Lesson 1.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory (Study Guide)
Lesson 1.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory (Study Guide)
Learning Objectives 2
Warm Up 2
Key Points 8
Bibliography 11
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
Lesson 1.1
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
Introduction
Have you ever bought an ice cream on a hot summer day? If yes, then you must have
noticed how ice cream, when taken out of the freezer, takes a definite shape, but when
exposed in the summer heat, slowly loses its form and melts.
In this lesson, you will be learning about theories governing the different states of matter.
You will learn why solids have definite shapes, but liquids and gases take up the shape of
their container. You will also learn the relationship of the different macroscopic properties
of matter to that of its molecular interactions.
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 1
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
Warm Up
Shake It Off! 10 minutes
Do you still remember the different states of matter? This activity recalls concepts on the
properties of the states of matter.
Materials
● round magnets
● small box
● paper cup
● paper bag
● ping-pong balls
Procedure
1. Place the magnets and ping-pong balls into paper cups labeled “A” and “B,”
respectively.
2. Observe the overall shape of the contents of each cup.
3. Transfer the contents in separate boxes labeled “A” and “B,” respectively.
4. Observe the overall shape of the contents of each box.
5. Try shaking the boxes. Observe whether the balls or pieces of magnets are able to
move around.
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Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
Observation Table
Table 1.1.1. Observing how the balls (A) and pieces of magnets (B) move in a cup and a box
cup
box
Guide Questions
1. What happened to the overall shape of the ping-pong balls in the cup?
2. What happened to the overall shape of the magnets in the cup?
3. What happened to the shape of the ping-pong balls in the box?
4. What happened to the shape of the magnets in the box?
5. How different were the motions of the contents of the ping-pong balls and the
magnets?
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 3
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
(1) Matter is composed of small particles.
(2) The molecules interact with one another through attractive forces. The strength of
these forces is related to the distance between the particles.
(3) These molecules are always in constant random motion.
(4) The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
molecules.
Table 1.1.2. Examples of particles comprising matter
Examples Gold Oxygen Water Sodium Chloride
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Matter Is Composed of Small Particles
Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Matter can exist as a group of individual atoms or
as a group of atoms bonded together called molecules. A pure gold bar, for example, is
composed of many gold atoms. However, some elements can exist as molecules. For
example, oxygen gas exists as a diatomic molecule, O2. Matter can also come in the form of
compounds. Compounds are produced when two or more atoms of different elements
combine chemically. Water (H2O) is a compound composed of molecules made up of an
oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Sodium chloride is a compound
made up of sodium and chloride ions interacting.
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 4
Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
Molecules Interact through Attractive Forces
The attractive forces between molecules are known as the intermolecular forces. These
forces affect the spacing between molecules. The stronger the interaction between two
molecules, the smaller their distance will be. The strength of the attractive force at a given
temperature can be used to differentiate the states of matter. Solids have particles with
strong intermolecular forces such that their particles are very close to one another. Liquids
have intermediate intermolecular forces. This makes liquid particles farther from one
another compared to those in solids. Gases, on the other hand, have particles that are very
far apart from one another due to weak intermolecular forces.
Molecules Are in Constant Random Motion
All molecules are in constant random motion. The extent of their motion varies depending
on the temperature and strength of the interaction between the particles. Solids, due to
their strong intermolecular forces, have restricted motion. The particles of solids are only
able to vibrate back and forth around a specific point or location. Liquids, having
intermediate intermolecular forces, are able to move past each other. Since their particles
are still close to one another, the motion is restricted to small distances as they will collide
with another molecule. Gases, having weak intermolecular forces, are able to move in
relatively long distances before colliding with another molecule. This happens because the
particles are very far apart from one another.
Temperature Is a Measure of the Average Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy refers to the energy of particles in motion. Since all molecules are in
constant random motion, they contain kinetic energy. The higher the kinetic energy, the
more active the particles are. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of
molecules. Increasing the temperature will result in a faster motion of the particles. This can
be used to describe phase changes.
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Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
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Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
Table 1.1.3. Characteristic properties of the states of matter
State of
Shape Volume Compressibility
Matter
Based on the kinetic molecular theory of matter, the state of a matter is determined by two
factors—temperature and strength of intermolecular forces. At lower temperatures,
intermolecular forces determine the state of a substance. Substances with intermediate to
strong intermolecular forces will form a condensed phase, either solid or liquid. Those with
weak intermolecular forces will be in the gaseous state.
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Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
Key Points
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● The kinetic molecular theory states that:
○ Matter is composed of small particles.
○ The molecules interact with one another through attractive forces. The
strength of these forces is related to the distance between the particles.
○ These molecules are always in constant random motion.
○ The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy
of the molecules.
● Solids have particles with strong intermolecular forces that cause the particles to
be close together. This causes the particles’ motion to be restricted to vibrations.
● Liquids have particles with intermediate intermolecular forces that cause the
particles to be farther apart from one another than in solids. This allows the
particles to move about but in relatively short distances.
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Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
● Gases have particles with negligible intermolecular forces that cause the particles
to be very far apart from one another. Due to the large distances between
particles, the molecules are able to move in long distances.
● The average kinetic energy of the molecules can be measured by determining the
temperature.
● The physical state of matter is affected by both kinetic energy and intermolecular
forces. At low temperatures, intermolecular forces dominate. At high temperatures,
the molecules have higher kinetic energy and will be able to overcome the
intermolecular forces present.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________ 4. This is a measure of the average kinetic energy of
particles.
___________________________ 5. This is a measure of the average kinetic energy of
particles.
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Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
___________________________ 7. At low temperatures, the kinetic energy of the
particles determines the physical state.
___________________________ 8. At high temperatures, the particles are most likely to
form the closest possible arrangement.
Challenge Yourself
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Unit 1: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Solids and Liquids
B. Examine the following scenarios. Select the physical state that is
most likely to be present.
1. Substance P is at 0°C. Its particles are found to be in close proximity to one
another. The particles are only capable of vibrating in their specific locations.
2. Substance Q is at 30°C. The particles are moving in short distances before
colliding with another particle. The intermolecular force between these particles
is of intermediate strength.
3. Substance R is at 25°C. The particles have negligible interactions and are moving
in longer distances before colliding with another particle.
Bibliography
Brown T.L., et al. Chemistry: The Central Science. Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2005.
Boundless. “Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws.” Boundless Chemistry. Accessed August
12, 2016.
https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/ga
ses-5/kinetic-molecular-the
Chang, Raymond, and Kenneth A. Goldsby. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2014.
Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Toronto, Ont.:
Pearson Canada, 2011.
Silberberg, Martin S. 2007. Principles of General Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Company. 2007.
1.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 11