Workbook Contents

Click on tabs at the bottom of the screen to access the following:

Tab 1. Introduction (current tab)

Tab 2. User Inputs and Constants

Tab 3. Membrane Module Sizing

.
Tab 4. BOD Removal and Nitrification

Tab 5. Denitrification

Tab 6. Equation for Membrane Flux vs Temperature

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Introduction to the MBR worksheets in this workbook:

Three worksheets are provided to carry out basin sizing and aeration calculations for the
membrane module(s), the aeration tank(s), and preanoxic tank(s) for denitrification, based
on the membrane module being immersed in the aeration tank.

There is also a worksheet for user input of wastewater flow and characteristics
and kinetic coefficients. The default values shown for the kinetic coefficients
are typical values.

The membrane module calculations require user input values of membrane modue
parameters that are typically available from the membrane module manufacturerer
or vendor.

The aeration tank and preanoxic tank calculations are based on the procedures
described for design of a completely mixed activated sludge system and for
design of an MBR system in the reference below.

Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Recovery,

5th Ed, New York, NY, 2014

Primary and secondary clarification are not typically used in an MBR wastewater
treatment system. Pretreatment of the raw wastewater must include fine screening
and if necessary, based on wastewater characteristics, coarse screening and grit
removal should be included.
MBR Process Design Calculations - S.I. units
User Inputs and Constants

Instructions: Enter values in blue boxes. Spreadsheet calculates values in yellow boxes

User Inputs - Wastewater Parameters/Characteristics

Design ww Flow Rate, Qo = 500 m3/d Influent TSS, TSSo = 250

Influent BOD, BODo = 140 mg/L Influent VSS, VSSo = 60

sBOD, sBODo = 70 mg/L
Influent TKN, TKNo = 35
Influent COD, CODo = 300 mg/L TKN peak/ave factor , FS = 1.5
sCOD, sCODo = 132 mg/L Influent NH4-N, NH4-No = 25.0
rbCOD, rbCODo = 80 mg/L Influent Alkalinity, Alko = 140

ratio, bCOD/BOD = 1.6 Aeration WW Temp., Tww = 12

User Inputs - Biological Kinetic Coefficients (See typical values at right)

1. For BOD Removal:

Resid. biomass fract., fd = 0.15
Synth. Yield Coeff, Y = 0.45 g VSS/g bCOD Half Veloc. Coeff., Ks = 8
Temp coeff, q, for mm = 1.07 Max spec. grwth rate at 20oC, mm20 = 6
Temp coeff, q, for kd = 1.04 Endog. decay coeff. at 20 C, kd20 =
o
0.12

2. For Nitrification:
Synth. Yield Coeff, Yn = 0.15 g VSS/g NOx
Temp coeff, q, for mmn = 1.072 Max spec. grwth rate at 20oC, mmn20 = 0.9
Temp coeff, q, for kdn = 1.029 Endog. decay coeff. at 20 C, kdn20 =
o
0.17
Temp coeff, q, for Ksn = 1 Half Veloc. Coeff. At 20oC, Ksn = 0.5
Half Veloc. Coeff. At 20 C, Kso =
o
0.5
Constants Used in the Calculations

Ratio of BOD5 to BODu, f = 0.67 BODu equiv. of VSS = 1.4 g BODu/g VSS
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 Activated Sludge Kinetic Coefficients for heterotrophic bacteria at 20 oC (for BOD removal)

Coefficient Unit Range Typical Value

mm kg VSS/day/kg VSS 3.0 - 13.2 6.0

Ks mg/L bCOD 5.0 - 40.0 20.0

mg/L
Y kg VSS/day/kg bCOD 0.30 - 0.50 0.40
mg/L
kd kg VSS/day/kg VSS 0.06 - 0.20 0.12
mg/L
fd dimensionless 0.08 - 0.20 0.15
mg/L
mg/L as CaCO3 q values for temperature corrections

C
o
for mm dimensionless 1.03 - 1.08 1.07
for kd dimensionless 1.03 - 1.08 1.04
for Ks dimensionless 1.00 1.00

Adapted from: Metcalf & Eddy, Inc, (Revised by Tchobanoglous, G, Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D.,
mg/L Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, 4th Ed., New York, NY, 2003.
g VSS/d/g VSS
g VSS/d/g VSS Activated Sludge Nitrification Kinetic Coefficients at 20 oC

