIIEO

then

onnrxrnt nrtpcRhr's oF vEcroB"

H'"I;1,;*1lJ,.J'"f,'.',:i'fi]: ff,i,";ifilifililj In suc
supposed contlnuous ln a specified interval. Then
A.dr
*r,rru =, *u,ra, * *
f nx,tau
[ f i
! nz@\ttu t

tgcalled anindefiniteintegralof R(u). If thereexistsavectorS(rr)suchthat R(u) =

f,(Xrl;,tt"n SI'RF
g(a)+c
{*r'rr, = If,(srnl)a, = su

c
rfac
alled
w'here c le tn ubitraty consaant vector- lndependent of u. The definite integral between llmits z=o
end u=6 cen ln such case be wrltten
afea (

['
B(r)du =
I' ft$a; a, = s(u) i " l: = s(6) - s(a) w hcse
The ir
Thls lntegral can also be deflned as a limit of a sum ln a manner analogous to that of elementary in-
tegral calculus.

is an
LINE INTEOBALS. Let r(u) = r(u)l + y(u\l + z1u;k, where r(u) ls the position vector ol (r,y,z\, {lux o
deflne a curve C joinins points P1 and P2, where r=rr1 End u=u2 respectlvely.
We assume that C ls composed of a flnlte number of curves for each of which r(u) h4s a contln-
uous derlvatlve. Let A(r,y,zl = lrl + Arl + A"k be a vector function of posltion deftned and con-
tlnuous along C. Then the lntegral of the tangential component of A along C from P1 to P2, wrltten as where

l,e on example
r A.dt =
T
A-dr
frorn
+ A2dv + astlz

of a linc integraL lf A ls the force F on a partlcle movlng along C, this line lntegral
be de
menta

represents the work done by the force. If C ls a closed curve (whlch we shall suppose ls a sdnple no cor
chscd cutve, l.e. a curve whlch does not lntersect itself anywhere) the tntegral around C is often
denoted by

L. dt Asdr + A2dy + Asdz the pr

{ { pendi<

ln aerodynamlcs does
and Ould meehenics ttrls lntegral ls called lhe circulatrlon of A about C, where A
represents the veloclty of a fluld. this rr

In general, any lntegral whlch is to be evaluated along a cqrve ls called e llne lntegral. Such
VOLU
tntegrols can be deflned ln terms of llmlts of sums as are the lntegrals of elementary calculus.
For methods ol eveluatlon of llne intlgrals, see the Solved problems.
' The followlng theorem ls lmportant.
are el
82 such i
 I'ECTOR IN?EGRAT,ION s3

TIIEOREIII. If A =Vd evelywhere in a region rR of space, defi.ned by a1 S x S a2, b1 1y 1 br,

c1S z ! cr, where p(x,y,z) is single-valued and has continuous derivatives in R.
then P2
{ A.r/r is independent of the path C in R joining p, and p,
J,,

I
2 @ e./r = 0 around any closetl curve C in R
J
In such case A is called a consen,atiue rlector field and (, is its scalar potential.
A vector field A is cr;nservative if and only if VxA=0, or equivalenily 4=s6 In such case
A'r/r = .'11 rlx + .42 dy + ,1" /7 = d0.,, an exact differential. See probiems 10-14.

SITRFACE tN'{'iiGRALS. L,et.S be a two-sided surface, such as shown in the figure below.
Let one
side of .5 be considered arbitrarily as the positive side (if s is a closed
surface thiS is taken as the outer side;. A unit norrnal n to any point of the positive
side of S is
called a lositiue ar oulu:flrd drcru,n unit normal.
Associate with the diiferential of surlace
area a vector dS whose magnitude is a'.S and
r/.S
whose direction is that of n. Then r/S = n dS
"
The integral ds

ff A.dS
{f A"n dS

is an exampie of a surface integral called the

{lux of. A over S. Other surface integrais are
{{
flt
JJ
ods,
ff
s
OndS,
ff
s
,{xdS v

where d is a scalar function. Such integrals can

i
be defined in terms of limits of sums as i-n ele-
mentary calculus (see Problem 1?).

The notation
fr
no eonfusion can arise the notation
is sometimes used to indicate integration over the closed surface S.

s
f
may aiso be used
where

JS

To evaluate surface integrals, it is convenient to express them as doubie integrals taken over
the projected area of the surface S on one of the coordinate planes. This is possible if any
line per-
pendicular to the coordinate plane chosen meets the surface in no more than
one point. However, this
does not pose any real problem since we can generally subdivide S into surfaces which
do satisfy
this restriction.

voLUME INTEGBALS. Consider a closed surface in space enclosing a volume Iz. Then

{ff ^,,
v
and
{f{odv
V

ate examples af volutne integrals oI spoce integrals as they are sometimes called For evaluation of
such integrals, see the Solved problems.