LEC 17 – Newton’s Method.

Recall: The Intermediate Value Theorem says that if f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and
y is between f (a) and f (b) then there is an x 2 [a, b] such that f (x) = y.
Recall: Newton’s method:
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn
f 0 (xn )
Course Guide Question #5: Complete the following steps to estimate the solution of the equation
⇣ ⇡⌘ x
sin x + =
2 2
(a) Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to explain why we know that there is a solution between
0 and ⇡2 .

)
solution
Sinfxttz ) I has solution ⇒
sinfxttz I = O has a
-

= a

continuous function
f (x ) sin ( Xt
Ea ) Ia which is a
Using
=
-

I
we have f ( of sin Lotz )
-

Oz = I
←
Since
Ey LOL
the
and f is continuous on

interval IVT
I E, Excel
-

,
and f (E) = sin ( Eaten ) -

Ehly =

-1¥ guarantees that there exists

CE ( that fk )
IT 1) such O
-
-

,
.

(b) Perform three iterations of Newton’s method with the initial value x0 = ⇡
4
(use 8 decimal
places).

Xttz
(

Ez
I
'
f sin ( ) ¥ f (x ) cos Xt
H1 )
Using
=
=
-

⇒
Xn+ ,
=
Xn
- sin(XtI)-xz
cos ( Xt I) -

Xo = I
4

finHo+¥I)
Xo 1.045862029
-

× = = .

,
. .

cos ( Xo -1
E) -

11321.029866529
Xz = 1.02991391668 . . .

.
. .

81
 Course Guide: Question 2: Consider the DTDS Nt+1 = ln(3 Nt2 ). (a) Use the Intermediate Value
Theorem to show that there is an equilibrium in the closed interval [0, 1].
solution to
equilibrium ) fixed point ×=fC×
is a ,
X
=) 0=fk ) -

⇒ 0=113 -

XY -
X

XZ ) has
gcx )=ln(
root
fixed point in [ 0,1 ] ⇒ 3 X a
-
-

i. There is a
in 0,17

)=bn( 3-04-0 =lnl 3) 21.098612289

go
)=ln( k) I lmk ) I 0.30685
gli 3 - - = -

= -

L OL I 0986
Since -0.30685 and
gk ) is continuous
' . - i

gli ) L O C
glo ) on (o ,
, ] ,
IVT guarantees
( o , 1) such that gk )=O Some CE .

(b) Use Newton’s method to solve for the equilibrium up to four iterations using the initial guess
1. Please give decimal 4 points for your calculation.
-2×2
(3 g KI
XZ ) '
gkkln x = I
-
-
-

3- Xz

xnti xn
µt)
=
⇒
-

Xo =L

X ,
=
0.84657359 . . .

112=0834546205 . . -

113=0.834486867 .
. .

1/420.834486865 .
. .

82
 Course Guide: Question 4: The goal of this question is to show that the function f (x) = x3 + x2 +
3x + 2 for x 2 ( 1, 1) has exactly one zero.
(a) Use the intermediate value theorem to show that there exists (at least) one zero.

f- f- 1) = -

I and f ( 07=2

at least
since -

I co < 2 and f is Cts

,
I VT
guarantees
f- C -
D L O L f lo ) one number CE ft O ) such that f (c) = O .

(b) Use the Mean Value Theorem to show that if there are two (or more) zeros, then there is at least
one critical point.

Assume I a
,
b E ( -

a
a) such that a # b and f- (a) =
Hb ) =
O .

Since f is differentiable ( for all XEHI ) ,

MUT guarantees a number c E Ca , b)

( or Rolle 's th m )

HbfIfa# Offa
'
such that f (c) =
=
=
O

MVT that f has type I critical #

ie guarantees a .

(c) Show that the function f does not have a critical point.

f 4×1=3×2+2×+3

has solutions since its discriminant b2 ya 4 4 (3) (3) so

0=3×2+2×+3 c =
no
- -

(d) Put all your arguments together to show that the function has exactly one zero.

at least root ( interval f I O ))

I VT guarantees one on the ,

two distinct roots MVT would

If there were a
,
b
,
a Fb
,
then guarantee
f- has at least one critical # which we know is false
,

for f- to have two more roots

impossible
or
I .
It is

⇒ f has examine root .

