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Lesson 1.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory (Study Guide)

The document discusses the kinetic molecular theory of matter. It states that according to this theory: (1) Matter is composed of small particles like atoms and molecules, (2) These particles are in constant random motion and interact through attractive forces, (3) The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its particles. It then provides examples to illustrate these concepts and explains how the microscopic properties of particles relate to the observable macroscopic properties and states of matter.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3K views12 pages

Lesson 1.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory (Study Guide)

The document discusses the kinetic molecular theory of matter. It states that according to this theory: (1) Matter is composed of small particles like atoms and molecules, (2) These particles are in constant random motion and interact through attractive forces, (3) The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its particles. It then provides examples to illustrate these concepts and explains how the microscopic properties of particles relate to the observable macroscopic properties and states of matter.
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 


  
Lesson 1.1 
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 
 
Contents 
Introduction 1 

Learning Objectives 2 

Warm Up 2 

Learn about It! 3 


Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 3 
Matter Is Composed of Small Particles 4 
Molecules Interact through Attractive Forces 5 
Molecules Are in Constant Random Motion 5 
Temperature Is a Measure of the Average Kinetic Energy 5 
States of Matter 6 

Key Points 8 

Check Your Understanding 9 

Challenge Yourself 10 

Bibliography 11 
 
   

 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 

Lesson 1.1 
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 
 

  Introduction 
Have  you  ever  bought  an  ice  cream  on  a  hot  summer  day?  If  yes,  then  you  must  have 
noticed  how  ice  cream,  when  taken  out  of  the  freezer,  takes  a  definite  shape,  but  when 
exposed in the summer heat, slowly loses its form and melts. 
 
In  this  lesson,  you  will  be  learning  about  theories  governing  the  different  states  of matter. 
You  will  learn  why  solids  have  definite  shapes,  but  liquids  and  gases  take  up  the  shape  of 
their  container.  You  will  also  learn  the  relationship  of  the different macroscopic properties 
of matter to that of its molecular interactions.  

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    1 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 
 
 

Learning Objectives  DepEd Competency 


 
In this lesson, you should be able to do the  Use the kinetic molecular model to 
explain properties of liquids and 
following: 
solids 
● Explain  the  kinetic  molecular  (STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-99).   
theory of matter.   

● Compare  and  contrast  the 


different  states  of  matter  based 
on the kinetic molecular theory. 

  Warm Up       
  Shake It Off!    10 minutes 
Do  you  still  remember  the  different  states  of  matter?  This  activity  recalls  concepts  on  the 
properties of the states of matter. 
 

Materials 
● round magnets 
● small box 
● paper cup 
● paper bag 
● ping-pong balls 

 
Procedure 
1. Place  the  magnets  and  ping-pong  balls  into  paper  cups  labeled  “A”  and  “B,” 
respectively.  
2. Observe the overall shape of the contents of each cup. 
3. Transfer the contents in separate boxes labeled “A” and “B,” respectively. 
4. Observe the overall shape of the contents of each box. 
5. Try  shaking  the  boxes.  Observe  whether  the  balls  or  pieces  of  magnets  are  able  to 
move around. 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    2 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 
 
Observation Table 
Table 1.1.1. Observing how the balls (A) and pieces of magnets (B) move in a cup and a box 

Container  Observation for   Observation for 


A  B 

cup     

box     

shaking the box     

 
Guide Questions 
1. What happened to the overall shape of the ping-pong balls in the cup?  
2. What happened to the overall shape of the magnets in the cup?  
3. What happened to the shape of the ping-pong balls in the box?  
4. What happened to the shape of the magnets in the box?  
5. How  different  were  the  motions  of  the  contents  of  the  ping-pong  balls  and  the 
magnets?  
 

  Learn about It! 


 

What does the kinetic molecular theory state? 