Coefficient Unit Range Typical Value

g VSS/d/g VSS mmn kg VSS/day/kg VSS 0.2 - 0.90 0.75

g VSS/d/g VSS
mg/L Kn mg/L NH4-N 0.50 - 1.0 0.74
mg/L
Yn kg VSS/kg NH4-N 0.10 - 0.15 0.12

g BODu/g VSS kdn kg VSS/day/kg VSS 0.05 - 0.15 0.08

Ko mg/L 0.40 - 0.60 0.50

q values for temperature corrections

for mmn dimensionless 1.06 - 1.123 1.07
 for kdn dimensionless 1.03 - 1.08 1.04

for Kn dimensionless 1.03 - 1.123 1.053

Adapted from: Metcalf & Eddy, Inc, (Revised by Tchobanoglous, G, Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D.,
Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, 4th Ed., New York, NY, 2003.
or BOD removal)

L., Stensel, H.D.,

.L., Stensel, H.D.,
MBR Process Design Calculations - S.I. units
Membrane Module Sizing Calculations

Instructions: Enter values in blue boxes. Spreadsheet calculates values in yellow boxes

1. User Inputs, Membrane/Membrane Module Parameters:

(values typically available from membrane manufacturer or vendor)

Module packing Spec. Aer. Demand, SADM = 0.3

density, f = 120 m /m
2 3 (m3 air/hr/m2 membrane)

2. Process Design Calculations (done by worksheet)

Design Membrane Flux, J = 16.0 L/hr/m2

Membrane Area, AM = 1,301 m2 Membrane Module Vol., VM = 11

Scouring Air Flow Required: 390 m3/hr = 379 N m3/hr

(This is the scouring air flow rate needed for the membrane module,
typically provided by a coarse bubble diffuser system.)

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 Flow Diagram - Membrane Bioreactor for BOD Removal, Nitrification & Denitrification

Equations used for the calculations: (note that conversion factors are needed in some of
m
3

Design Membrane Flux: J = 0.7300Tww + 7.250 (see equation derivation in Worksheet 9)

Am = Qo/J Vm = Am/f

Scouring Air Flow required = Am*SADM

cation & Denitrification

tors are needed in some of the equations)

vation in Worksheet 9)

9
MBR Process Design Calculations - S.I. units
BOD Removal and Nitrification

Instructions: Enter values in blue boxes. Spreadsheet calculates values in yellow boxes

User Inputs:
Target effluent concentrations:
BODe = 10 mg/L MLSS in Aer. Tank, XO = 10,000 mg/L
TSSe = 10 mg/L MLSS in Waste Sludge, XW = 10,000 mg/L
NH4-Ne = 0.5 mg/L Tank Freeboard = 0.5 m
DO in Aer. Tank, DOO = 2 mg/L Number of Aeration Tanks = 3
Influent TKN, TKNo = 35 mg/L Liquid Depth in Tank = 5.0 m
(value transferred from Worksheet 2) Tank L:W ratio = 1.0
Initial Estimate of NOx = 28.9 mg/L (target L:W - only used if tank is rectangular)

NOTE: An initial estimate is needed for NOx in cell C14 to start an iterative calculation
of NOx below. 80% of the influent TKN is suggested for this initial estimate.

Process Design Calculations (done by worksheet) 1.4964539

1. Calculate Design SRT

mmn at Tww = 0.52 g VSS/d/g VSS Ksn at Tww = 0.50 mg/L

kdn at Tww = 0.14 g VSS/d/g VSS mn = 0.07 g VSS/d/g VSS
Theoretical SRT = 14.1 days Design SRT, SRT = 21.0 days

Note that Design SRT is a user input. A typical value

2. Calculate the Biomass Production Rate for Des. SRT is (FS)(Theor SRT) = 21.1

mm at Tww = 3.5 g VSS/d/g VSS kd at Tww = 0.088 g VSS/d/g VSS

bCODo = 224 mg/L S= 0.32 mg bCOD/L

Biomass Production Rate, PX,bio = 23 kg VSS/day

3. Determine the Amount of Nitrogen Oxidized to Nitrate

Calculated amount of nitrogen oxidized to nitrate, NOx = 28.9 mg/L

Difference between estimated and calculated values for NOx = 0.000 mg/L
Goal Seek Result:
Amount of nitrogen oxidized to nitrate, NOx = 28.9 mg/L
NOTE: This is an iterative solution. You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the NOx value as
follows: Place the cursor on cell G36 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of older versions
and under "Data What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to "Set cell:" G36, "To
value:" 0, "By changing cell:" C14, and click on "OK". The calculated value of NOx will appear in cell
E38 and cell G36 should be zero if the process worked properly. Note that cell C14 needs an initial
estimate for NOx in order for the iterative solution to work properly.