83
(e) Find the root, accurate to 3 decimal places, using Newton’s method.
'
-0.5 FK )=X3tX2t3Xt2 f (X ) -

3×2+2×+3
Try
-

xo=

XhtI=Xn
-

f(
fl ( Xn )

Agh
1122-0.715279444
X. 2- 0.7272727 . . .
=xn-¥3¥¥¥¥E )

. .
-

0.71522524

00715×4=-0.715225238
g. the root is XX -

84
LEC 18 – Antiderivatives.

Compute the following:

Z Z
sin(x) dx = cost -

)tC x3 dx =
I ,X4tC

Z Z
p It
¥
'
cos(x) dx =
sink )tC x dx
=fxEd× =
,
te

=ZzX%tC
Z Z
tank
=IIzx3tC
2
sec (x) dx =
)tC 17x2 dx

Z Z
31
sec(x) tan(x) dx =
seek ) TC
x2
dx =3lfx-ZdX
" '

=3l( It )x- ,
te

'

= -3115 tc

Z Z
8h44
1 8
dx = arctanlxltc dx = tc
1 + x2 x

Z Z
1
p dx =
arcsinlxltc 7ex dx =7e×tC
1 x2

85
Find the following indefinite integrals.
Z p
f H2r×
(1 + x)2
(a) dx = da
x2

2
2×-3/2 '
d
-

J x x
-

= X t t

"
"

2¥ ) think
'
x I t C
-

=
-

x t

link
tf
C
Ix t I t
-
-

Z
ft 'tff
(t + 1)2
(b) dt =
d t
2t3

ftzt
2 -3
dt
It
"
-

= t t t

tf ft )
2
Lent tf
-

ft Y t
-

= t t C

Ibn let f ¥ t C
-
-

Z p
f
( x + 2)2 4 rx
4×7
X t t
(c)
=
dx dx
x2

J 4×-3/2 4×-2 DX
=
-
I
x t t

"
lmk 4¥ ) x I
-

'
I
f
-

= t t 4 x t C

=
lmk tf -

¥ to

86
 Z

f 4-41*2
(2 x)2
(d) dx =
dx
x

f 4x4 -

4 t x DX

= 4 link I -

4x t
Iz t C

Z ✓ ◆
2 4
(e) 10x 4
+p 1 dx
x 3
x

fl 0×4 415 I DX
I
2x I
-

= -

t -

10¥ -

2lnk/ t 4 (43×43) -

X t C

6×43 C
= 2×5 -

2h14 t
-

X t

87
 Find the value of F (1) when F (0) = 1 and F 0 (t) = f (t) is given by f (t) = 3t3 + 1.

F' ( t ) =
31-3+1

( It )
"
⇒ Fft ) =3 t t t C

=
Ft 't ttc

FCO ) =/ we solve for C '

given can .

f- Fca
¥104) to t C
=

=3 KC

% FHK ft 't t -11

Now FCI )
¥44) Itt
¥
=
=
t
,

7.1 #2,4,6 Which of the following differential equations are pure-time? Which are autonomous?
dy/dt = 2y

y 0 = 2xex pure -

time

Autonomous
df /dx = ln(x) + x 1 pure time

df /dt = 3t3 f (t) neither

88
7.2 #42 Suppose organisms grow in mass according to the differential equation
dM
= ↵tn .
dt
where M is measured in grams and t in days. Suppose n = 1/2 and ↵ = 2.
(a) Find the units of ↵.

dm .

is measured in grains
It day

t
)

at
"
h K units
ath is
-
- = Kurita
Ray
units fora are in
=grgn
⇒
grading dray
.

(b) Suppose M (0) = 5 g. Find the solution.

We have M
'
ft ) =
2ft
%
MHHJ2t-kdt-2.TT/t'k+C=4fttC
given Ml 075 ,
we can solve for C :

5- Mco ) =
450 to ⇒
c=③
: .
MHK 4ft TS

(c) Sketch the graphs of M (t) and M 0 (t).

The rate of growth decreases t increases but is

always positive
(d) Describe your results in words.
as ,

at Slower rate
so the mass is always increasing , though a slower and .

89
- Mkt ) =

2ft

4ft ts
ymltk