 
 
 
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 
The  kinetic  molecular  theory  of  matter  provides  an  overview  of  the  microscopic  properties 
of  molecules  or  atoms  and  their  interactions.  These  concepts,  when  combined,  lead  to  the 
macroscopic  behavior  and  properties  of  matter.  The  kinetic  molecular  theory  describes the 
microscopic  properties  of  matter  and  how  they  translate  to  the  state  and  other  properties 
of matter. The kinetic molecular theory states that: 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    3 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 
(1) Matter is composed of small particles. 
(2) The  molecules  interact  with  one  another  through  attractive  forces.  The  strength  of 
these forces is related to the distance between the particles. 
(3) These molecules are always in constant random motion. 
(4) The  temperature  of  a  substance  is  a  measure  of  the  average  kinetic  energy  of  the 
molecules. 
 
Table 1.1.2. Examples of particles comprising matter 
Examples  Gold  Oxygen  Water  Sodium Chloride 

Macroscopic 

       

gold bar  oxygen gas in  drop of water  table salt 


a tank 

Microscopic 

 
 
   
   

gold atoms  oxygen  water molecules  sodium and 


molecules  chloride ions 

 
Matter Is Composed of Small Particles 
Atoms  are  the  building  blocks  of  matter.  Matter  can  exist  as a group of individual atoms or 
as  a  group  of  atoms  bonded  together  called  molecules.  A  pure  gold  bar,  for  example,  is 
composed  of  many  gold  atoms.  However,  some  elements  can  exist  as  molecules.  For 
example,  oxygen  gas  exists  as  a  diatomic  molecule,  O2. Matter can also come in the form of 
compounds.  Compounds  are  produced  when  two  or  more  atoms  of  different  elements 
combine  chemically.  Water  (H2O)  is  a  compound  composed  of  molecules  made  up  of  an 
oxygen  atom  covalently  bonded  to  two  hydrogen  atoms.  Sodium  chloride  is  a  compound 
made up of sodium and chloride ions interacting. 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    4 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 
 
Molecules Interact through Attractive Forces 
The  attractive  forces  between  molecules  are  known  as  the  intermolecular  forces.  These 
forces  affect  the  spacing  between  molecules.  The  stronger  the  interaction  between  two 
molecules,  the  smaller  their  distance  will  be.  The  strength  of  the  attractive  force  at  a  given 
temperature  can  be  used  to  differentiate  the  states  of  matter.  Solids  have  particles  with 
strong  intermolecular  forces  such  that  their  particles  are very close to one another. Liquids 
have  intermediate  intermolecular  forces.  This  makes  liquid  particles  farther  from  one 
another  compared  to  those  in solids.  Gases, on the other hand, have particles that are very 
far apart from one another due to weak intermolecular forces. 
 
Molecules Are in Constant Random Motion 
All  molecules  are  in  constant  random  motion.  The  extent  of  their  motion  varies  depending 
on  the  temperature  and  strength  of  the  interaction  between  the  particles.  Solids,  due  to 
their  strong  intermolecular  forces,  have  restricted  motion.  The  particles  of  solids  are  only 
able  to  vibrate  back  and  forth  around  a  specific  point  or  location.  Liquids,  having 
intermediate  intermolecular  forces,  are  able  to  move  past  each  other.  Since  their  particles 
are  still  close  to  one  another,  the  motion  is  restricted  to  small  distances  as  they  will  collide 
with  another  molecule.  Gases,  having  weak  intermolecular  forces,  are  able  to  move  in 
relatively  long  distances  before  colliding  with  another  molecule.  This  happens  because  the 
particles are very far apart from one another. 

 
Temperature Is a Measure of the Average Kinetic Energy 
Kinetic  energy  refers  to  the  energy  of  particles  in  motion.  Since  all  molecules  are  in 
constant  random  motion,  they  contain  kinetic  energy.  The  higher  the  kinetic  energy,  the 
more  active  the  particles  are.  Temperature  is  a  measure  of  the  average  kinetic  energy  of 
molecules.  Increasing  the temperature will result in a faster motion of the particles. This can 
be used to describe phase changes.  
 