4. Determine the Production Rate and Mass of VSS and TSS in the Aeration Basin

bpCOD/pCOD = 0.667 nbVSS = 20.0 mg/L

Aeration Tank VSS Production Rate, PX,VSS = 33 kg VSS/day

Aeration Tank TSS Production Rate, PX,TSS = 128 kg TSS/day

Mass of MLVSS = 697 kg VSS Mass of MLSS = 2,692 kg TSS

5. Calculate Aeration Tank Volume and dimensions, Detention Time, and MLVSS
(User Input needed in Blue Cells)
Req. Aeration Vol., Vaer = 258 m3 Click on green box and then on
Aer. + Membr. Vol., Vtot = 269 m 3
arrow to Select Tank Shape: rectangular
Req. Vol. per tank, Vtank = 90 m3 Actual Tank Width: 16.0 m
Calculated Tank Width = 4.2 m Actual Tank Length: 16.0 m
Calculated Tank Length = 4.2 m Actual Aeration Volume/Tank = 1276 m3
Tank Wall Height = 5.5 m Membrane Module Vol. per Tank = 4 m3

Aeration Det'n time, t = 183.8 hr MLVSS, = 2588 mg/L

6. Calculate F/M and Volumetric BOD Loading

F/M = 0.01 g BOD/d/g MLVSS Vol. BOD Loading = 0.02 kg BOD/d/m3

7. Calculate Sludge Wasting Rate

Waste A.S. Rate, Qw = 182 m3/d

8. Oxygen/Air Requirement and Blower Calculations (for the Aeration Tank)

i) INPUTS (Values of "Rule of Thumb" Constants for the Calculations - See info at right)
 O2 needed per kg BOD = 1.30 kg O2/kg BOD Depth of Diffusers = 4.4 m
O2 needed per kg NH4-N = 4.57 kg O2/kg NH4-N Normal Temperature = 0
o
C
SOTE as Function of Depth = 6.56% % per m depth Normal Pressure = 1.000 bar
AOTE/SOTE = 0.33 Atmospheric Pressure = 1.014 bar
Press. Drop across Diffuser = 0.030 bar Air Density at STP = 1.275 kg/m3
(from mfr/vendor) O2 Content in Air = 0.2930 kg/m3

ii) Calculations
Press. at mid depth, PD = 1.2 bar NH3-N Removal Rate = 0.5 kg/hr
BOD Removal Rate = 3 kg/hr AOTE = 9.5%
Oxygen Requirement = 5.9 kg/hr Air Requirement = 210 Nm3/hr
SOTE = 29% Blower Outlet Pressure = 1.5 bar

(This is the air flow rate needed for the aeration tank,
typically provided by a fine bubble diffuser system.)

9. Calculate Alkalinity Requirement

Input: Target Effluent Alkalinity = 80 mg/L as CaCO3

Constants needed for Calculations:

Equiv Wt. of CaCO3 = 50 g/equiv. Equiv Wt. of NaHCO3 = 84 g/equiv.

Alkalinity used for Nitrification = 7.14 g CaCO3/g NH3-N

Calculations

Alk. used for nitrification = 206.6 mg/L as CaCO3

Alk. Conc. needed = 146.6 mg/L as CaCO3 Alk. Flow needed = 73 kg/day as CaCO3

Sodium bicarbonate needed per day to maintain alkalinity = 123 kg/day NaHCO3

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cylindrical
rectangular
 Flow Diagram - Membrane Bioreactor for BOD Removal & Nitrification

Equations used for the calculations: (note that conversion factors are needed in some of the equations)

mnm at Tww = mnm,20 qTww - 20 Kn at Tww = Kn,20 qTww - 20

kdn at Tww = kdn,20 qTww - 20 (Tww must be in oC for these calculations)