 
 
 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    5 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 
 
 

     

ice  water  steam 

   
 

molecules in ice  molecules in water  molecules in steam 


Fig. 1.1.1. Nanoscale representations of the three states of matter 
 
States of Matter 
Matter  can  be  described  in  terms  of  its  physical  state.  A  solid  is  characterized  by  having  a 
rigid  shape  and  fixed  volume.  Unlike  solids, liquids and gases do not have a definite shape. 
They  take  the  shape  of  their  container.  Liquids  are  similar  to  solids  in  such  a way that their 
volumes  do  not  change  significantly  with  varying  temperatures and pressure. Gases, on the 
other hand, have volumes that depend on temperature and pressure. 
 
 

How can the kinetic molecular theory explain the 


  properties of each state of matter? 
 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    6 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 
Table 1.1.3. Characteristic properties of the states of matter 

State of 
Shape  Volume  Compressibility 
Matter 

solid  fixed shape  fixed volume  virtually 


incompressible 

liquid  depends on the  fixed volume  only slightly 


container  compressible 

gas  depends on the  assumes the volume of  very compressible 


container  the container 

 
Based  on  the  kinetic  molecular  theory  of  matter,  the state of a matter is determined by two 
factors—temperature  and  strength  of  intermolecular  forces.  At  lower  temperatures, 
intermolecular  forces  determine  the  state  of  a  substance.  Substances  with intermediate to 
strong  intermolecular  forces  will  form  a condensed phase, either solid or liquid.  Those with 
weak intermolecular forces will be in the gaseous state. 
 

How does the kinetic molecular theory explain 


  phase changes? 
 
If  we  take  into  consideration  the  same set of molecules, then its state will be determined by 
the  temperature.  Recall  that  a  higher  temperature  means  a  higher  average  kinetic  energy. 
In  other  words,  the  particles  will  have  enough  energy  to  move  around  faster.  Let’s  take  ice 
as  an  example.  The  water  molecules  in  ice  are  only  capable  of  vibrating back and forth to a 
specific  location  since  it  is  in  the  solid  phase.  Increasing  the  temperature  will  provide 
enough  kinetic  energy  to  overcome  their  strong  intermolecular  forces.  This  will  allow  the 
molecules  to  move past one another. In this process, the solid becomes a liquid in a process 
called  melting.  In  the  same  manner,  when  liquid  water  is  heated,  its  particles  are  able  to 
move  past  one  another  in  relatively  longer  distances.  The  process  in  which  liquid  is 
converted to a gas is called vaporization.  
 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    7 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 

Did You Know? 


Ice-skating  is  possible  since  the  molecules  in  ice  are  farther  apart 
than they are in liquid water. 
 
Increasing  the  pressure  on  a  substance  is  similar  to  compressing 
the  substance.  When  you  compress  a  substance,  its  particles  will 
become  closer  to  one  another.  When  you  ice-skate,  your  body 
weight  exerts  high  pressure onto the ice surface. Since the particles 
in  ice  are  not  yet  the  closest  possible  arrangement,  they  rearrange 
to  form  liquid  water.  You  can glide through the ice due to the liquid 
water that forms under your skates.  

How does the kinetic molecular theory describe 


  phases and phase changes?  
 

Key Points 
___________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
● The kinetic molecular theory states that: 
○ Matter is composed of small particles. 
○ The  molecules  interact  with  one  another  through  attractive  forces.  The 
strength of these forces is related to the distance between the particles. 
○ These molecules are always in constant random motion. 
○ The  temperature  of  a  substance  is a measure of the average kinetic energy 
of the molecules. 
● Solids  have  particles  with  strong  intermolecular  forces  that  cause  the  particles  to 
be close together. This causes the particles’ motion to be restricted to vibrations. 
● Liquids  have  particles  with  intermediate  intermolecular  forces  that  cause  the 
particles  to  be  farther  apart  from  one  another  than  in  solids.  This  allows  the 
particles to move about but in relatively short distances. 
 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    8 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 
● Gases  have  particles  with  negligible  intermolecular  forces  that  cause  the  particles 
to  be  very  far  apart  from  one  another.  Due  to  the  large  distances  between 
particles, the molecules are able to move in long distances.  
● The  average  kinetic  energy  of  the  molecules  can  be  measured  by  determining  the 
temperature. 
● The  physical  state  of  matter  is  affected  by  both  kinetic  energy  and  intermolecular 
forces. At low temperatures, intermolecular forces dominate. At high temperatures, 
the  molecules  have  higher  kinetic  energy  and  will  be  able  to  overcome  the 
intermolecular forces present. 
___________________________________________________________________________________________  
 

  Check Your Understanding 


 

A. Identify the term described in each of the following items: 


 

___________________________ 1.   This  theory  explains  how  microscopic  parameters 


relate to macroscopic properties of matter. 

___________________________ 2.  This  is  the state of matter that is rigid. It has a definite 


shape and volume and is not compressible. 

___________________________ 3.   This term refers to the interactions between particles. 

___________________________ 4.   This  is  a  measure  of  the  average  kinetic  energy  of 
particles. 

___________________________ 5.   This  is  a  measure  of  the  average  kinetic  energy  of 
particles. 
 
 

B. Write T if the statement is true. Otherwise, write F. 


 

___________________________ 1.   Matter is composed of small particles. 

___________________________ 2.  The particles comprising matter are stationary. 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    9 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 

___________________________ 3.   The  speed  at  which  the  particles are moving depends 


on the temperature. 

___________________________ 4.   Solids have particles farthest from one another. 

___________________________ 5.   Gases have strong intermolecular forces. 

___________________________ 6.   Liquids have the largest distances between particles. 

___________________________ 7.  At  low  temperatures,  the  kinetic  energy  of  the 
particles determines the physical state. 

___________________________ 8.   At  high  temperatures,  the  particles  are  most  likely  to 
form the closest possible arrangement. 

___________________________ 9.   Both  kinetic  energy  and  intermolecular  forces  affect 


the physical state of matter. 

__________________________ 10.   At  higher  temperatures,  molecules  tend  to  move 


faster. 
 

C. Identify the state of matter being described below. 


 

___________________________ 1.   The particles vibrate at a specific location only. 

___________________________ 2.  The particles move about in relatively short distances. 

___________________________ 3.   The particles move in longer distances. 

___________________________ 4.   The  particles  are  held  together  by  strong 


intermolecular forces. 

___________________________ 5.   The particles have negligible intermolecular forces. 


 
 

  Challenge Yourself 
 

A. Describe  the  phase  changes  using  the  kinetic  molecular  theory. 


Evaluate  whether  the  changes  require  an  increase  or  decrease  in 
temperature. 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    10 
 
 
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids 
 
 

B. Examine  the  following  scenarios.  Select  the  physical  state  that  is 
most likely to be present.  

1. Substance  P  is  at  0°C.  Its  particles  are  found  to  be  in  close  proximity  to  one 
another. The particles are only capable of vibrating in their specific locations.  
2. Substance  Q  is  at  30°C.  The  particles  are  moving  in  short  distances  before 
colliding  with  another  particle.  The intermolecular force between these particles 
is of intermediate strength. 
3. Substance  R  is  at  25°C.  The particles have negligible interactions and are moving 
in longer distances before colliding with another particle.  
 

  Bibliography 
Brown T.L., et al. Chemistry: The Central Science. Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2005. 
 
Boundless. “Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws.” Boundless Chemistry. Accessed August 
12, 2016. 
https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/ga
ses-5/kinetic-molecular-the 
 
Chang, Raymond, and Kenneth A. Goldsby. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts. New 
York: McGraw-Hill, 2014. 
 
Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Toronto, Ont.: 
Pearson Canada, 2011. 
 
Silberberg, Martin S. 2007. Principles of General Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Company. 2007.  
 

 
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter    11 
 

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