S/d/g VSS mn = [ mnmN/(Kn + N) ] [ DO/(Ko + DO) ] - kdn Theroetical SRT = 1/mn

cal value Design SRT = (FS)(Theoretical SRT) FS = TKNpeak/TKNaverage

days

S/d/g VSS
COD/L PX,bio = QY(So - S)/(1 + kdSRT) + fdkdQY(So - S)SRT/(1 + kdSRT) + QYn(NOx)/(1 + kdnSRT)

S = Ks[1 + (kd)SRT]/[SRT(mm - kd) - 1

NOx = TKN - Ne - 0.12PX,bio/Q

cell

bpCOD/pCOD = (BODo - sBODo)/(CODo - sCODo)

nbVSS = [1 - (bpCOD/pCOD)VSSo]

PX,VSS = PX,bio + Q(nbVSS) PX,TSS = PX,VSS + Q(TSSo - VSSo)

Mass of MLVSS = (PX,VSS) SRT Mass of MLSS = (PX,TSS) SRT

V = Mass of MLSS/MLSS

detention time: t = V/Q

F/M = QSo/V*MLVSS

OD/d/m3 Vol BOD loading = QSo/V

Qw = [(V*MLSS/SRT*TSS_W)

Rules of Thumb for Estimating Oxygen/Air Requirements for Coarse or Fine Bubble Diffusers
Source:
http://www.xylemwatersolutions.com/scs/sweden/sv-se/produkter/cirkulationspumpar/documents/san3.pdf

1. The typical AOR/SOR (or AOTE/SOTE) is 0.50 for a coarse bubble aeration system.
2. The typical AOR/SOR (or AOTE/SOTE) is 0.33 for a fine bubble aeration system.
 3. The typical SOTE is 0.75% per foot (2.46%/m) of diffuser submergence for a coarse bubble system
4. The typical SOTE is 2.0% per foot (6.56%/m) of diffuser submergence for a fine bubble system
5. Air weighs 1.275 kg/m3 (at 0oC and 1 bar) and contains 23% oxygen by weight, thus:
6. Air contains 0.2930 kg of oxygen/m3.
7. For biological treatment with SRT from 5 to 10 days, kg oxygen required /kg BOD removed
is typically in the range from 0.92 - 1.1 kg O 2/kg BOD. Higher SRT results in a higher value
of kg O2 required/kg BOD removed.
8. The oxidation of 1 kg of ammonia nitrogen typically requires 4.1 to 4.6 kg of oxygen.

Equations used for Oxygen/Air/Blower calculations: (note that conversion factors are needed in some o

PD = Patm + g(Diffuser Depth/2) BOD Removal Rate = (Qo*(BODo- BODe)

NH3-N Removal Rate = (Qo*(NH3-No- NH3-Ne)

O2 Requirement = (BOD Rem Rate)(kg O2/kg BOD) = (NH3-N Rem. Rate)(kg O2/kg NH3-N)

SOTE = (SOTE %/m depth)(Diffuser Depth) AOTE = SOTE(AOTE/SOTE)

Air Requirement = (O2 requirement/AOTE)/(O2 Content in Air)

Blower Outlet Pressure = Patm + Press. Drop across Diffuser + g(Diffuser Depth)

Equations used for Alkalinity Requirement calculations: (note that conversion factors are needed in so

Alkalinity used for Nitrification = 7.14(NOx) (mg/L as CaCO3)

Alk. Conc. needed = Alk. used for Nitrification + Target Effl. Alk. - Alk
(mg/L
o
as CaCO3)

y as CaCO3 Alk. Flow needed = Qo (Alk. Conc. needed)/1000 (kg/day)

Sodium Bicarbonate Flow needed = (Alk. Flow needed)(Equiv Wt. of NaHCO 3)/(Equiv. Wt. of CaCO3)

References for additional background information:

1. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc, (Revised by Tchobanoglous, G, Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D.),
Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, 4th Ed., New York, NY, 2003.

2. Judd, Simon, "The MBR Book, Principles and Applications of Membrane Bioreactors
in Water and Wastewater Treatment," 2nd Ed, Elesvier.

3. Zaerpour, Masoud, "Design, Cost & Benefit Analysis of a Membrane Bioreactor,"

M.S. Thesis, Department of Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Politecnico di
Milan, Acacemic Year, 2013-2014.

4. Online MBR Information at:

http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/design-exercise-using-spread-sheet/

5. Bengtson, Harlan, Biological Wastewater Treatment Process Design Calculations,

Available as a paperback or as an Amazon Kindle ebook, 2017.

6. Bengtson, Harlan, An Amazon Kindle ebook available at:

Spreadsheets for MBR Wastewater Treatment Process Design Calculations
f the equations)

kdnSRT)
users
needed in some of the equations)

s are needed in some of the equations)

of CaCO3)
MBR Process Design Calculations - S.I. units
BOD Removal Nitrification, & PreAnoxic Denitrification
This worksheet makes the design calculations for preanoxic denitrification basin(s) to
go with the Aeration Tank(s) designed for BOD removal and Nitrification in Worksheet 4.
(The wastewater parameters/characteristics and biological kinetic coefficients entered
on Worksheet 2 will also be used in this worksheet.)

Instructions: Enter values in blue boxes. Spreadsheet calculates values in yellow boxes

Inputs - Additional Design Parameters

Mixing energy
Nitrate conc. in RAS = 4.2 mg/L for anoxic reactor = 10
Effl. nitrate conc. Ne = 4.2 mg/L Design % Excess
Temp. Coeff for SDNR = 1.026 Nitrif. Capacity = 2%
Tank Freeboard = 0.5 m Liquid Depth in Tank = 5.0
Number of Anoxic Tanks = 3.0 Tank L:W ratio = 1.0
(target L:W - only used if tank is rectangular)

NOTE: A preliminary estimate for anoxic detention time is needed in cell C19 to start an
iterative calculation of minimum anoxic detention time below.
Prelim. est. of det. Time, tan: 0.704 hr

Calculations - Preanoxic basin design for denitrification

1. Calculate RAS ratio and Anoxic Tank Active Biomass Concentration

RAS ratio, RAS = 5.89 Aer. Tank Active biomass, PXb = 18

Aeration tank active
Anox. Tank MLSS, MLSSAN = 8548.7 mg/L biomass Fraction, Xaer,b = 0.1382
Anoxic tank active
biomass Conc., Xan,b = 1181 mg/L

2. Calculate feed rate of NO4-N to anoxic tank and anoxic tank volume
Recycle flow
rate to anoxic tank = 2,945 m3/d NOX rate to anoxic tank = 12,370
(flow containing nitrate) Anoxic tank volume, Van = 15
(based on detention time value in cell C19)
3. Calculate the F/M ratio

Anoxic tank F/M ratio = 4.038 g BOD/d/g MLVSS

 4. Calculate the SDNR

rbCOD/bCOD ratio = 0.357 Next lower rbCOD/bCOD value from table:

Next higher rbCOD/bCOD value from table:

SDNR for rbCOD/bCOD = 0.3 is equal to: 0.4318

SDNR for rbCOD/bCOD = 0.4 is equal to: 0.4542

SDNR for rbCOD/bCOD = 0.357 is equal to: 0.4446 g NO3-N/day/g biomass (at 20oC)

at Tww, SDNR = 0.362 g NO3-N/day/g biomass (at Tww)

5. Calculate the Anoxic Tank Volume, Dimensions and Detention Time

(User Input needed in Blue Cells)

NO3-N reduction capacity = 6,276 g/d % Excess Nitrif. Capacity: -49.3%

Difference between Design and Calculated % Excess Nitrification Capacity = 0.513

Goal Seek Result:

Anoxic Tank min. Vol., Van = Redo Goal Seek m3 min. Anox. Det. Time, tan = #VALUE!

NOTE: This is an iterative solution. You must use Excel's "Goal Seek" to find the V an vand tan
values as follows: Place the cursor on cell H58 and click on "goal seek" (in the "tools" menu of
older versions and under "Data What If Analysis" in newer versions of Excel). Enter values to
"Set cell" H58 "To value:" 0, "By changing cell:" C19, and click on "OK". The calculated values
of Van and tan will be in cells C61 and H61. Cell H58 should be zero if the process worked properly.
A preliminary estimate for tan is needed in cell C19 in order for the iterative solution to work.

Click on green box and then on

Min. Vol. per tank, Vtank = #VALUE! m 3
arrow to Select Tank Shape: rectangular
Calculated Tank Width = #VALUE! m Actual Tank Width: 7.0
Calculated Tank Length = #VALUE! m Actual Tank Length: 7.0
Tank Wall Height = 5.5 m Actual Tank liquid Volume = 245.0
(Pre-Anoxic Tank Volume)
Anoxic Det'n time, t = 35.3 hr

6. Recalculate the oxygen/air requirement due to the nitrate reduction oxygen credit

Oxygen credit = 35 kg/day = 1.5 kg/hr

 O2 Utilization Rate = 4.4 kg/hr Req'd air flow rate, Nm3/hr = 157
Blower Outlet Pressure = 1.5

7. Recalculate Alkalinity Requirement

Alkalinity produced = 88.3 mg/L as CaCO3

Alkalinity needed = 58.3 mg/L as CaCO3 Alkalinity needed = 29

Sodium bicarbonate needed per day to maintain alkalinity = 49 kg/day NaHCO3

8. Calculate Anoxic tank mixing power needed

Anoxic Tank Mixing Power = 7.4 kW

9. Calculate Sludge Wasting Rate

Waste A.S. Rate, Qw = 186 m3/d

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cylindrical
rectangular
 kW/103 m3 Flow Diagram - Membrane Bioreactor for BOD Removal, Nitrification & Denitrification

Equations used for the calculations: (note that conversion factors are needed in some of the equat
m
Active biomass conc: Xb = [ Q(SRT)/V ][ Y(So - S)/(1 + kd(SRT) ]
s rectangular) RAS Ratio: RAS = (NOx/Ne) - 1.0

Recycle `Flow rate to anoxic tank: Qanox = RAS(Q)

NOx feed rate = (Qanox)(NOXIR)

Anoxic volume: Vanox = t Qo ( t = estimated detention time )

kg/d

F/M = QSo/XV

Rate at which NO3-N can be reduced: NOr = Vanox(SDNR)(MLVSS)

Coefficients for SDNR Equation

g/day
m3 rbCOD/bCOD bo b1
e in cell C19)
0.1 0.186 0.078
0.2 0.213 0.118
0.3 0.235 0.141
0.4 0.242 0.152
 0.5 0.27 0.162

0.3 0.30 0.2350 0.1410

0.4 0.40 0.2420 0.1520

Equations for SDNR as a function of rbCOD/bCOD and F/M

For F/M < 0.5, SDNR = 0.24*F/M (at 20oC)

biomass (at 20 C) o

For F/M > 0.5, SDNR = bo + b1[ ln(F/M) ] (at 20oC)

Temperature Correction: SDNR at Tww = (SDNR at 20oC)(1.026Tww - 20)

(with Tww in oC)

NOTE: These equations are from:

Metcalf & Eddy/Aecom, (Revised by Tchobanoglous, G, Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D.),
Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5th Ed., New York, NY, 2014.

hr

he V an vand tan
"tools" menu of
nter values to
culated values
worked properly.
on to work.

rectangular
m
m
m3

Oxygen credit for nitrate reduction = 2.86 Qo(NOx - Ne)

 Nm3/hr
bar

Alkalinity produced by nitrate reduction = 3.57(NOx - Ne)

kg/day as CaCO3

kg/day NaHCO3

Sludge Wasting Rate:

Qw = [((Vaer*MLSS + Vanox*Xb)/SRT)]/(TSSw)
ation & Denitrification

eded in some of the equations)

York, NY, 2014.
 Derivation of Equation for Design Membrane Flux vs WW Temperature:

Temperature
Membrane Flux
o
C L/m2/h
Design Membrane Flux vs Temperature
5 11 30
10 14.5

Membrane Flux, L/sq m/h

25
15 18 f(x) = 0.73 x + 7.25
R² = 0.999437359339835
20 22 20
25 25.5 15

10
The source for the Membrane Flux vs
Temperature data was: 5

0
Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering 0 5 10 15 20 25
Treatment and Resouce Recover, 5th Ed, 2014 Temperature, degrees C
Figure 8-57

Copyright © 2019 Harlan H. Bengtson. All Rights Reserved.

Temperature:

lux vs Temperature

835

15 20 25 30
ture, degrees C